Bo Chen, Xian Zhang, Hua-Jing Yang, Zhi-Qi Chen, Shuai-Shuai Wang, Tie-Mei Yin, Xu-Fang Sun

Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China

?

·Original article·

The effect of intravitreal ranibizumab after pars plana vitrectomy in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Bo Chen, Xian Zhang, Hua-Jing Yang, Zhi-Qi Chen, Shuai-Shuai Wang, Tie-Mei Yin, Xu-Fang Sun

Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China

Received： 2016-04-18 Accepted：2016-09-09

?AIM: To observe the results of intravitreal injection ranibizumab after pars plana vitrectomy in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

?METHODS: In this retrospective non-comparative interventional case series, twelve patients had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade, perfluoropropane tamponade or balanced salt solution tamponade. At the end of the surgery, ranibizumab was injected into vitreous cavity.

?RESULTS: Average follows up was 2.75mo. Twelve eyes include vitreous haemorrhage (1/12), vitreous haemorrhage with fibrovascular proliferation (1/12), tractional retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage (3/12), tractional retinal detachment with fibrovascular proliferation (2/12), tractional retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage and neovascular glaucoma (1/12), tractional retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage and fibrovascular proliferation (2/12), tractional retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage and fibrovascular proliferation and neovascular glaucoma (1/12), traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage (1/12). Among these 12 eyes, 8/12 had silicone oil tamponade, 2/12 had perfluoropropane tamponade, and 2/12 had balanced salt solution tamponade. All the patients did not have any therapy before. The retinal attachment rate was 10/10. One patient(1/12)had hyphema after surgery. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity improved in 9 eyes (9/12), was unchanged in one (2/12), decreased in (1/12) eyes. Eight eyes (8/12) did not have diabetic macular edema after surgery from the optical coherence tomography examination.

?CONCLUSION: Intravitreal ranibizumab after pars plana vitrectomy is useful in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. It can improve the success rate of surgery; improve postoperative best-corrected visual acuity; minimize the frequence of diabetic macular edema; minimize the frequence of operations and postoperative complications.

diabetic retinopathy; vitrectomy; ranibizumab

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) especially the severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a leading cause of vision loss in population worldwide[1]. Despite the success of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in managing the severe PDR, significant postoperative complications still occur leading to surgery failure and blindness. Ranibizumab is a recombinant humanised antibody that inhibits human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)[2]. It has been administered intravitreally in VEGF-mediated disease processes such as choroidal neovascularization, age related macular degeneration (AMD), PDR and so on. This study is a retrospective series of cases treated with ranibizumab that was injected at the end of the PPV for the management of severe PDR.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the data for 12 patients. These 12 eyes underwent 23G PPV and silicone oil (SO), perfluoropropane (C3F8) or balanced salt solution (BSS) tamponade at Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China between Jun. 2014 and Feb. 2015. At the end of the surgery, ranibizumab (0.05 ml/0.5 mg) (Lucentis, Genentech Inc., USA) has been injected into vitreous cavity (Figure 1). All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination including visual acuity testing [early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA)], slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and indirect ophthalmoscopy before and after surgery. If patient’s fundus could be visualized, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus photography would be done.

RESULTS

Twelve eyes (12 patients): 5 males (41.7%) and 7 females (58.3%); Surgical indications were: vitreous haemorrhage (VH) (1/12, 8.3%)，VH with fibrovascular proliferation (FVP) (1/12, 8.3%) (Figure 2), tractional retinal detachment (TRD) with VH (3/12, 25.0%), TRD with FVP (2/12, 16.7%) (Figure 3), TRD with VH and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) (1/12, 8.3%), TRD with VH and FVP (2/12, 16.7%) (Figure 4), TRD with VH and FVP and NVG (1/12, 8.3%), traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (TRRD) with VH (1/12, 8.3%). The length of follow up was mean 2.75mo (Table 1).

Preoperatively, all the patients were phakic.Two of twelve (16.7%) phakic eyes underwent lensectomy at the time of surgery (all were left aphakic). Cyclocryotherapy was done intraoperatively in 1 (8.3%) eye. One (8.3%) eye has been done the cyclophotocoagulation after surgery. Membrane peeling was done in all eyes. Ten of twelve (83.3%) eyes have retinal detachment (RD), so SO (8 eyes) or C3F8 (2 eyes) were filled into vitreous cavity. SO was removed in 1 (8.3%) eye at 3mo.

Figure 1 Fundus photograph demonstrates a ranibizumab droplet in a silicone oil-filled vitreous cavity, taken immediately after ranibizumab injected into oil-filled vitreous cavity.

Figure 2 Color fundus photograph demonstrates patient with vitreous haemorrhage with fibrovascular proliferation.

Figure 3 Color fundus photograph demonstrates patient with tractional retinal detachment with fibrovascular proliferation (the same patient with Figure 1).

Figure 4 Color fundus photograph demonstrates patient with tractional retinal detachment with vitreous haemorrhage and fibrovascular proliferation.

Figure 5 Postoperative color fundus photograph shows the macula and the posterior pole devoid of any neovascularization. Intraoperative endolaser panretinal photocoagulation is evident (the same patient with Figure 4).

Anatomical attachment was achieved in 10/10 (100%) of the entire RD eyes (Figure 5).

Postoperative BCVA improved in 9 eyes (75%), was unchanged in 2 (16.7%) and decreased in 1 eye (8.3%). Both eyes had postoperative vision of light perception. The decreased eye has severediabetic macular edema (DME) after surgery. Eight of twelve (66.7%) eyes did not have DME after surgery for 1mo from the OCT examination (Figure 6).Postoperative complications included cataract (1 eye), and hyphema (1 eye). Rubeosis iridis (RI) was present preoperatively in 2 eyes, all of them haveneovascular glaucoma (NVG).

Table 1 Patient’s basic information, functional and anatomical status after PPV and intravitreal ranibizumab for PDR

CaseNumberAge/sex/eyeTypeofDMDiagnosisLengthoffollowup(mo)Vision(ETDRS，BCVA)(preop/final)Ocularendotam-ponadeIOP(preop/postop，mmHg)NVG(preop/postop)AnatomicaloutcomeHYP(postop)VH(postop)DME(OCT，postop)143/F/LENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH，NVG5FC10cm/20SO27/18NVG/IOPisnormalRetinaflat(SOhasbeenremoved)NoneNoneNone247/F/LENIDDMPDR：VH，F(xiàn)VP2FC20cm/46BBS15/16NoneNotRDbeforeNoneNoneExist346/M/RENIDDMPDR：VH1HM/35BBS17/14NoneNotRDbeforeNoneNoneNone452/F/LENIDDMPDR：TRD，F(xiàn)VP232/19SO10/19NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneExist566/M/RENIDDMPDR：TRRD，VH4FC25cm/15SO10/10NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneNone644/M/RENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH4HM/31SO14/17NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneNone760/M/RENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH3HM/HMSO12/15NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneNone850/F/LENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH，F(xiàn)VP1FC30cm/9SO20/24NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneNone949/F/RENIDDMPDR：TRD，F(xiàn)VP25/11SO15/17NoneRetinaflat(SOpresent)NoneNoneExist1066/F/RENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH，F(xiàn)VP35/44C3F817/13NoneRetinaflatNoneNoneNone1149/F/LENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH，F(xiàn)VP，NVG1LP/LPSO31/19NVG/IOPisnormalRetinaflat(SOpresent)ExistNoneExist1252/M/RENIDDMPDR：TRD，VH5HM/32C3F816/20NoneRetinaflatNoneNoneNone

PDR: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PPV: Pars plana vitrectomy; NIDDM: Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; PDR: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; TRRD: Tractional rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; TRD: Tractional retinal detachment; VH: Vitreous Haemorrhage; NVG: Neovascular glaucoma; FVP: Fibrovascular proliferation; HYP : Hyphaema; SO: Silicone oil; BBS: Balanced salt solution; DME: Diabetic macular edema; ETDRS: Early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study; FC: Finger counting; HM: Hand motions; LP: Light projection.

Figure 6 Postoperative optical coherence tomography demonstrates the macula devoid of diabetic macular edema (the same patient with Figure 4).

Postoperatively, the 2 eyes had regressed rubeosis. The IOP of these 2 NVG eyes became normal level after cyclocryotherapy and cyclophotocoagulation.

DISCUSSION

VEGF is a major causative factor in eye diseases characterized by neovascularization or increased vascular permeability such as diabetic retinopathy[3]. VEGF levels in ocular tissues from patients with diabetes are greater than in non-diabetic subjects[4]. Vitreous samples from patients with PDR have elevated VEGF concentrations that are reduced following successful panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)[5]. So, VEGF is the important factor in DR.

As we know, DR is recognized as an inflammatory process, and VEGF has been identified as an important inflammatory mediator. VEGF causes increased expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)[6-7]. Leukostasis has been found to correlate temporally with leakage and VEGF could promotes leukostasis[8]. Leukocytes are particularly abundant at the leading edge of areas of pathologic neovascularization[9]. ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte counts are also increased in human diabetic retinas[10]. All these findings provide additional rationale for clinical therapy of VEGF blockade for DR. So, many anti-VEGF drugs (pegaptanib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept and so on) produce an inhibition of VEGF, could improve the vision of people with PDR.

Usually, preoperative intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs were used in PDR therapy. Zamanetal[11]. and colleagues demonstrated that preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab is helpful in improving BCVA post operatively, reducing the time of vitrectomy, decreasing the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and reducing the frequency of rubeosis and hyphaema in PDR patients. Ribeiroetal[12]showed that intravitreal ranibizumab could reduce intraoperative bleeding during pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment. Intravitreal anti-VEGF before the PPV could increase postoperative BCVA, decrease duration of surgery, reduce intraoperative surgery complications, increase successful rate, and so on[11-13]. But the time taken for anti-VEGF to exert its anti-angiogenic effects sufficient to facilitate surgery is unclear. In our study, all the eyes underwent PPV and SO, C3F8 or BSS tamponade. At the end of the surgery, ranibizumab (Lucentis) has been injected into vitreous cavity. So why we choose this time (at the end of PPV) to inject? Preoperatively, 10 of 12 (83.3%) eyes with VH, we could not observe fundus conditions. So it is not appropriate for intravitreal ranibizumab before the PPV. At the end of the surgery, we could inject ranibizumab to the surface of the posterior pole of the retina under direct vision that is the best place for ranibizumab absorbing (Figure 1). Intravitreal ranibizumab at the end of PPV could reduce the frequence of surgery and decrease the risk of infection. As we metioned before that VEGF has been identified as an important inflammatory mediator in DR. So ranibizumab is more appropriate injected at the end of the PPV for anti-VEGF. In our cases, anatomical attachment was achieved in 10/10 (100%) of the entire RD eyes. Postoperative BCVA improved in 9 eyes (75%). Eight of 12 (66.7%) eyes did not have DME after surgery for 1mo from the OCT examination. The outcomes were so encouraging.

To our knowledge, there are only few case reports on intravitreal anti-VEGF in vitrectomized eyes (with SO tamponade)[14-16]. Falavarjanietal[16]demonstrated that 2.5 mg bevacizumab were injected into human eyes, which later had iris neovascularization (INV) under a silicone oil tamponade, and all five eyes had improved visual acuity and a regression of INV without retinal toxicity. In our study, the BCVA of most eyes were improved, without significant rise of IOP, and without other significant postoperative complications (such as VH, hyphaema and so on). Eight of 12 eyes did not have DME after surgery. So we suggested that 0.5 mg ranibizumab injected into vitrectomized eyes (with SO, C3F8 or BSS tamponade) did not have retinal toxicity. Xuetal[17]observed that following an intra-silicone oil injection of bevacizumab in rabbit’s eyes, the visible bevacizumab droplets migrated in silicone oil for 24-72h before integrating into the vitreous fluid existing between the silicone oil body and retina surface. But in our study, as we mention before, we could inject ranibizumab to the surface of the posterior pole of the retina under direct vision, so the ranibizumab droplets did not need to migrate through the vitreous cavity (filled with SO, C3F8 or BSS), and presence of SO or C3F8 in the vitreous cavity may reduce drug diffusion, increasing drug exposure to the retina and treatment success.

Our results suggest that intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg ranibizumab into vitrectomized eyes at the end of the PPV, is the appropriate time for injection, and may lead to improvement in both functional (BCVA) and morphologic (OCT) parameters of PDR patients, without significant postoperative complications, in vitrectomized eyes (especially for SO tamponade).

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嚴(yán)重PDR玻璃體切割術(shù)后雷珠單抗注射的效果觀察

陳 博，張 憲，楊華靜，陳志祺，王帥帥，尹鐵梅,孫旭芳

(作者單位：430030 中國湖北省武漢市，華中科技大學(xué)同濟醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟醫(yī)院眼科)

陳博，畢業(yè)于華中科技大學(xué)同濟醫(yī)學(xué)院，博士，主治醫(yī)師，講師，研究方向：視網(wǎng)膜病。

孫旭芳，畢業(yè)于華中科技大學(xué)同濟醫(yī)學(xué)院，博士，主任醫(yī)師，教授，研究方向：視網(wǎng)膜病. dr_sunxf@aliyun.com

目的：對嚴(yán)重增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的患者行玻璃體切割術(shù)后行雷珠單抗注射的效果觀察。方法：回歸性分析。12例嚴(yán)重增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患者(12眼)接受睫狀體平坦部玻璃體切割術(shù)，同時給予硅油、惰性氣體或者平衡液的玻璃體腔填充。在手術(shù)結(jié)束的同時給予雷珠單抗的玻璃體腔注射。結(jié)果：隨訪時間平均為2.75mo。這12眼中分別包括玻璃體積血(1眼)；玻璃體積血伴纖維血管化增生(1眼)；玻璃體積血伴牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(3眼)；纖維血管化增生伴牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(2眼)；玻璃體積血伴新生血管性青光眼伴牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(1眼)；玻璃體積血伴纖維血管化增生伴牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(2眼)；玻璃體積血伴纖維血管化增生伴新生血管性青光眼伴牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(1眼)；玻璃體積血伴牽拉性孔源性視網(wǎng)膜脫離(1眼)。12眼中，8眼行玻璃體腔硅油填充，2眼行惰性氣體填充，2眼行平衡液填充。所有的患者之前均未接受任何治療。視網(wǎng)膜脫離復(fù)位率為10/10(100%)。1眼術(shù)后出現(xiàn)前房積血。9眼術(shù)后最佳矯正視力較術(shù)前提高，2眼無明顯變化，1眼較術(shù)前下降。OCT檢查顯示8眼術(shù)后未見黃斑水腫。結(jié)論：玻璃體切割術(shù)后雷珠單抗注射對嚴(yán)重增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患者有明顯的治療效果：手術(shù)成功率明顯提高；患者視力顯著提高；糖尿病黃斑水腫的發(fā)生概率減少；術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率降低。

糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;玻璃體切割術(shù);雷珠單抗

Xu-Fang Sun, Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China. dr_sunxf@aliyun.com

10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.12.02

:Chen B, Zhang X, Yang HJ, Chen ZQ, Wang SS, Yin TM, Sun XF. The effect of intravitreal ranibizumab after pars plana vitrectomy in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy.GuojiYankeZazhi(IntEyeSci) 2016;16(12):2176-2179

引用：陳博，張憲，楊華靜，等. 嚴(yán)重PDR玻璃體切割術(shù)后雷珠單抗注射的效果觀察.國際眼科雜志2016;16(12):2176-2179