魯 林, 劉 桂, 王曉慧, 婁淑杰
(上海體育學(xué)院, 上海 200438)
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有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽對(duì)肥胖大鼠脂肪分解關(guān)鍵酶的影響*
魯 林, 劉 桂, 王曉慧Δ, 婁淑杰
(上海體育學(xué)院, 上海 200438)
目的:研究有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽對(duì)高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖大鼠減脂的作用及其與脂肪分解關(guān)鍵酶甘油三酯脂肪酶(ATGL)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)關(guān)系。方法:4周齡健康雄性SD大鼠150只,體重160~180 g,隨機(jī)選取15只作為普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組,給予普通飼料喂養(yǎng)。剩余135只大鼠進(jìn)行8周的高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)建立肥胖大鼠模型,以體重超過普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠平均體重的20% 作為肥胖大鼠建模成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。將建模成功的肥胖大鼠40只隨機(jī)分為5組(n=8):肥胖對(duì)照組、酪蛋白組、玉米肽組、運(yùn)動(dòng)組和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組。除酪蛋白組、玉米肽組喂養(yǎng)自制飼料外,其余各組均用普通飼料喂養(yǎng),運(yùn)動(dòng)組每天進(jìn)行15 m/min,持續(xù)時(shí)間60 min的跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),每周6天。4周運(yùn)動(dòng)和玉米肽干預(yù)后取血,檢測大鼠血漿中TG、TC、HDL、LDL的含量;取大鼠腎周、附睪脂肪和肝,檢測腎周和附睪脂肪的重量,Western blot檢測大鼠肝ATGL、脂肪LPL的蛋白表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果:與肥胖對(duì)照組大鼠相比:①運(yùn)動(dòng)組、運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組大鼠的體重、附睪和腎周脂肪含量明顯降低(P<0.05),且運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組比運(yùn)動(dòng)組下降得更明顯(P<0.05),而其它組大鼠無顯著差異。②運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠血漿TG顯著降低,運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組的血漿 TG、TC 顯著降低(P<0.05),其它組大鼠的TG、TC無顯著差異;血漿 HDL 和 LDL 各組間均無顯著性差異。③運(yùn)動(dòng)組和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組大鼠的肝ATGL、脂肪組織LPL的蛋白水平明顯增加(P<0.01),且運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組比運(yùn)動(dòng)組的更顯著(P<0.05);其他兩組無顯著差異。結(jié)論:有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽都可以明顯降低大鼠的體脂和血脂水平,且后者的作用更強(qiáng),這可能與其更顯著地增加肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白水平有關(guān)。而僅僅補(bǔ)充玉米肽不能降低大鼠的體脂和血脂水平。
玉米肽;有氧運(yùn)動(dòng);ATGL;LPL;血脂
【DOI】 10.13459/j.cnki.cjap.2016.04.010
超重和肥胖已成為全球流行性疾病。2013年全球肥胖和超重人群已達(dá)到21億人,相當(dāng)于30%的地球人口,其中肥胖約占12%左右的人口[1],而中國的肥胖發(fā)生率正呈爆炸式增長。肥胖可引起一系列肥胖相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,包括代謝綜合征、2型糖尿病、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、高血壓和冠心病等,嚴(yán)重威脅著人類的健康。
肥胖主要是體內(nèi)過多的甘油三酯(TG)的堆積所致。TG 分解的關(guān)鍵限速酶主要是脂肪甘油三酯水解酶(adipose triglyceride lipase, ATGL)和脂蛋白酯酶(lipoprotein lipase, LPL)。ATGL屬于非鈣依賴磷酸酯酶蛋白家族。作為 TG水解的第一步關(guān)鍵限速酶,將TG 水解為甘油二酯,在脂代謝中起重要作用[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖、胰島素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌的 ATGL 蛋白水平降低[3]。ATGL 在肝中過表達(dá)則能降低小鼠脂肪肝的發(fā)生[4]。ATGL 基因敲除小鼠出現(xiàn)肥胖、且白色脂肪組織中的 TG 水解酶活性大幅下降,釋放游離脂肪酸的水平下降了75%[5]。LPL 也是 TG 分解的關(guān)鍵限速酶,由脂肪細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞、骨骼肌細(xì)胞、乳腺細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞等實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞合成和分泌,廣泛分布于肝外組織[6]。LPL主要水解血漿乳糜微粒(chylomicron, CM)和極低密度脂蛋白(very low-density lipoprotein, VLDL)中的TG,在脂代謝、胰島素抵抗、脂肪細(xì)胞分化中有重要作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LPL 基因敲除(LPL+/-)小鼠的體重和內(nèi)臟脂肪質(zhì)量顯著增加,血清、肝及骨骼肌中 TG 和 FFA 水平明顯升高[7]。
肥胖的主要原因是缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)和能量過剩[8]。運(yùn)動(dòng)減肥被證實(shí)有良好的效果,但是單純的通過運(yùn)動(dòng)減肥,耗時(shí)較長,且難以長期堅(jiān)持。若能尋找到某種食品,單獨(dú)或結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)使用能促進(jìn)脂肪分解,則能獲得更好的減肥效果。玉米肽是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種新型的生物活性肽,是從天然食品玉米中提取的蛋白質(zhì)經(jīng)過定向酶切及特定小肽分離技術(shù)獲得的小分子多肽物質(zhì),具有水溶性好且容易被身體吸收的特點(diǎn)。研究證實(shí),玉米肽除了有降血壓、抗疲勞、抗氧化和醒酒的功能[9, 10]外,可能還有改善脂代謝和減輕體重[11, 12]的作用。但玉米肽的減輕體重及改善脂代謝的作用還不確定,對(duì)其機(jī)制的研究更屬空白。因此,本文的目的是研究有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽對(duì)高脂飲食所致的肥胖大鼠的體重、體脂和血脂的影響,并探討玉米肽的這種減脂作用是否與ATGL、LPL這兩種酶有關(guān),為后續(xù)研發(fā)玉米肽為減肥產(chǎn)品提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1 材料
4 周齡雄性 SD 大鼠 150 只,體重 180~200 g(購自上海第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué))。生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(滬)2013-0018,動(dòng)物批號(hào):2013001804004,使用許可證號(hào):SYXK(滬)2014-0002。所有大鼠均自由飲食。飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境溫度控制在 20℃~24℃,相對(duì)濕度為 40%~55%,12 h/12 h晝夜循環(huán)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中的玉米肽購自湖北瑞邦生物科技有限公司,經(jīng)江南大學(xué)檢測,主要成分見表1。
Tab. 1 Amino acid compositions of the corn peptides
1.2 肥胖大鼠模型的建立與實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組
普通飼料適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)一周后,隨機(jī)抽取 15 只大鼠作為普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組。135只肥胖造模組大鼠以高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)8周,以體重超過普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠平均體重的20% 作為肥胖大鼠建模成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]。在評(píng)定肥胖模型大鼠是否成功的過程中,在第6周、第7周各隨機(jī)選擇5只普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠和4只體重處于中間位置的建模大鼠,檢測血脂和體脂等指標(biāo);最終普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠5只,肥胖造模成功的48只,選擇造模成功大鼠中體重最重的40只,隨機(jī)分成5組,即肥胖對(duì)照組,酪蛋白組、玉米肽組、運(yùn)動(dòng)組、運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組,每組8只。
1.3 干預(yù)方案
普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組、肥胖對(duì)照組和運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠喂普通飼料,玉米肽組和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組飼料是在每千克普通飼料中加入200 g玉米肽,酪蛋白飼料在每千克普通飼料中加入125 g酪蛋白。設(shè)酪蛋白組以證明玉米肽的減脂作用確是玉米肽所致,而非蛋白質(zhì)所致,玉米肽飼料和酪蛋白飼料的糖(54.6%vs56.0%)、脂肪(3.2%vs3.7%)和蛋白質(zhì)(29.7%vs29.0%)的含量基本相同。運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠進(jìn)行有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),方案為跑速15 m/min,坡度5°,相當(dāng)于 64%±4.5%VO2max強(qiáng)度。每周運(yùn)動(dòng)6次,每次運(yùn)動(dòng)60 min,持續(xù)4周。
1.4 樣本采集
大鼠麻醉后,迅速剖開腹腔和胸腔,下腔靜脈取血。采血后迅速取出大鼠右側(cè)的腎周脂肪及附睪脂肪,4℃生理鹽水洗滌,用濾紙吸干后稱重,即為腎周及附睪脂肪的絕對(duì)值,將它們除以大鼠的體重即得腎周及附睪脂肪的相對(duì)值。
1.5 血脂指標(biāo)測定
血脂四項(xiàng)指標(biāo)甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL),由南京建成生物科技有限公司測定。
1.6 Western blot 實(shí)驗(yàn)
稱取50 mg 肝或200 mg的脂肪組織,充分剪碎后加入500 μl裂解液。電動(dòng)勻漿器勻漿后離心取上清液,用BCA 法測得蛋白濃度。調(diào)整上樣量,使每孔的上樣量為50 μg。經(jīng)SDS-PAGE分離( 濃縮膠濃度為5%,分離膠濃度為10%) 后,用濕轉(zhuǎn)法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)到PVDF 膜上。5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h 后孵育一抗(LPL和ATGL,1∶1 000稀釋,GAPDH,1∶5 000稀釋,均為美國santacruz產(chǎn)品) ,4℃過夜。TBST洗滌3次后孵育二抗(1∶500稀釋) 1 h。TBST洗滌3次后,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光。經(jīng)顯影、定影后顯出目的條帶。凝膠成像系統(tǒng)掃描X光片,Lab Work軟件計(jì)算各條帶的灰度值。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽降低肥胖大鼠的體重
與肥胖對(duì)照組比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠的體重在干預(yù)2周起就顯著下降,持續(xù)至干預(yù)4周,而運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組的體重在干預(yù)1周后就開始降低,也持續(xù)至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束。運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組大鼠的體重在干預(yù)1~3周時(shí)都比運(yùn)動(dòng)組要低,且在干預(yù)3周后接近普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠的體重。而酪蛋白組和玉米肽組的大鼠體重與肥胖對(duì)照組在各周均無顯著性差異(表2)。2.2 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽減少肥胖大鼠單側(cè)附睪脂肪、腎周脂肪的含量
如表3所示,與肥胖對(duì)照組相比,運(yùn)動(dòng)組和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組大鼠附睪脂肪和腎周脂肪含量的絕對(duì)值和相對(duì)值降低,且運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組比運(yùn)動(dòng)組減少得更顯著。而酪蛋白組和玉米肽組附睪脂肪和腎周脂肪含量的絕對(duì)值和相對(duì)值與普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠無顯著性差異。
2.3 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽改善肥胖大鼠的血脂水平
與肥胖對(duì)照組相比,酪蛋白組的TG顯著升高,運(yùn)動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組的TG顯著降低,運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組的TC也顯著減低,而其他指標(biāo)在各組間沒有差異(表4)。
Tab. 2 Effects of supplement of corn peptides plus aerobic exercise on rats' weight loss(g, ±s)
ODWE: Ordinary diet without exercise; OC: Obesity control group; C: Casein group; CP: Corn peptide group; E: Exercise group; E+CP: Exercise + Corn peptide group; BI: Before the intervention; 1WA: 1 week for acclimating; 1WI: 1 week intervention; 2WI: 2 weeks intervention; 3WI: 3 weeks intervention; 4WI: 4 weeks intervention
**P<0.01vsODWE group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01vsOC group;△P<0.05vsE group
Tab. 3 Effects of supplement of corn peptides plus aerobic exercise on rats' unilateral epididymis and perirenal ±s)
ODWE: Ordinary diet without exercise; OC: Obesity control group; C: Casein group; CP: Corn peptide group; E: Exercise group; E+CP: Exercise + Corn peptide group; EF: Epididymis fat; EF/W: Epididymis fat/weight; PF: Perirenal fat; PF/W: Perirenal fat/weight
*P<0.05vsODWE group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01vsOC group;△P<0.05vsE group
Tab.
ODWE: Ordinary diet without exercise; OC: Obesity control group; C: Casein group; CP: Corn peptide group; E: Exercise group; E+CP: Exercise + Corn peptide group; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein
*P<0.05vsODWE group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01vsOC group
2.4 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽增加肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白表達(dá)
與肥胖對(duì)照組或普通膳食不運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組和運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組的大鼠肝ATGL(圖1)以及脂肪LPL(圖2)的蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高,且運(yùn)動(dòng)+玉米肽組比運(yùn)動(dòng)組增加得更明顯。
Fig. 1 Supplement of corn peptides plus aerobic exercise increase the protein levels of ATGL in the obesity rats' livers
ODWE: Ordinary diet without exercise; OC: Obesity control group; C: Casein group; CP: Corn peptide group; E: Exercise group; E+CP: Exercise + Corn peptide group; ATGL: Adipose triglyceride lipase; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Five rats in the ODWE group and 8 rats in the other groups
**P<0.01vsOC group;#P<0.05vsE group
3.1 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽對(duì)肥胖大鼠體重、腎周和附睪脂肪以及血脂的影響
目前,肥胖已被認(rèn)為是一種慢性、低度的系統(tǒng)性炎癥,表現(xiàn)為多種脂肪因子、炎癥因子的分泌增加,與肥胖患者和大鼠的糖、脂代謝紊亂有關(guān)[14]。導(dǎo)致肥胖炎癥反應(yīng)的根源就是體內(nèi)過多的脂肪,尤其是腹腔內(nèi)臟脂肪[15]。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)改善糖、脂代謝也是與其降低內(nèi)臟脂肪含量和抗炎作用有關(guān)[16]。本文的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽比有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)更顯著地降低腎周和附睪脂肪含量,以及降低血漿中的TG和TC水平,而在四周的實(shí)驗(yàn)干預(yù)期間,各組大鼠的攝食量均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,表明4周干預(yù)后大鼠體重、體脂和血脂的改變不是由大鼠攝食量的不同造成的。同時(shí),文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道長時(shí)間有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可以改善血脂水平,包括降低TG、TC、LDL 水平和增加HDL水平[17,18],從而降低患動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19],與我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果是完全吻合的。
Fig. 2 Supplement of corn peptides plus aerobic exercise increase the protein levels of LPL in the obesity rats' adipose tissues
OC: Obesity control group; C: Casein group; CP: Corn peptide group; E: Exercise group; E+CP: Exercise + Corn peptide group; ODWE: Ordinary diet without exercise; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase;GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Five rats in the ODWE group and 8 rats in the other groups
**P<0.01vsOC group;#P<0.05vsE group
3.2 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽增加肥胖大鼠肝 ATGL、脂肪 LPL 的蛋白水平
ATGL的表達(dá)受飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)的調(diào)控[20]。Lee K.等人[21]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),母雞在孵蛋后、進(jìn)食前,脂肪組織的ATGL mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)立即增強(qiáng),提示饑餓導(dǎo)致的能量缺乏也許是通過增加脂肪組織中ATGL的表達(dá)來增加儲(chǔ)存脂肪的分解,以此提供能量。Ogasawara J等人[22]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)9周的耐力跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)使大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞中ATGL的mRNA和蛋白水平明顯增加。同ATGL類似,LPL的表達(dá)也受運(yùn)動(dòng)和飲食的影響[23]。高糖、高脂飲食可上調(diào)脂肪組織和骨骼肌的LPL表達(dá)和活性[24]。除了飲食,運(yùn)動(dòng)也調(diào)控LPL的表達(dá)和活性。超重中年男子進(jìn)行12周的訓(xùn)練,慢跑后與慢跑前相比,脂肪中LPL的濃度明顯增加[25]。4 周中低強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)合飲食控制在減脂和改善血脂的同時(shí),可顯著增加肥胖青少年血清LPL的活性[26]。目前認(rèn)為,長期運(yùn)動(dòng)可增加骨骼肌、心肌、血漿的LPL表達(dá)和活性,降低脂肪組織的LPL表達(dá)和活性[27]。此外,郜瑞睿等發(fā)現(xiàn)青少年進(jìn)行為期4周的封閉式中等強(qiáng)度有氧訓(xùn)練,LPL基因位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性可能會(huì)影響肥胖青少年運(yùn)動(dòng)減肥的效果[28]。
我們的結(jié)果證明了4周有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白表達(dá),運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽則可使肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL升高得更明顯。而單獨(dú)使用玉米肽對(duì)肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白表達(dá)沒有影響。以上結(jié)果表明:(1)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充玉米肽比有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)有更顯著的減脂作用,這可能與其更顯著地增加肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白水平有關(guān);(2)僅僅補(bǔ)充玉米肽而不運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)肥胖大鼠沒有減脂作用,這可能與其沒有改變肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)。
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Effects of supplement of corn peptides combined with aerobic exercise on lipolysis key enzymes: adipose triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase of obese rats
LU Lin, LIU Gui, WANG Xiao-huiΔ, LOU Shu-jie
(School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China)
Objective: To investigate the effects of supplement of corn peptides plus aerobic exercise on fat loss and blood lipid profile in obese rats resulted from high fat diet and the mechanism: the role of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Methods: One hundred and fifty male SD rats (4 weeks age) were randomly divided into control group (C,n=15) fed with ordinary diet and obese model group (M,n=135) fed with high fat diet for 8 weeks. Forty obese rats whose body weight increased by 20% of the mean value of control group were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups(n=8): obesity control group, casein group, corn peptides group, exercise group and exercise+corn peptides group. The rats of the latter two groups completed aerobic excise for 4 weeks at speed of 15 m/min and duration of 60 min per time (6 times/week). After 4 weeks of intervention, the bloods of rats were collected and blood lipid profile plasma levels of triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein(HDL), low density lipoprotein(LDL)were detected. The perirenal fat and epididymal fat were collected and weighed, and the protein levels of ATGL in livers and LPL in adipose tissues were detected by Western blot. Results: ①Compared with obesity control group, the body weight and the masses of perirenal fat and epididymal fat in exercise group and corn peptides+exercise group were decreased obviously, with more obvious decrease in the corn peptides+exercise group compared with the exercise group. No difference was found in the rats of corn peptides group and casein group. ②Compared with obesity control group, the plasma TG was decreased in exercise group, and the plasma levels of TG and TC were reduced in the rats of corn peptides+exercise group, while they remained unchanged in the rats of corn peptides group and casein group. The plasma levels of HDL and LDL had no significant difference among groups. ③The protein levels of ATGL in livers and LPL in adipose tissues were significantly increased in the rats of exercise group and corn peptides+exercise group, with more obvious in the latter group. No difference was shown in the rats of corn peptides group and casein group compared with obesity control group. Conclusion: Significant decrease of body weight, perirenal fat and epididymal fat as well as plasma TG, TC were induced by 4-week aerobic exercise or supplement of corn peptides plus exercise, with more obvious effects induced by corn peptides plus exercise than exercise, while no effect was induced by corn peptides alone, which may be related to the enhancements of the protein levels of ATGL in livers and LPL in adipose tissues.
corn peptides; aerobic exercise; ATGL; LPL; blood lipid profile
2015-12-18
2016-04-14
G804.7
A
1000-6834(2016)04-326-06
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