蔣曉娟
(北京城市學院 北京 100083)
框架與詞語的選擇
蔣曉娟
(北京城市學院 北京 100083)
本文以羅斯??偨y(tǒng)演講和朱純深先生對宋代詞人李清照《聲聲慢》的翻譯為素材,嘗試通過認知語言學里的框架理論來評論詞語的選擇??蚣芊治鲆哉Z言視角(perspective)、句法結(jié)構(gòu)(syntactic slot)為維度,經(jīng)過直觀分析,對于品評選詞、造句、甚至文章風格的斟酌都有著積極意義。
認知語言學 框架 詞語選擇
“框架”(the Frame)理論是語言學家Charles Fillmore于20世紀70年代中期引入,這一理論的提出是通過其經(jīng)典的“Commercial event frame”例子進行說明。在這一案例中,他列出四個表達相同意義的句子:1)David bought an old shirt from John for ten pounds. 2)John sold an old shirt to David for ten pounds. 3)John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt. 4)David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt. 通過框架分析,可以十分清楚地辨析 “buy, sell, charge, pay” 四個近義詞的不同內(nèi)涵和用法。如下圖(Fillmore 1977a:106ff)所示:
“Buy” 是A購買了B; “pay” 是A花錢C; “sell” 是D出售了B; “charge”是D向A收費。這四個單詞是從不同的語言視角(perspective),采用不同句法結(jié)構(gòu)(syntactic slot)描述同一事件。它們都是同一“框架”下的不同視角轉(zhuǎn)換。經(jīng)過這樣直觀的圖表分析,我們可以輕松區(qū)分開這四個詞義。這一點,對于選詞、造句、甚至文章風格的斟酌都有著積極意義。下面,我以兩篇例文為素材從“框架”角度分析詞語的選擇。[1]
語篇一:
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,美國珍珠港被日本偷襲。1941年12月8日,美國第32任總統(tǒng)羅斯福Franklin Roosevelt在美國國會發(fā)表演說,游說國會對日本宣戰(zhàn)。以下是演講稿節(jié)選。[2]
Yesterday, December 7, 1941---a date which will live in infamy---the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island.
And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.
Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacifi c area.
As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.
Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us.…..
With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph. So help us God.
I ask the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.
這篇例文曾經(jīng)入選20世紀十大經(jīng)典演講,其感染力度、行文謹慎、不卑不亢卻直指人心的演說風格都是最佳示范。在此,我僅從羅斯??偨y(tǒng)選擇的幾個看似普通的動詞入手,分析一下他的選詞用字。
第一段向美國國會和全國人民陳述珍珠港被日軍偷襲的客觀事實,語言平實、簡潔、悲痛。當時美國國內(nèi)有相當一派民眾反對美國卷入二戰(zhàn),羅斯??偨y(tǒng)此次演講的目的就是為了說服這群人士同意讓美國參戰(zhàn),可是又不能操之過急、適得其反,于是在演講一開始,語言盡量簡樸而低調(diào)。關(guān)于“襲擊”, 有許多英文單詞可供選擇:surprise attack, raid, assault, sneak attack等等??墒橇_斯??偨y(tǒng)就選擇了,沒有任何修飾的成分。根據(jù)Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary注 釋,Attack指violently attempt to hurt,overcome or defeat sb./sth. (襲擊,進攻) e.g.: They decided to attack at night. (他們決定夜襲)。Raid 指sudden surprise attack or withdrawal by troops, ships or aircraft (突擊)。A security guard was killed in the bank raid. E.g.: Customs men raided the house. (海關(guān)人員突擊搜查了這所房子)。Assault定義為suddenly and violently attack (突襲), e.g.: He got two years of imprisonment for assaulting a police offi cer. (他因為襲警而遭兩年監(jiān)禁)。Raid, assault都有attack的意思,但是更加偏重某一方面,相比較而言,一詞的內(nèi)涵最為專一,語體色彩為中性,而raid, assault都含貶義,加上attack通俗易懂,受眾面更廣,所以這里用attack一詞效果更佳。通過之后一系列重復(fù)(repitition),排比(parallelism)造勢,給聽者帶來及其強烈的聽覺震撼。
最后,在通過排比句喚起聽眾的共鳴,語言感染力度達到頂峰時,羅斯福總統(tǒng)向國會請求宣布美國參戰(zhàn)。這里,他選擇使用ask這個不起眼的常用詞語。為什么呢?表達請求意義的詞語有許多:request, petition, beg, entreat, implore, beseech等等,不一而足。如果要求別人做事,“ask”是最通俗、最口語化的詞,例如:He asked me for a light. / May I ask a favor of you? “Request”主要用于莊重場合或者書面文字中,多用于被動。比如:Passengers are kindly requested not to smoke at the buffet counter. “Beg”指以謙卑的姿態(tài)請求給予巨大的幫助。比如:He knew he had hurt her and begged her for forgiveness. “entreat, implore, beseech”都比詞義加強而且更加文雅,舉例說:He entreated her not to desert him。根據(jù)以上分析,兼顧到演講的對象是羅斯福總統(tǒng)的下級,所以他不會選擇太謙卑的字眼“Beg”,而太文雅的詞語顯得與聽者距離感拉大,所以他才會使用“ask”一詞表達自己真摯的請求,事實證明他成功了。不久,美國加入二戰(zhàn),加速了法西斯集團的滅亡進程。由此可見,詞語選擇有時甚至會左右一個國家的前進方向,不可小覷。[3]
語篇二:
朱純深先生翻譯宋代詞人李清照的《聲聲慢》。
尋尋覓覓, Look. Seek. Sink. Sinking into thinking of everything
冷冷清清, About nothing, and nothing
凄凄慘慘凄凄。 About everything is a lonely heart, in the gloomy fold
乍暖還寒時候, Of a most dismal, unrestful season
最難將息。 --- now warm, then cold.
三杯兩盞淡酒, Wine, two or three cups--- thin wine
怎敵他、曉來風急。 How can it hold off the biting gusts at dawn?
雁過也,正傷心 Overhead, a heart-rending line, southbound wild geese at morn,
卻是舊相識。 Yet old acquaintances of mine.
滿地黃花堆積, Massing chrysanthemums, everywhere;
憔悴損, Yet languid and grief-won,
如今有誰堪摘? Who could be out there buoyant in gathering mood?
守著窗兒, I sit, in solitude, waiting, at the windowsill,
獨自怎生得黑! Yet dusk is so far off still!
梧桐更兼細雨, In a drizzle so light,
到黃昏、點點滴滴。 Dripping dropping into the oncoming night,In the garden a sycamore tree stands, blurred.
這次第, What a day,
怎一個愁字了得! How can you pick it away in a single word Dismay?
這篇譯文總體上把握住了婉約派宋詞的韻味,合仄壓韻,可圈可點,語言意境都能盡可能得保留原文的風采。當然,也有個別詞語的選擇有待商榷。例如:“尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清”譯得十分優(yōu)美到 位,“Look. Seek. Sink. Sinking into thinking of everything,About nothing, and nothing”。連續(xù)三個動詞,看似簡單,卻十分見文化功底,全部都以k結(jié)尾,注意到rhyme修辭手法。如果把look 替換成search, 會喪失部分原詞中茫然、漫無目的的情調(diào),顯得更加焦急,沒有頭緒。Look 指turn one’s eyes in particular direction or try to fi nd;search指empty the pockets, etc and examine his body and clothes to see if anything is concealed there,例如search one’s conscience(捫心自問),searchlight(探照燈),search-warrant(搜查令)。另外,“怎敵他 ”的“敵”,譯者翻譯為“hold off ”也更勝一籌。表示抵擋、抵抗的英文詞語不少,resist, stand up to, boycott, keep away,prevent from都有相近的含義。參考Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, “hold off”解釋 為restrain oneself from doing sth., or delay, or resist attack by others, 強調(diào)一種對于外界的主體的被動抵御。面對大自然乍暖還寒的天氣,人們只能消極應(yīng)對,這樣更加突顯出作者的凄涼與無助心情?!癛esist”一詞側(cè)重use forces in order to prevent sth. happening or being successful or oppose,顯然是更加主動積極地抵制,這與原來宋詞的意境互相沖突,因此應(yīng)該摒棄不用。類似的成功選詞還有不少,比如“點點滴滴”翻譯為“dipping dropping”,既顧及了語義,又兼顧了頭韻尾韻的修辭手法(alliteration and rhyme),遠勝過falling 或者drop by drop。
然而“淡酒”翻譯為“thin wine”卻有失文采, “thin”指having opposite surfaces relatively close together (薄的,細的),e.g.: a thin layer of butter (薄薄一層黃油); 也指lacking density (稀薄的), e.g.: a thin haste (薄霧)。根據(jù)這些注釋,thin與wine語意場不重合,無法搭配。 “l(fā)ight”作形容詞時可以理解為less than average weight (輕的),e.g.: light shoes (輕便鞋); 也可以理解為easy to understand (易懂的),e.g. :light music (輕音樂), light comedy (輕喜劇); 還可以指(of drinks) low in alcohol, or (of food) easy to digest (清淡的), e.g.: light souffl é (清淡的蛋奶酥), light ale (淡味麥芽啤酒)。綜合比較而言,“淡酒”翻譯為“l(fā)ight wine”更佳。[4]
以上是從“框架”角度對詞語的選擇進行分析,通過這些示例,不難看出Charles Fillmore提出的“框架”(the Frame)理論對于譯者、作者、讀者甚至是評論者來說都很適用,可以方便大家更加深入地潛詞造句,去偽存真,錘煉出更加優(yōu)秀的文章。[5]
[1] Ungerer, F. (ed.). An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2005.
[2] Guerin, Wilfred L. (ed.). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2006.
[3] Thornborrow, Joanna. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.
[4] 崔希亮,《語言理解與認知》。北京:北京語言大學出版社,2001年。
[5] 朱純深,《翻譯探微:語言、文本、詩學》。南京:鳳凰傳媒出版集團,2008年。
蔣曉娟,女,英語語言與文學碩士,副教授。