張薇薇, 劉曦嬌, 李崢艷, 黃子星, 宋彬
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·普美顯增強MRI專題·
Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI在肝臟局灶性病變中的應用進展
張薇薇, 劉曦嬌, 李崢艷, 黃子星, 宋彬
肝臟局灶性病變是常見的肝臟疾病,常用的影像學檢查方法包括超聲、CT及MRI,MRI因為具有良好的組織對比及可使用多種對比劑等優(yōu)勢,成為診斷肝臟局灶性病變的重要檢查方法。Gd-EOB-DTPA是通過肝細胞特異性攝取的對比劑,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對于肝臟局灶性病灶的診斷、鑒別診斷、指導治療等具有重要意義。本文就Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI在肝臟局灶性病變中的應用做一綜述。
磁共振成像; Gd-EOB-DTPA; 肝臟病變
肝臟局灶性病變是常見的肝臟疾病,包括原發(fā)性局灶性結(jié)節(jié)增生(focal nodule hyperplasia,FNH)、肝腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma,HCA)、肝癌、轉(zhuǎn)移瘤等。早期發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶、定性診斷、指導臨床治療、判斷預后等對臨床非常重要。近年來,隨著影像技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,肝臟局灶性病灶的檢出率明顯提高,影像學檢查在肝臟局灶性病變的診斷與鑒別診斷中發(fā)揮著重要作用[1,2],包括超聲、CT及MRI。MRI具有軟組織分辨力高,可多參數(shù)、多方位、多序列成像、無電離輻射等優(yōu)點[3],在肝臟疾病診斷方面具有重要作用。
目前臨床上應用的MRI對比劑大致分為五類:①分布于細胞外的對比劑;②肝膽特異性對比劑(hepatobiliary-specific contrast agent,HSCA),是通過肝細胞選擇性攝取的對比劑,能被肝細胞吸收并通過膽道系統(tǒng)排泄,因而適用于肝臟病變的檢出;③分布于網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)或巨噬細胞-單核細胞吞噬系統(tǒng)的對比劑,即超順磁性氧化鐵(superparamagnetic iron oxide,SPIO)顆粒,它適用于具有網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)的器官和組織的顯示;④血管內(nèi)或血池性對比劑,如超微粒超順磁性氧化鐵(USPIO)顆粒,其顆粒直徑小,可逃避網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)的吞噬,且其血液半衰期延長,表現(xiàn)為短T1、短T2效應,適用于帶有特定分子的細胞組織顯示,可作為MRI分子影像研究的示蹤劑;⑤其它對比劑[4]。
Gd-EOB-DTPA,又名釓塞酸二鈉(商品名普美顯),屬于肝膽特異性對比劑,經(jīng)靜脈注射后到達肝臟,快速滲透過肝內(nèi)毛細血管網(wǎng)而分布于細胞外間隙內(nèi)并迅速達到平衡狀態(tài),并經(jīng)腎臟排泄。
Gd-EOB-DTPA分子中Gd通過增加T1弛豫率縮短組織T1弛豫時間,可用作非特異性的細胞外對比劑,具有與其他對比劑效一致的動態(tài)增強效果[4],從而有效顯示病灶的血供情況;另一方面,其親脂性的EOB基團使Gd-EOB-DTPA具有與血漿蛋白結(jié)合的能力,能被肝細胞膜上的有機陰離子轉(zhuǎn)運系統(tǒng)選擇性攝取并經(jīng)過膽道系統(tǒng)排泄。正常肝腎功能人體內(nèi)約50%由肝細胞攝取并經(jīng)膽道排泄,50%經(jīng)腎臟代謝[5]。因此在肝膽期成像中,具有正常功能肝細胞的實質(zhì)因攝取對比劑而強化;肝細胞功能減退、正常肝細胞數(shù)量減少或缺失時,該病變部位因攝取較少或不攝取對比劑而表現(xiàn)為稍低或低信號,從而為病變的檢出和鑒別診斷提供信息[6]。
Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI檢查既能反映腫瘤血供情況,也能反映肝細胞功能,從而提高肝臟局灶性病變的檢出和診斷能力[7,8]。既往研究顯示,與超聲、CT、傳統(tǒng)動態(tài)增強MRI以及SPIO增強MRI等成像技術(shù)相比,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI檢查在診斷和鑒別診斷肝臟局灶性病變方面具有一定優(yōu)勢[9,10]。
和Gd-DTPA及其它傳統(tǒng)細胞外對比劑相比,Gd-EOB-DTPA的T1弛豫效應更強。相比于Gd-DTPA 0.1 mmol/kg的劑量,Gd-EOB-DTPA僅需要0.025 mmol/kg(0.1 mL/kg)的劑量即可達到臨床診斷需要[11]。Gd-EOB-DTPA經(jīng)靜脈注射流率為1~2 mL/s,對比劑注射后需用生理鹽水20 mL以相同注射流率沖洗,以優(yōu)化動脈期掃描[12,13]。Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI檢查掃描序列包括同、反相位的T1WI、自旋回波序列(SE)T2WI、注射對比劑后應用3D梯度回波序列T1WI或容積式內(nèi)插值法屏氣檢查(volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination,VIBE)序列軸面T1WI。推薦的肝膽期采集時間為注射對比劑后10~20 min,有學者提出對于肝硬化或血清膽紅素水平升高者,延遲20 min以上更合適。
Gd-EOB-DTPA的不良反應不常見,且絕大多數(shù)為輕度到中度,包括頭痛、頭暈、發(fā)熱、面部潮紅、注射部位反應(包括對比劑滲漏,注射部位冷感、疼痛等)等。對于嚴重的急慢性腎損傷患者,注射Gd-EOB-DTPA可能會發(fā)生腎源性系統(tǒng)纖維化;但由于Gd-EOB-DTPA注射劑量低,且具有雙通道排泄機制,理論上其發(fā)生腎源性系統(tǒng)纖維化的概率較其它釓對比劑低,目前尚無相關(guān)報道。Gd-EOB-DTPA禁用于孕婦及哺乳期婦女。
1.原發(fā)性肝癌
原發(fā)性肝癌是臨床上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率逐年增長,居于惡性腫瘤的第5位,年死亡人數(shù)接近60萬[14,15]。肝細胞癌 (hepatocelluar carcinoma,HCC)是原發(fā)性肝癌中最主要的類型。HCC的發(fā)生與肝硬變基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的肝細胞結(jié)節(jié)密切相關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)這些結(jié)節(jié)并準確診斷和鑒別診斷,對HCC的診斷、治療、監(jiān)測和預后均具有重要價值[16,17]。
HCC在MRI圖像上多表現(xiàn)為T2WI高信號,增強掃描往往具有典型的“快進快出”征象,即動脈期強化,門靜脈期或平衡期強化減弱。由于大部分HCC病灶對Gd-EOB-DTPA攝取減少,在肝膽期多表現(xiàn)為低信號。眾多文獻報道,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期對HCC尤其是小肝癌(直徑<2.0 cm)的診斷具有重要價值,特別是結(jié)合擴散灌注成像掃描時,在診斷和鑒別診斷肝硬化相關(guān)結(jié)節(jié)及小肝癌病灶上優(yōu)于其他檢查技術(shù),應作為首選檢查方法[18-21]。Sugimoto等[22,23]研究認為Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI和增強超聲對乏血供HCC具有相似的診斷效能,但增強超聲對富血供病灶的診斷準確度更高。與MSCT相比,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對HCC,尤其是小肝癌的診斷敏感度和準確度優(yōu)于CT[22,24,25]。數(shù)項研究比較Gd-EOB-DTPA和Gd-DTPA增強MRI對小肝癌的診斷效能[26,27],認為前者更敏感。Kim等[28]報道Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對直徑<3.0 cm HCC的診斷敏感度明顯高于SPIO增強MRI。Park等[29]研究比較Gd-EOB-DTPA與Gd-BOPTA增強MRI對HCC的診斷效能,結(jié)果顯示前者發(fā)現(xiàn)了59例病灶中的51例,而后者僅發(fā)現(xiàn)了38例。
2.肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤
肝臟是轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤好發(fā)部位之一,約占所有實質(zhì)性器官轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的25%[30]。結(jié)直腸癌、食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌等均易發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移。轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌可單發(fā)或多發(fā),屬于腫瘤晚期,預后差,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,明確其數(shù)目和位置,對于原發(fā)病灶的尋找、治療方式的選擇及預后都有重要意義[31]。
在增強MRI圖像上,肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤多表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強化或邊緣強化。由于不含肝細胞,轉(zhuǎn)移瘤在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為低信號,這與周圍強化的肝實質(zhì)形成對比,從而提高檢出率。有時轉(zhuǎn)移瘤在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為周邊強化,這可能是由于腫瘤增大后壓迫鄰近正常肝實質(zhì),其仍具有正常肝功能,能夠攝取Gd-EOB-DTPA,但排泄延遲所致[32]。有文獻指出,常規(guī)平掃MRI序列已能發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期成像還能有助于某些疾病如肝臟嗜酸性粒細胞浸潤等與肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的鑒別[33]。與擴散加權(quán)成像相比,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率更高,不過擴散加權(quán)成像對微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出率更高[34,35]。Niekel等[36,37]比較CT、MRI、PET及PET/CT對結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷能力,提出MRI是結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的首選檢查方法,亞組分析結(jié)果顯示Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI的診斷敏感度為94%。
3.膽管細胞癌
膽管細胞癌組織學包含膽管細胞和纖維成分,不含肝細胞,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI顯示其動態(tài)期強化表現(xiàn)與常規(guī)MRI類似,動脈期、門脈期及平衡期表現(xiàn)為進行性強化;肝膽期由于周圍肝實質(zhì)強化明顯,表現(xiàn)為相對低信號。膽管細胞癌影像學上與肝細胞癌鑒別有時較困難,細胞學檢查或組織病理學檢查是鑒別兩者的金標準[38]。
4.肝血管瘤
肝血管瘤是肝臟最常見的良性腫瘤,以海綿狀血管瘤多見,其組織學改變?yōu)榛螖U張的血竇,不含正常肝細胞。典型血管瘤的診斷并不困難,MRI常規(guī)序列即可對其進行較準確地定位、定性診斷,典型征象包括T2WI高信號,動脈期邊緣結(jié)節(jié)樣強化,隨時間推移強化進一步向中心推進,呈“快進慢出”表現(xiàn);在Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期表現(xiàn)為低信號。
文獻報道普遍認為肝血管瘤Gd-EOB-DTPA肝膽期圖像并不能為診斷提供更多有價值的信息,且肝膽期的某些征象可能增加診斷難度[39]。小的血管瘤可能在動脈期表現(xiàn)為快速均一強化,而在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為低信號,表現(xiàn)為“假廓清征”,與富血供腫瘤較難鑒別[40]。Tamada等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)約47%的肝血管瘤在Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期表現(xiàn)為病變周圍低信號,這與轉(zhuǎn)移瘤等惡性病灶的肝膽期表現(xiàn)難以鑒別,因此出現(xiàn)這一征象的病灶還需結(jié)合其他掃描序列圖像和臨床表現(xiàn)進行綜合診斷。考慮到存在上述問題,目前對于懷疑肝血管瘤的患者并不推薦行Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI檢查[42]。
5.FNH
FNH是肝內(nèi)常見的良性腫瘤,多好發(fā)于女性。FNH是肝細胞對先天性血管發(fā)育異常的一種增生性反應,由正常肝細胞異常排列形成,內(nèi)可見小膽管,但不與大膽管相通。FNH最大的病理特點是以星狀纖維瘢痕組織為核心向周圍呈輻射狀分布的纖維分隔,星狀瘢痕組織內(nèi)通常含一條或多條動脈。
FNH在T1WI、T2WI圖像上多與正常肝實質(zhì)信號相近,增強掃描呈明顯強化,伴中心瘢痕延遲強化[43,44]。Grazioli等[45]研究顯示,68%的FNH在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為高信號,28.9%表現(xiàn)為等信號。Zech等[44]分析59例FNH在注射對比劑后20 min時采集的肝膽期圖像,發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)FNH表現(xiàn)為相對于正常肝實質(zhì)的高信號、等信號或混雜信號;之所以部分FNH在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為等信號,一種可能的解釋是病灶內(nèi)含有正常肝細胞和膽管;表現(xiàn)為高信號是因為肝細胞內(nèi)小膽管并未與大膽管連通,導致對比劑殘留;也有少數(shù)病灶在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為相對低信號,其機制目前尚不清楚。
6.HCA
HCA是罕見的肝臟良性腫瘤,組織學上HCA細胞內(nèi)有大量糖原和脂質(zhì)沉積,但缺乏膽管結(jié)構(gòu)。
在MRI圖像上,HCA多表現(xiàn)為T1WI等信號或稍高信號,動脈期呈均勻或不均勻明顯強化,門脈期和平衡期呈等信號。Grazioli等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)32例HCA在肝膽期均表現(xiàn)為相對正常肝實質(zhì)的低信號。另一篇文獻發(fā)現(xiàn)3例HCA在Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期表現(xiàn)為低信號[46]。Sakamoto等[47]報道了1例糖原貯積癥男性患者多發(fā)HCA,肝膽期表現(xiàn)為高、低混雜信號。
HCA和FNH均為富血供病變,常規(guī)影像學檢查對其鑒別診斷存在一定困難,有學者嘗試用Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期成像鑒別兩者,結(jié)果顯示,肝腺瘤在肝膽期多表現(xiàn)為低信號,而FNH多表現(xiàn)為等信號或高信號,因此肝膽期圖像能為兩者的鑒別診斷提供相關(guān)依據(jù)[48-50]。
評價腫瘤分化程度
評價HCC的惡性程度、病理分級對臨床制定治療方案及評價預后至關(guān)重要。現(xiàn)有的HCC腫瘤分化程度評估手段存在局限性,如病理組織學或細胞學檢查是目前已知的金標準,但其為有創(chuàng)性檢查,難以廣泛應用。因此,需要尋找新的評估HCC腫瘤分化程度的檢查方法。
有研究認為肝膽期HCC的強化程度與其分化程度相關(guān),Lee等[51]報道了4例肝膽期表現(xiàn)為高信號的HCC,其病理分級均為高分化腫瘤。Kogita等[52]計算不同分化程度的HCC在肝膽期的強化率與分化程度的關(guān)系,認為病灶強化程度低者分化程度更差,但該強化率在HCC和退變結(jié)節(jié)間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。Kim等[53]研究認為Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI能預測肝功能CTP分級A級患者的肝癌分化程度。Frericks等[54]通過對比分析有肝硬化基礎(chǔ)的HCC患者Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI圖像和術(shù)后病理結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)HCC在動脈期和肝膽期的強化程度與病理分級不存在相關(guān)性。Kobayashi等[55]提出僅考慮病灶在肝膽期的強化程度,相對于正常肝實質(zhì)呈等信號或高信號的病灶進展為HCC的概率與低信號病灶間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。因此,HCC肝膽期表現(xiàn)與腫瘤病理學惡性程度及預后之間的關(guān)系尚不明確。
腫瘤是典型的血管依賴性病變,血管生成不僅能促進腫瘤的生長,還與腫瘤浸潤、轉(zhuǎn)移及復發(fā)密切相關(guān)。HCC是富血供腫瘤,血管生成在HCC的生長與轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起著重要作用,其中微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)是評價腫瘤新生血管的有效指標,但其表達需通過免疫組化顯示,限制了其在臨床中的應用。目前,隨著MRI技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,使影像學無創(chuàng)評價腫瘤血管生成成為可能。Frouge等分析了Gd -DTPA 動態(tài)增強MRI與乳腺腫瘤MVD的關(guān)系。Buadu等[56]將73例乳腺病變的MRI時間-強度曲線分成四型,發(fā)現(xiàn)曲線的類型和最大對比增強率與組織學MVD的高低有關(guān)。也有研究提示HCC動態(tài)增強MRI與腫瘤MVD相關(guān),HCC的MR對比增強率與MVD值呈正相關(guān),快速上升型曲線腫瘤的MVD值高,緩慢上升型曲線腫瘤的MVD值低[57-59]。但目前還沒有Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI與MVD的相關(guān)研究,尚需進一步探討。
HCC惡性程度高,常呈浸潤性生長。HCC血管侵犯是腫瘤肝內(nèi)播散及轉(zhuǎn)移的重要信號,也與術(shù)后復發(fā)密切相關(guān),包括肉眼可見的大血管侵犯及鏡下微血管侵犯。隨著診斷技術(shù)的進步,直徑≤3.0 cm的肝癌(小肝癌)的檢出率日益提高,由于其治療可獲得較好的臨床療效,目前已經(jīng)成為臨床研究的重點。肝切除術(shù)是治療HCC的有效方法,但由于原發(fā)腫瘤的肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移和多中心發(fā)生,患者術(shù)后較高的復發(fā)率嚴重影響遠期療效,其中絕大多數(shù)患者的死亡與復發(fā)相關(guān)。微血管侵犯是小肝癌肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的直接證據(jù),是影響術(shù)后復發(fā)和患者預后最重要的危險因素。目前也有部分關(guān)于Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI與微血管侵犯相關(guān)的研究報道。Kim等[60]研究了58例HCC患者(病灶直徑均≤2.0 cm),結(jié)果表明具有典型Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI表現(xiàn)且直徑為1.1~2.0 cm的小肝癌多數(shù)有微血管侵犯。Kim等[61]的研究表明,肝膽期呈高信號改變的HCC病灶,微血管侵犯比例較低信號病灶低。肝膽期HCC病灶周圍低信號則提示微血管侵犯可能,其診斷敏感度較低(38.3%),但特異度較高(93.2%)[62];以上研究結(jié)果提示Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對HCC微血管侵犯有一定的診斷價值。
HCC術(shù)后隨訪復查對患者療效評價及預后非常重要。目前也有不少關(guān)于Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI在這方面的研究報道。Yoon等[63]對經(jīng)射頻消融治療的HCC患者進行隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI對存活和復發(fā)病灶的診斷優(yōu)于MSCT。但也有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),一些良性病變在肝膽期表現(xiàn)為低信號,容易與存活灶或腫瘤復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶混淆[64]。Seidensticker等[65]對接受放射治療的肝癌患者進行隨訪研究,將Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期圖像與其接受放射治療的三維立體數(shù)據(jù)進行對照分析,以MRI信號為橋梁,探索照射劑量與病灶周邊肝實質(zhì)損傷之間的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肝膽期圖像對HCC病灶邊界顯示更為清晰,腫瘤直徑及體積的測量更精確,對侵犯、包繞血管的判斷更明確,有利于評估療效和病情。
綜上所述,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI在肝臟局灶性病變的診斷、鑒別診斷、預后及療效評價方面均具有重要作用,并顯示出其相對于其他檢查方法的優(yōu)勢。既往研究已經(jīng)明確了肝臟局灶性病變Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI的典型影像學表現(xiàn),而對于不典型病灶的影像學表現(xiàn)及其發(fā)生機制是未來的研究方向之一。需要補充的是,盡管一再強調(diào)Gd-EOB-DTPA增強MRI肝膽期成像的診斷價值,病灶的定性診斷還需結(jié)合其它序列及臨床進行綜合判斷。
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610041成都,四川大學華西醫(yī)院放射科
張薇薇(1981-),女,山西人,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事腹部影像診斷研究工作。
宋彬,E-mail:cjr.songbin@vip.163.com
國家自然科學基金面上項目資助項目(81171338;81471658)
R575; R445.2
A
1000-0313(2016)01-0044-05
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2016.01.011
2015-10-23
2015-12-04)