張英才曾凱寧傅斌生張彤汪國營張彤陳良劉暢彭延文姜楠易述紅張劍汪根樹李華張琪楊揚陳規(guī)劃
·論著·
人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細胞對肝移植術(shù)后缺血性膽管炎的療效觀察
張英才1曾凱寧1傅斌生1張彤1汪國營1張彤1陳良1劉暢2彭延文2姜楠1易述紅1張劍1汪根樹1李華1張琪2楊揚1陳規(guī)劃1
目的 探討人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細胞(MSC)治療肝移植術(shù)后缺血性膽管炎(ITBL)的安全性和初步療效。方法 選取中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院2013年1月至2014年12月期間12例肝移植術(shù)后ITBL患者,每例患者通過外周靜脈輸注6次MSC(1.0×106/kg)。從第1次MSC輸注開始,所有患者隨訪至少隨訪48周。觀察與MSC輸注相關(guān)的短期和長期不良事件。通過肝功能等檢測,評估MSC治療ITBL的初步效果。患者治療前后肝功能數(shù)據(jù)的比較采用單向方差分析。結(jié)果 隨訪到2015年3月截至,平均隨訪時間為(20.1±4.2)個月。除1例出現(xiàn)自限性發(fā)熱(37.6℃)外,未發(fā)現(xiàn)與MSC相關(guān)的不良事件,無患者死亡和移植物丟失。與治療前基線比較,12例患者總膽紅素在20周評估時有7例(58.3﹪)好轉(zhuǎn),3例穩(wěn)定(25.0﹪)和2例(16.7﹪)惡化;在48周評估時有7例(58.3﹪)好轉(zhuǎn),2例(16.7﹪)穩(wěn)定和3例(25.0﹪)惡化(F = 2.917,P = 0.068)。結(jié)論 MSC在肝移植患者應(yīng)用是安全可行的,初步結(jié)果提示其對ITBL患者具有較好的短期治療效果,有望成為治療ITBL新的治療手段。
間質(zhì)干細胞; 臍帶; 膽管炎; 肝移植
缺血性膽管炎(ischemic-type biliary lesions,ITBL)是指肝移植術(shù)后移植肝非吻合技術(shù)性的膽管樹破壞、狹窄或梗阻,不伴動脈血栓,ABO血型不符及原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎等[6]。ITBL是肝移植術(shù)后最難處理的膽道并發(fā)癥,也是導致移植物丟失的主要原因之一。ITBL的發(fā)生率在不同的研究差別很大,從1﹪~ -26﹪不等[1-5],原因可能是不同的研究對ITBLs診斷標準不同有關(guān)。ITBL的治療目前缺乏規(guī)范標準,藥物(熊去氧膽酸、抗生素),通過內(nèi)鏡或介入的膽汁引流和手術(shù)(部分肝切除,肝腸引流)等治療對部分均有一定的療效。但是這些傳統(tǒng)治療手段效果甚微,超過50﹪的患者最終需要行再次肝移植[7-8]。由于間充質(zhì)干細胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)具有強大的免疫調(diào)節(jié)[9-17]和促進組織修復[18-24]等生物學特性,而ITBL發(fā)病的主要機制是膽管缺血和免疫損傷導致的膽管破壞。因此本研究探討利用人臍帶來源的間充質(zhì)干細胞(umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells,UC-MSC)治療肝移植術(shù)后ITBL的安全性和可行性,并初步評估其療效。
一、患者基本信息
此臨床研究已通過中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院倫理委員會審核同意,在ClinicalTrials.gov的注冊編號為:NCT02223897。選取中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院肝臟外科從2013年1月至2014年12月行肝移植的患者12例,男性11例,女性1例,平均年齡(47.3± 10.1)歲,術(shù)后均出現(xiàn)ITBL的時間為(45.2±22.6)d,乙肝肝硬化9例,丙肝肝硬化2例,乙肝合并酒精性急性肝衰1例。所有患者均簽署了知情同意書,患者的基本情況見表1。入選標準包括:(1)18~70歲;(2)首次肝移植;(3)術(shù)后膽道造影明確診斷為ITBL;(4)愿意參加此項研究并簽署知情同意書。排除標準包括:(1)存在未控制的感染;(2)供受體ABO血型不符;(3)術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肝動脈血栓形成;(4)原發(fā)疾病為惡性腫瘤或原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化;(5)未能完成隨訪計劃。
表1 TBIL、γGT和ALP水平在UC-MSC治療前后的比較(± s)
表1 TBIL、γGT和ALP水平在UC-MSC治療前后的比較(± s)
注:TBIL:總膽紅素;γGT:γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶;ALP:堿性磷酸酶;UC-MSC:臍帶來源的間充質(zhì)干細胞
治療時間TBIL(μmol/L)γGT(U/L)ALP(U/L)基線44.5 ± 26.1543.5 ± 372.5 463.3 ± 299.0 20周23.0 ± 12.9365.8 ± 229.4 347.1 ± 214.0 48周32.9 ± 24.1396.4 ± 211.1367.7 ± 249.4 F 值2.9171.3781.425 P 值0.0680.2660.241
二、UC-MSC的獲取和輸注
臍帶取自中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科正常足月產(chǎn)健康嬰兒。取臍帶之前簽署由本院倫理委員會批準的患者知情同意書。臍帶的處理和UCMSC的準備均在我院生物治療中心符合GMP標準的干細胞實驗室進行。干細胞的分離、培養(yǎng)、擴增方法詳見文獻報道[25-26]。在臍帶獲取后和UCMSC輸注前均嚴格質(zhì)量控制,包括細菌、真菌培養(yǎng)和病毒監(jiān)測(包括HBV、HCV、HIV和 人CMV)。所有ITBL患者均應(yīng)用病原體檢測陰性的第四代UC-MSC。每個患者共接受6次UC-MSC輸注,時間點分別為入組后的1,2,4,8,12和16周。每次細胞數(shù)為1.0×106/kg并溶于100 ml生理鹽水通過外周靜脈輸注。UC-MSC輸注前1周的肝功能指標做為基線資料。
三、患者隨訪
所有患者在膽管造影明確診斷為ITBL后,給與熊去氧膽酸、腺苷蛋氨酸和前列腺素E等藥物處理,同時予UC-MSC治療,輸注后至少隨訪48周以上。觀察UC-MSC輸注相關(guān)的短期和長期不良反應(yīng)。在第20周和48周時通過肝功能檢測評估
MSC治療ITBL的初步效果。
四、統(tǒng)計學分析方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析。年齡、隨訪和肝功能指標等采用± s表示?;颊咧委熐昂蟾喂δ軘?shù)據(jù)的比較采用單向方差分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
一、UC-MSC輸注的安全性
所有細胞治療都非常關(guān)注安全性問題。UCMSC輸注后短期不良事件可能包括發(fā)熱、過敏反應(yīng)、血栓形成和低血壓等。12例患者總共72次細胞輸注,僅1例患者在第3次輸注細胞3 h后出現(xiàn)自限性發(fā)熱(37.6℃),無需藥物干預(yù)下4 h后發(fā)熱完全消退。沒有觀察到過敏反應(yīng)和低血壓現(xiàn)象。同樣,在整個隨訪期間也沒有觀察到長期不良事件的發(fā)生(新發(fā)腫瘤和機會性感染)。
二、肝功能檢測
本研究選擇膽道酶學指標包括總膽紅素(total bilirubin,TBIL),γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-glutamyl transferase,γGT)和堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)水平的變化來評估UC-MSC治療肝移植術(shù)后ITBL的治療效果。與基線水平比較,12例患者肝功TBIL在20周評估時有7例好轉(zhuǎn),3例穩(wěn)定和2例惡化;在48周評估時有7例好轉(zhuǎn),2例穩(wěn)定和3例惡化。γGT和ALP水平也在治療前后也具有類似的結(jié)果。
三、移植物存活
所有患者隨訪到2015年3月截至,平均隨訪時間為(20.1±4.2)個月。所有患者隨訪至少1年以上,未出現(xiàn)患者死亡或移植物丟失。
MSC的免疫調(diào)節(jié)和促進組織再生的生物學特性已經(jīng)被大量動物移植模型所證實,但是干細胞在臨床器官移植的轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用上經(jīng)驗有限[13-14,16-17]。在臨床肝移植領(lǐng)域,目前尚未見MSC為基礎(chǔ)的細胞治療。本研究目的是明確MSC應(yīng)用于肝移植術(shù)后患者的安全性和可行性,及評估MSC治療肝移植術(shù)后ITBL的療效。本研究沒有選擇骨髓或其他患者自體組織來源的MSC,而是選擇異體臍帶來源的MSC,是因為本研究的12例患者均感染了HBV或(和)HCV,造成患者自體來源的MSC擴增后均可能攜帶病原體,輸注后存在二次感染的風險;臍帶來源MSC取材容易,來源廣泛,倫理爭議較少,且MSC是低免疫原性的干細胞(不表達HLA-DR,低表達HLA-ABC),不易發(fā)生排斥反應(yīng)。在這項研究中,12例ITBL患者,每人共6次通過靜脈輸注MSC,未發(fā)現(xiàn)有過敏反應(yīng)、低血壓和靜脈血栓形成等不良反應(yīng)。僅有1例出現(xiàn)自限性發(fā)熱(37.6℃)??傮w而言,肝移植術(shù)后患者輸注MSC具有較好的耐受性。另外,MSC治療的中遠期不良事件也是特別需要關(guān)注的,尤其在器官移植患者。因為過度的免疫抑制和MSC在體內(nèi)可能存在的異常轉(zhuǎn)分化,理論上可引起機會性感染和新發(fā)惡性腫瘤。有趣的是,有幾項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC在調(diào)節(jié)抗炎反應(yīng)的同時,可同時增強抗微生物的自然免疫能力[27-30]。Reinders等[13]報道了6例腎移植術(shù)患者應(yīng)用MSC治療,其中3例出現(xiàn)MSC輸注相關(guān)的機會性感染。同樣是腎移植術(shù)后患者,國內(nèi)譚建明教授[14]的團隊報道的結(jié)果則相反,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)與對照組(沒有用MSC)比較,MSC治療組的機會性感染發(fā)生率明顯下降。另外,另一個MSC治療引起的憂慮是可能增加新發(fā)惡性腫瘤的風險。MSC可以通過可溶性細胞因子促進腫瘤生長和降低對腫瘤免疫監(jiān)測的能力[31-32],這種免疫抑制能力在器官移植受者具有特別的意義,因為這類患者相比其他人群更容易出現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤?;谶@點考慮,這項研究只納入原發(fā)疾病為良性終末期肝病的患者。通過超過一年的隨訪,所有入選病例未發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC輸注相關(guān)的機會性感染和新發(fā)惡性腫瘤。某種程度而言,MSC應(yīng)用于肝移植術(shù)后患者是安全的。
本研究還通過監(jiān)測肝功膽道酶學(包括TBIL、γGT和ALP)初步評估了MSC治療ITBL的效果。與基數(shù)資料對比,20周時TBIL、γGT和ALP水平分別在75.0﹪(9/12)、91.7﹪(11/12)、75.0﹪(9/12)患者出現(xiàn)了下降,僅有2例患者病情出現(xiàn)惡化。在48周時,膽道酶學指標也有改善,但有3例患者病情出現(xiàn)惡化。最重要的是在中位隨訪時間達到20月以上時,未發(fā)現(xiàn)患者死亡和移植物丟失。因此,MSCs治療在短時間內(nèi)(20周)具有較好的效果,但是長期效果如何尚待觀察。下一步擬招募66例肝移植術(shù)后出現(xiàn)ITBLs的患者,開展一項前瞻性對照試驗,從而能從更大樣本量上評估UC-MSCs治療ITBLs的長期安全性和有效性。
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Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells transfusion for ischemic-type biliary lesions after liver transplantation:a phase I study
Zhang Yingcai1, Zeng Kaining1, FU Binsheng1, ZhangTong1, Wang Guoying1, Chen Liang1, Liu Chang1, Peng Yanwen1, Jiang Nan1, Yi Shuhong1, Zhang Jian1, Wang Genshu1, Li Hua1, Zhang Qi2, Yang Yang1, Chen Guihua1.1Liver Transplant Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China;2Biotherapy Centre of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) transfusion for patients with ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBLs) after liver transplantation. Methods From Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2014, 12 recipients developed ITBLs after liver transplantation in our hospital were recruited in this trial. Patients receive six doses of UC-MSCs (about 1.0×106MSCs per kilogram body weight) through peripheral intravenous infusion. Liver function tests were performed to evaluate the progress of ITBLs. Adverse events and graft survival were also observed up to 48 weeks after MSCs transfusion. All data were analyzed by paired sample t-test. Results No significant MSCs-related adverse events and no graft loss were observed during the trial except that fever(37.6℃) was found in one case. Improved, stable and worse outcomes of biliary enzyme index were observed in 58.3﹪ (7/12), 25.0﹪ (3/12) and 16.7﹪ (2/12)
Mesenchymal stromal cells; Umbilical cord; Cholangitis; Liver transplantation
2016-05-23)
(本文編輯:陳媛媛)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-1221.2016.05.003
國家863項目(2012AA02A600);國家自然科學基金(81300365、81370555、81370575、81570593);廣東省自然科學基金研究團隊項目(2015A030312013);廣東省科技計劃項目(2015B020226004);廣州市科技計劃項目-健康醫(yī)療協(xié)同創(chuàng)新重大專項(158100076, 201400000001-3);中山大學5010計劃(2014006)
510630 廣州,中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院肝臟外科暨肝移植中心 中山大學器官移植研究所 廣東省器官移植研究中心1,細胞-基因治療轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學研究中心2
張琪,Email:kee_kee@126.com;楊揚,Email:yysysu@163.com
patients at 20 weeks, and 58.3﹪ (7/12), 16.7﹪ (2/12) and 25.0﹪ (3/12) patients at 48 weeks after MSC transfusion. Conclusion The UC-MSC transfusions in liver transplant recipients with ITBLs are clinically safe and effective in the short term and may become a promising therapeutic agent for patients with ITBLs after liver transplantation.
張英才,曾凱寧,傅斌生,等. 人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細胞對肝移植術(shù)后缺血性膽管炎的療效觀察[J/CD].中華細胞與干細胞雜志:電子版, 2016, 6(5):280-283.