孫雪林,胡 欣,徐巧玲(.北京醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部/國(guó)家老年醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心/藥物臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與個(gè)體化應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 00730;2.解放軍第305醫(yī)院藥局,北京 0007)
·精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療·
基因多態(tài)性與藥品不良反應(yīng)的相關(guān)性Δ
孫雪林1*,胡欣1,徐巧玲2#(1.北京醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部/國(guó)家老年醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心/藥物臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與個(gè)體化應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100730;2.解放軍第305醫(yī)院藥局,北京100017)
目的:為臨床精準(zhǔn)用藥、預(yù)防和減少藥品不良反應(yīng)(ADR)的發(fā)生提供參考。方法:收集近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)藥物基因組學(xué)與ADR的研究文獻(xiàn),對(duì)基因多態(tài)性與ADR的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié)。結(jié)果與結(jié)論:目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)多種ADR相關(guān)基因。人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原基因多態(tài)性與雙氯芬酸、阿莫西林克拉維酸鉀等藥物致肝損傷,卡馬西平、阿巴卡韋等藥物致皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)有關(guān);肝臟藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體1B1基因多態(tài)性與他汀類(lèi)藥物致肌病有關(guān);N-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶2基因多態(tài)性與異煙肼致肝損傷有關(guān);一氧化氮合酶1調(diào)酶基因、心臟鈉離子通道5A基因和鉀離子通道E1基因多態(tài)性與藥物致QT間期延長(zhǎng)有關(guān)等。基因多態(tài)性研究可為預(yù)防ADR提供新的參考依據(jù),臨床可在藥物治療前對(duì)患者進(jìn)行基因型檢測(cè),以降低ADR的發(fā)生率。
藥品不良反應(yīng);藥物基因組學(xué);基因多態(tài)性;精準(zhǔn)用藥
藥品不良反應(yīng)(Adverse drug reaction,ADR)增加了患者在用藥過(guò)程中非疾病因素導(dǎo)致的發(fā)病率和病死率,輕者影響藥物治療、延長(zhǎng)病程、增加患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),重者則對(duì)患者生命安全造成威脅,目前已成為全球高度關(guān)注的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題[1-2]。2015年全國(guó)藥品ADR監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)共收到ADR/不良事件報(bào)告表139.8萬(wàn)份,較2014年增長(zhǎng)5.3%,新的和嚴(yán)重ADR/不良事件報(bào)告數(shù)量占同期報(bào)告總數(shù)的28.2%[3]。ADR可影響機(jī)體肝臟、心臟、皮膚和肌肉等多個(gè)器官和組織,有的藥品甚至還可引發(fā)更廣泛的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。嚴(yán)重的ADR主要表現(xiàn)為肝臟毒性和心臟毒性。其中,藥物引起的肝臟毒性表現(xiàn)為肝細(xì)胞損傷和膽管細(xì)胞膜損傷所致的膽汁淤積,約10%肝毒性ADR可進(jìn)展為肝衰竭,對(duì)患者生命安全造成嚴(yán)重威脅[4];而藥物引起的心臟毒性則主要表現(xiàn)為心臟復(fù)極延遲,心電圖檢測(cè)示QT間期延長(zhǎng),引起室顫,最終導(dǎo)致患者死亡[5]。
藥物基因組學(xué)(Pharmacogenomics,PGx)是研究基因多態(tài)性如何影響藥物治療的反應(yīng)性和治療過(guò)程中遺傳變異與ADR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性的一門(mén)學(xué)科。PGx可確定藥物的作用和遺傳因素間的相關(guān)性,并以此來(lái)減少ADR的發(fā)生。例如,服用伯氨喹導(dǎo)致的溶血反應(yīng)是由于患者缺乏葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶(G6PD)[6],而卡馬西平引起的中毒性表皮壞死溶解癥(TEN)和Steven-Johnson綜合征(SJS)則與人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原(Human leukocyte antigen,HLA)-B*1502等位基因密切相關(guān)[7]。
本文通過(guò)收集近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)PGx與ADR的研究文獻(xiàn),對(duì)基因多態(tài)性與ADR的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了歸納和總結(jié),為提高藥物治療效果、減少患者開(kāi)支、預(yù)防嚴(yán)重ADR/不良事件的發(fā)生提供借鑒,為臨床精準(zhǔn)用藥提供參考。
HLA是人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng),編碼基因是人類(lèi)主要組織相容性復(fù)合體,與人類(lèi)免疫系統(tǒng)的功能密切相關(guān)。HLA基因位于第6號(hào)染色體短臂6p21.3區(qū)域,長(zhǎng)度為3.6×106bp。根據(jù)其在染色體上的排列可分為3個(gè)區(qū)域:Ⅰ類(lèi)基因區(qū)包括HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C;Ⅱ類(lèi)基因區(qū)包含HLA-DR、HLADP和HLA-DQ;Ⅲ類(lèi)基因區(qū)位于上述2個(gè)基因區(qū)之間,為補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),包括C2和C4。HLA基因多態(tài)性與藥物性肝損傷、SJS和TEN等相關(guān),可作為某些ADR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)因子。
1.1HLA與藥物性肝損傷
目前臨床應(yīng)用的許多藥物均會(huì)引起藥物性肝損傷,發(fā)生概率約為1/10 000[8],發(fā)生機(jī)制可能與藥物對(duì)肝臟細(xì)胞的直接毒性有關(guān),包括氧化應(yīng)激和細(xì)胞損傷等,給肝細(xì)胞帶來(lái)直接傷害[9]。日本首先報(bào)道了血清Ⅱ型HLA-DR2與藥物性肝損傷的關(guān)系。在發(fā)生黃疸的患者中,DR2血清分型的檢出率達(dá)58.3%;在藥物性肝損傷引發(fā)黃疸的患者中,DR2單倍體的頻率為0.236,與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.004 2)[10]。此外,血清Ⅰ型HLA-A11與三環(huán)類(lèi)抗抑郁藥和雙氯芬酸相關(guān),其引發(fā)肝炎的概率分別為50%和75%;血清Ⅱ型HLA-DR6與氯丙嗪相關(guān),在氯丙嗪所致肝炎患者中HLA-DR6的檢出率高達(dá)80%[11]。
目前,研究HLA與藥物性肝損傷的相關(guān)性主要是利用患者的基因分型。第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)HLA基因分型與藥物性肝損傷相關(guān)的藥物是阿莫西林克拉維酸鉀。這種損傷和經(jīng)典的免疫反應(yīng)不同,其與HLA-DR B1*1501編碼的血清HLA-DR2蛋白有關(guān)[12]。相關(guān)性最強(qiáng)的是抗菌藥物氟氯西林與Ⅰ型HLA-B* 5701基因,同時(shí)該基因也與阿巴卡韋引起的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)高度相關(guān)[13-14]。HLA與ADR的相關(guān)性見(jiàn)表1。
表1 HLA與ADR的相關(guān)性Tab 1 Correlation between HLAandADR
1.2HLA與皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)
ADR引起的皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)可分為速發(fā)型和遲發(fā)型反應(yīng)。速發(fā)型反應(yīng)主要由免疫球蛋白(Ig)E介導(dǎo),涉及的遺傳因素尚不明確。遲發(fā)型過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的皮膚表現(xiàn)個(gè)體差異較大,停藥后皮膚癥狀可立即改善。該類(lèi)過(guò)敏反應(yīng)還可涉及其他組織和器官,表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多,甚至可引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的皮疹(包括SJS和TEN)。相關(guān)研究表明,T細(xì)胞與藥物引起的遲發(fā)型皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)有關(guān)[26]。由HLA基因編碼的人類(lèi)白細(xì)胞抗原提呈抗原給T細(xì)胞,故其基因多態(tài)性可能與遲發(fā)型過(guò)敏反應(yīng)相關(guān)。
1.2.1卡馬西平與皮膚過(guò)敏卡馬西平致ADR的相關(guān)基因多態(tài)性首次在臺(tái)灣人群中被報(bào)道,該藥引發(fā)的SJS和HLA-B* 1502高度相關(guān)[27]。HLA-B*1502位點(diǎn)的突變?cè)谖覈?guó)漢族及泰國(guó)、馬來(lái)西亞、印度尼西亞、菲律賓和印度南部等種族人群中普遍存在,建議以上人群在服用卡馬西平之前檢測(cè)HLA-B* 1502基因位點(diǎn)是否存在變異,以減少皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[7];由于HLA-B*1502基因在其他人群中突變頻率較低,暫不推薦其他人群檢測(cè)。
1.2.2阿巴卡韋與皮膚過(guò)敏抗人類(lèi)免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodef iciency virus,HIV)藥阿巴卡韋引起的ADR主要表現(xiàn)為皮疹、呼吸道和胃腸道癥狀,其癥狀一般較輕,且停藥后即可緩解,但若再次服藥則會(huì)引發(fā)嚴(yán)重癥狀,有些甚至是致命的。HLA-B*5701和阿巴卡韋致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的相關(guān)性在19個(gè)國(guó)家1 956例患者的雙盲、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中得到證實(shí),HLA-B* 5701在試驗(yàn)人群中有5.6%的攜帶率,94%的患者服用阿巴卡韋發(fā)生過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低;但在發(fā)生過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的患者中,47.9%的患者攜帶HLA-B*5701[28]。表明HLA-B*5701可能與阿巴卡韋致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)有關(guān),該基因型的檢測(cè)可能有助于降低阿巴卡韋致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率,因此建議在服用阿巴卡韋前應(yīng)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行HLA基因型檢測(cè)。
1.2.3致皮膚過(guò)敏的其他ADR別嘌呤醇引起的SJS、TEN或其他輕度的皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng)和HLA-B*5801基因位點(diǎn)相關(guān),該位點(diǎn)首先在我國(guó)臺(tái)灣人群中被發(fā)現(xiàn),且在我國(guó)漢族人群中的關(guān)聯(lián)性也較強(qiáng)[23,29]。在別嘌醇所致的皮疹患者中,有95%的患者攜帶HLA-B*5801,而未發(fā)生皮疹的患者中攜帶該基因的比例僅為12%[OR=127.6,95%置信區(qū)間(CI)(40.8,398.6)][29],表明HLA-B*5801可能與別嘌醇致皮膚過(guò)敏有關(guān),建議在服用該藥前進(jìn)行HLA-B*5801多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)檢測(cè)。在歐洲人群中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了該位點(diǎn)與ADR的相關(guān)性[30]。抗HIV病毒藥奈韋拉平常見(jiàn)的ADR也是皮膚反應(yīng),嚴(yán)重程度因人而異。在薩丁和日本人群中,奈韋拉平致皮疹與HLA Cw*8相關(guān)[25,31];在泰國(guó)人群中,與HLA-B*3505相關(guān)[32];在歐洲、亞洲和非裔美國(guó)人群中,與HLACw*04相關(guān)[20]。
除HLA基因多態(tài)性與ADR相關(guān)外,還有一些其他遺傳因素與ADR有關(guān),包括影響藥物體內(nèi)代謝過(guò)程、先天免疫系統(tǒng)和心臟離子通道的相關(guān)基因及其多態(tài)性。
2.1藥物體內(nèi)代謝相關(guān)基因及其多態(tài)性
目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體1B1基因(SLCO1B1)多態(tài)性和他汀類(lèi)藥物所致肌病、N-乙酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶2基因(NAT2)多態(tài)性和異煙肼所致藥物性肝損傷有關(guān),其他與ADR相關(guān)的基因還包括三磷酸腺苷結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(ABC)和糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(UGT)等基因,詳見(jiàn)表2。
表2 藥物體內(nèi)代謝相關(guān)基因及其多態(tài)性與ADRTab 2 Drug metabolism-related gene and its polymorphisms andADR
他汀類(lèi)藥物是目前最有效的調(diào)脂藥,主要ADR為肌肉毒性,通常表現(xiàn)為無(wú)癥狀的血清肌酸激酶水平升高,嚴(yán)重的可引發(fā)橫紋肌溶解癥,甚至導(dǎo)致死亡[33]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,辛伐他汀引起的肌肉酸痛等ADR與SLCO1B1基因多態(tài)性有關(guān),SLCO1B1在肝臟細(xì)胞中編碼轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白[34],后者將外周血中的藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到肝臟細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行代謝。SLCO1B1*5/*15基因突變可延長(zhǎng)藥-時(shí)曲線(xiàn)下面積(AUC),使轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白合成受損,導(dǎo)致他汀類(lèi)藥物代謝受阻,血藥濃度升高,ADR發(fā)生率增加。但SCLO1B1*5/*15基因多態(tài)性在預(yù)測(cè)不同種類(lèi)他汀類(lèi)藥物的ADR時(shí)有較大差異,影響最大的為辛伐他汀,其次為匹伐他汀和阿托伐他汀[35]。
CYP2B6是代謝奈韋拉平的酶類(lèi),516G>T的突變可降低該酶催化奈韋拉平及其代謝物的能力,增加皮疹發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20]。NAT2基因編碼N-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶2,在異煙肼代謝過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。異煙肼經(jīng)過(guò)代謝后生成乙酰肼,可進(jìn)一步被CYP或NAT2代謝為毒性更低的二乙?;?。若NAT2酶活性正常,異煙肼可被代謝為二乙?;?,發(fā)生ADR的概率將大大降低;若NAT2等位基因發(fā)生純合突變,其酶活性將明顯降低,則異煙肼無(wú)法被代謝,發(fā)生藥物性肝損傷等ADR的概率將明顯增加[36]。
此外,與藥物性肝損傷相關(guān)的還有UGT基因多態(tài)性。UGT1A6基因與托卡朋引起的轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高相關(guān)[37];UGT2B7基因多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與雙氯芬酸引起的肝毒性有關(guān)[38]。ABC家族除了轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)藥物之外還負(fù)責(zé)膽汁的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),因此ABCB4(編碼MDR3蛋白,磷脂輸出泵)和ABCB11(編碼BSEP蛋白,膽鹽輸出泵)基因突變后會(huì)導(dǎo)致膽汁淤積[39]。ABCC2(編碼MRP2蛋白,多藥耐藥相關(guān)蛋白)在膽汁分泌葡糖醛酸結(jié)合物中具有重要作用,ABCC2(24C>T)基因多態(tài)性與肝毒性的發(fā)生密切相關(guān):24C>T突變可導(dǎo)致MRP2蛋白合成減少,葡糖醛酸易在細(xì)胞內(nèi)堆積,發(fā)生雙氯芬酸酰基葡糖醛酸反應(yīng)從而引發(fā)肝毒性[38,40]。
2.2先天免疫系統(tǒng)相關(guān)基因及其多態(tài)性
基因篩查發(fā)現(xiàn),免疫系統(tǒng)某些細(xì)胞因子的多態(tài)性可影響患者的先天免疫系統(tǒng),并可預(yù)測(cè)藥物性肝損傷的發(fā)生。例如,在服用雙氯芬酸所致肝損傷的患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-10基因-627位點(diǎn)和IL-4基因-590位點(diǎn)存在突變,可引起IL-10的低轉(zhuǎn)錄和IL-4的高轉(zhuǎn)錄,有助于T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的疾病易感基因相關(guān)的抗體反應(yīng)[41]。
2.3心臟離子通道相關(guān)基因及其多態(tài)性
心臟毒性是藥品撤市最常見(jiàn)的原因[42]。非藥物引起的QT間期延長(zhǎng)主要與患者心臟離子通道相關(guān)基因的突變有關(guān)。目前已確認(rèn)與之有關(guān)的基因包括:一氧化氮合酶1調(diào)節(jié)酶基因(NOS1AP)、心臟鈉離子通道(SCN)5A基因和鉀離子通道(KCN)J2基因[43-44]。
對(duì)藥物致QT間期延長(zhǎng)的患者進(jìn)行離子通道基因測(cè)序,結(jié)果顯示,在32例患者中,有4例患者存在突變,其中有2例是KCNE1 253G>A(D85N,rs1805128)發(fā)生突變[45]。對(duì)307例藥物致QT間期延長(zhǎng)的患者進(jìn)行基因型分析,也證實(shí)了D85N和KCNE1基因多態(tài)性與藥物心臟毒性相關(guān)[46]。NOS1AP(rs10494366)突變與維拉帕米引起的QT間期延長(zhǎng)有關(guān),且在前瞻性研究(n=7 000)中得到證實(shí):各患者服用維拉帕米后,GG基因型[QT間期為25.4 ms,95%CI(5.9,44.9)]與TT基因型[QT間期為19.8 ms,95%CI(1.9,37.7)]患者比較,其QT間期明顯延長(zhǎng)[47]。最近英國(guó)學(xué)者又發(fā)現(xiàn),NOS1AP的另外一個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)(rs10800397)與藥物引起的QT間期延長(zhǎng)有關(guān)[OR=3.3,99.95%CI(1.0,10.8)][48]。
目前,我國(guó)ADR監(jiān)測(cè)主要依靠醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、藥品經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、藥品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)以及個(gè)人上報(bào)的數(shù)據(jù),最后以ADR信息通報(bào)的形式向社會(huì)發(fā)布,起到警示、宣傳和促進(jìn)合理用藥的作用,但要精準(zhǔn)或個(gè)體化地預(yù)防ADR的發(fā)生,就必須在用藥前對(duì)高危人群進(jìn)行相關(guān)的基因型檢測(cè),若患者帶有某ADR相關(guān)位點(diǎn)的突變基因,建議降低藥物劑量或直接換用其他藥物。
雖然現(xiàn)有基因多態(tài)性可解釋部分ADR發(fā)生的原因,但與大多數(shù)ADR之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系還有待于進(jìn)一步研究,特別是對(duì)我國(guó)人群的深入研究。人體對(duì)藥物反應(yīng)的差異受多種因素的影響,除了基因多態(tài)性外,還包括其健康狀況、飲食、性別、年齡等因素;臨床上常見(jiàn)的聯(lián)合用藥也使ADR的發(fā)生機(jī)制更為復(fù)雜,給預(yù)防和判斷增加了難度。因此,如何將PGx知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為臨床應(yīng)用,是目前臨床面臨的一個(gè)重大課題。此外,從分子水平深入研究導(dǎo)致ADR(尤其是嚴(yán)重ADR)發(fā)生的確切原因,利用基因差異篩選技術(shù),對(duì)特定人群推薦或開(kāi)發(fā)“量身定做”的新藥,提高藥物療效、降低用藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也是未來(lái)醫(yī)藥發(fā)展的方向。
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(編輯:張?jiān)拢?/p>
Relationship between Genetic Polymorphisms andAdverse Drug Reaction
SUN Xuelin1,HU Xin1,XU Qiaoling2(1.Dept.of Pharmacy,Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology/ Beijing Key Laboratory for Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application,Beijing 100730,China;2.Dept.of Pharmacy No.305 Hospital of PLA,Beijing 100730,China)
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for precision medication in the clinic,preventing and reducing the occurrence of adverse drug reaction(ADR).METHODS:Foreign and domestic literatures about pharmacogenomics and ADR were collected to summarize the relationship of genetic polymorphisms with ADR.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:At present,many ADR-related genes are identified.The polymorphisms of human leukocyte antigen genes are associated with liver injury induced by diclofenac,amoxicillin clavulanate potassium and other drugs,and allergic reaction induced by carbamazepine,abacavir and other drugs.The polymorphisms of liver drug transporter 1B1 genes are associated with myopathy induced by statins.The polymorphisms of N-acetylase 2 genes are associated with liver injury induced by isoniazid.The polymorphisms of NOS1AP,SCN5A and KCNE1 genes are associated with drug-induced QT prolongation.Gene polymorphism study can provide a new reference for the prevention of ADR. Gene detection can be conducted before drug treatment to reduce the incidence of ADR.
Adverse drug reaction;Pharmacogenomics;Gene polymorphisms;Precise medication
R969.3
A
1001-0408(2016)32-4469-04
10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2016.32.02
衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委保健局保健重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目(No.W2016ZD01)
*主管藥師,博士。研究方向:臨床藥學(xué)。電話(huà):010-85133632。E-mail:sunxuelin4543@bjhmoh.cn
主任藥師,博士。研究方向:醫(yī)院藥學(xué)。電話(huà):010-66799176。E-mail:xuqiaoling305@163.com
(2016-07-23
2016-09-05)