胡 陽,吳智平,鐘志洪,張江濤,于偉高,王光增,劉一鳴,王守業(yè)
[1.中國石油大學(xué)(華東) 地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266580; 2.中海石油(中國)有限公司 深圳分公司,廣東 廣州 510240;3.中海石油(中國)有限公司 天津分公司,天津 300450]
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珠江口盆地珠一坳陷始新世中-晚期構(gòu)造變革特征及成因
胡 陽1,吳智平1,鐘志洪2,張江濤3,于偉高1,王光增1,劉一鳴1,王守業(yè)1
[1.中國石油大學(xué)(華東) 地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266580; 2.中海石油(中國)有限公司 深圳分公司,廣東 廣州 510240;3.中海石油(中國)有限公司 天津分公司,天津 300450]
通過不整合面、斷裂體系和盆地構(gòu)造格局的綜合分析,研究珠一坳陷早-中始新世與晚始新世—早漸新世之間的構(gòu)造變革特征,探討構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)型機制。印支半島的旋轉(zhuǎn)擠出及古南海向南俯沖,造成了區(qū)域應(yīng)力場由NW向順時針轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻黃N向拉張,導(dǎo)致了NE和NEE向斷裂控盆向近EW和NWW向斷裂控盆轉(zhuǎn)變,且發(fā)育大量近EW向新生斷裂。巖石圈伸展變形由均一式的寬裂谷模式向集中式的窄裂谷模式轉(zhuǎn)變,且向南海北部大陸邊緣遷移,造成了盆地格局由彼此孤立、分割性強的半地塹或窄地塹系趨于相互連通,盆地范圍增大。在近SN向拉張作用下,珠一坳陷北緣控盆斷裂作為北部的拉伸邊界,為先存薄弱帶,應(yīng)力較集中,斷裂活動強烈且明顯向北擴(kuò)展,沉降中心整體向北遷移。裂陷期盆地構(gòu)造變革造成了文昌組與恩平組烴源巖特征的差異,導(dǎo)致了油氣資源分布的貧富不均。
半地塹;裂谷;構(gòu)造變革;始新世中-晚期;珠一坳陷;珠江口盆地
圖1 珠一坳陷區(qū)域位置(a)及構(gòu)造簡圖(b)Fig.1 Location (a) and structure outline (b)of the Zhu 1 Depression
2.1 不整合面發(fā)育特征
2.2 斷裂體系特征
珠一坳陷裂陷期主要發(fā)育NE向、NEE向、NWW向和近EW向斷裂,不同裂陷幕的斷裂發(fā)育特征存在明顯差異。
早-中始新世裂陷幕(文昌組沉積時期),以NE向和NEE向斷裂發(fā)育為主,同時發(fā)育一系列近EW向和NWW向斷裂(圖3a)。其中NE向斷裂活動強度最大(可達(dá)250 m/Ma以上),NEE向斷裂活動強度次之(約200 m/Ma),近EW向斷裂較弱(約80 m/Ma),NWW向斷裂活動性最弱(約50 m/Ma)(圖4),反映了NW-SE向拉張作用。晚始新世-早漸新世裂陷幕(恩平組沉積時期),斷裂的發(fā)育面貌與前期發(fā)生了重大的變革。同沉積斷裂以近EW向和NWW向為主,NE向和NEE向斷裂繼承性發(fā)育。就斷裂活動強度而言,近EW向斷裂活動最強,NWW向斷裂活動強度次之,先期活動強度較強的NE向和NEE向控盆斷裂活動性趨于減弱(圖4),反映了近SN向的拉張作用。
圖3 珠一坳陷裂陷期主要同沉積斷裂及殘余地層厚度Fig.3 Distribution of major syndepositional faults and residual strata thickness during rifting in the Zhu 1 Depressiona.文昌組沉積期;b.恩平組沉積期
2.3 盆地構(gòu)造格局轉(zhuǎn)型
在不同區(qū)域動力背景下發(fā)生的兩幕裂陷作用具有明顯不同的裂陷特征。文昌組沉積時期,以 NE向、NEE向和近EW向斷裂控盆為主,盆地格局表現(xiàn)為半地塹或窄地塹結(jié)構(gòu),洼陷分布面積小、彼此孤立且分割性強,呈現(xiàn)“群山環(huán)湖,群湖抱山”古地貌特征(圖3a)。恩平組沉積時期,控盆斷裂以近EW向和NWW向為主,盆地格局表現(xiàn)為高角度板式或鏟式半地塹結(jié)構(gòu),斷s塊旋轉(zhuǎn)較弱,洼陷間的分割性弱,地勢較平緩(圖3b)。除此之外,在北部隆起上發(fā)育一系列新生近EW向斷裂,湖盆范圍明顯向北擴(kuò)展(圖3,圖5)。
可見,珠一坳陷裂陷期構(gòu)造格局的轉(zhuǎn)變造成了相應(yīng)的盆地轉(zhuǎn)型。其中西南部恩平凹陷和西江凹陷由NE向、NEE向斷裂控盆轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻麰W向、NWW向斷裂控盆(圖3b),且早期孤立的半地塹開始相互連通,裂陷作用向北擴(kuò)展,湖盆范圍顯著增大(圖3b,圖5a,圖5b),形成了裂陷期NE向、NEE向、NWW向和近EW向斷裂共同控制的構(gòu)造格局。由于受斷裂差異性發(fā)育的影響,沉降中心也由NE向、NEE向展布向近EW向、NWW向展布轉(zhuǎn)變(圖3)。東北部惠州凹陷控盆斷裂的展布方向雖然沒有發(fā)生變化,但南、北邊界斷裂的活動強度存在明顯交替變化,盆地構(gòu)造格局由南斷北超不對稱地塹向北斷南超不對稱地塹轉(zhuǎn)型,沉降中心也由南向北遷移,同時盆地主體向北擴(kuò)展,形成了裂陷期反向楔形疊置的構(gòu)造格局(圖5c)。
圖4 珠一坳陷裂陷期各主干斷裂活動速率(a)及不同走向斷裂活動速率(b)Fig.4 Rates of major faulting (a) and faulting of different striking (b) during the rifting stage of the Zhu 1 Depression
圖5 珠一坳陷兩幕裂陷作用形成的盆地構(gòu)造格局特征(剖面位置見圖1)Fig.5 Characteristics of basin structural pattern of two rifting stages in the Zhu 1 Depression (see Fig.1 for the profile location)
上述研究表明,珠一坳陷裂陷期經(jīng)歷了兩幕特征明顯不同的裂陷作用,盆地的斷裂體系、應(yīng)力體制、構(gòu)造格局與沉降中心等均發(fā)生明顯變化,反映了兩幕裂陷作用受控于不同的區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景及巖石圈的差異伸展機制。
早-中始新世(文昌組沉積時期),在印度板塊俯沖的背景下,太平洋板塊俯沖速率降低及俯沖帶后撤[16-17],導(dǎo)致包括珠江口盆地在內(nèi)的南海北部陸緣由擠壓環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镹W-SE向拉張環(huán)境(圖6a),發(fā)生區(qū)域性的裂陷作用[18-19]。
珠江口盆地新生代裂陷前處于中生代活動大陸邊緣構(gòu)造體系,自華南陸緣至古俯沖帶發(fā)育了火山弧帶及寬闊的弧前區(qū)。其中北部裂谷帶位于火山弧區(qū),以發(fā)育加厚地殼與減薄的巖石圈地幔為特點,而南部裂谷帶則處于寬闊的弧前區(qū),具有正常地殼與地幔巖石圈結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。就北部裂谷帶內(nèi)的珠一坳陷而言,NW-SE向伸展應(yīng)力場作用于加厚地殼-正常地殼的條件下,巖石圈強度較弱,呈現(xiàn)均一性伸展且變形范圍較大,表現(xiàn)為寬裂谷的伸展模式[20],形成了以NE向、NEE向斷裂控制的半地塹為結(jié)構(gòu)單元的斷陷盆地群。各個半地塹間彼此孤立且分割性強,內(nèi)部斷塊旋轉(zhuǎn)明顯(圖6a)。此外,受先存NW向北衛(wèi)灘基底斷裂的走滑作用影響,在惠州凹陷西部呈現(xiàn)多條近EW向和NWW向斷裂圍限的菱形盆地邊界,表現(xiàn)為雙斷的不對稱窄地塹結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。
晚始新世—早漸新世(恩平組沉積時期),在太平洋板塊俯沖方向轉(zhuǎn)變及俯沖速率增大背景下[16,21],印度板塊以NE向與歐亞板塊發(fā)生陸-陸“硬碰撞”作用[22]。造成印支地塊旋轉(zhuǎn)擠出[23-25],進(jìn)而驅(qū)動古南海塊體向南俯沖于婆羅洲地塊之下,其板后拖曳力導(dǎo)致包括珠江口盆地在內(nèi)的南海北部陸緣伸展應(yīng)力場順時針轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻黃N向(圖6b)[26]。在近SN向拉張作用下,斷裂體系發(fā)生明顯的變化,NW-SE向不再是優(yōu)勢伸展方向,NE向、NEE向控盆斷裂活動性明顯減弱。而先期活動強度較弱的近EW向、NWW向斷裂與近SN向伸展方向更匹配,活動性明顯增強(圖4),成為該時期的主要控盆斷裂。
從現(xiàn)今珠江口盆地的地殼厚度分布來看,地殼厚度從陸緣32 km減薄至海盆的14 km,北部裂谷帶的地殼厚度在28~22 km,而南部裂谷帶的地殼厚度22~14 km[17]。可見,經(jīng)過早-中始新世裂陷作用的調(diào)整,華南陸區(qū)及北部裂谷帶由加厚型地殼恢復(fù)為正常地殼,而南部裂谷帶經(jīng)歷了正常地殼-減薄型地殼的演化過程,巖石圈結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)為正常的、自陸(北)向海(南)減薄的大陸邊緣巖石圈[1]。伴隨著地殼減薄及巖石圈地幔的加厚[27],巖石圈強度增強。在近SN向伸展應(yīng)力場的作用下,伸展作用表現(xiàn)為窄裂谷模式[20],伸展變形由均一式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧惺剑⑾蚰?地殼減薄部位)遷移。裂陷作用集中于現(xiàn)今的南海北部大陸邊緣,巖石圈伸展運動學(xué)表現(xiàn)為頸縮模式,造成了伸展期間斷塊旋轉(zhuǎn)較弱,早期彼此獨立、分割性強的半地塹或窄地塹相互連通擴(kuò)展,盆地范圍明顯擴(kuò)展(圖6b)。與此同時,在近SN向拉張應(yīng)力場作用下,珠一坳陷處于拉伸作用的北部邊界,先期北緣控盆斷裂作為先存薄弱帶,應(yīng)力較集中,造成了北緣控盆斷裂繼承性發(fā)育且活動強烈,同時斷裂作用向北擴(kuò)張,沉降中心整體向北遷移(圖5)。
文昌組沉積時期,盆內(nèi)的斷塊旋轉(zhuǎn)強烈,斷陷湖盆分割性強。在物源供給相對局限背景下,盆地內(nèi)部沉積物供給速率明顯小于可容空間的增加,洼陷中心主要發(fā)育半深湖-深湖亞相暗色泥巖[1],以富含水生藻類的有機質(zhì)為主,烴源巖母質(zhì)類型好,干酪根類型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型為主,以生油為主[28]。而恩平組沉積時期,斷塊旋轉(zhuǎn)較弱,早期彼此孤立的半地塹相互連通,湖盆寬而淺,南北向物源供給充足,沉積速率大于或等于可容空間增加速率,沉積物粒度較粗。以辮狀河三角洲相、濱淺湖相和湖沼相發(fā)育為主[1],發(fā)育一套含煤層系的湖沼相烴源巖,有機質(zhì)主要來源于高等植物,陸源特征明顯,以Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型干酪根為主,以生氣為主[28]。相比之下,文昌期形成的烴源巖品質(zhì)較好,為珠一坳陷主力烴源巖,恩平期烴源巖品質(zhì)相對較差,是次要烴源巖[29-31],體現(xiàn)了幕式裂陷特征的不同造成了烴源巖發(fā)育的差異。就惠州凹陷而言,文昌組沉積時期,控盆斷裂活動強度南強北弱,表現(xiàn)為南斷北超的盆地格局,文昌組優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖主要發(fā)育于凹陷的南部;而恩平沉積時期,控盆斷裂活動北強南弱,盆地格局表現(xiàn)為北斷南超,恩平組烴源巖主要發(fā)育于凹陷的北部。從已發(fā)現(xiàn)的油藏分布特征來看,惠州凹陷的南部油氣相對富集,同時油源對比結(jié)果也證實已發(fā)現(xiàn)油藏的油源主要是來自文昌組烴源巖[28]。可見,兩期南、北洼陷構(gòu)造特征的差異和烴源巖品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣共同控制了油氣資源貧富不均的分布。
2) 早-中始新世裂陷幕(文昌組沉積時期),以NE向、NEE向斷裂發(fā)育為主,盆地構(gòu)造格局表現(xiàn)為分割性強半地塹或窄地塹系。晚始新世—早漸新世裂陷幕(恩平組沉積時期),同沉積斷裂以近EW向、NWW向為主,盆地格局表現(xiàn)為高角度板式-鏟式半地塹結(jié)構(gòu),斷塊旋轉(zhuǎn)較弱,洼陷間的分割性弱,地勢較平緩,盆地范圍明顯向北擴(kuò)展。
3) 盆地裂陷期的構(gòu)造變革受控于不同的區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景及巖石圈的差異伸展機制。在印支半島旋轉(zhuǎn)擠出及古南海向南俯沖背景下,區(qū)域應(yīng)力場由NW-SE向順時針轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻黃N向伸展,導(dǎo)致了NE向、NEE向斷裂控盆向近EW向、NWW向斷裂控盆的轉(zhuǎn)變;巖石圈伸展變形由均一式的寬裂谷模式向集中式的窄裂谷模式轉(zhuǎn)變,并向南海北部大陸邊緣遷移,造成了盆地格局由彼此孤立、分割性強的半地塹或窄地塹系趨于相互擴(kuò)展連通,盆地范圍有所增大;在近SN向拉張作用下,珠一坳陷北緣控盆斷裂作為拉伸邊界,為先存薄弱帶應(yīng)力較集中,斷裂活動強烈并向北擴(kuò)展,沉降中心整體向北遷移。
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(編輯 董 立)
Characterization and genesis of the Middle and Late Eocene tectonic changes in Zhu 1 Depression of Pearl River Mouth Basin
Hu Yang1,Wu Zhiping1,Zhong Zhihong2,Zhang Jiangtao3,Yu Weigao1,Wang Guangzeng1,Liu Yiming1,Wang Shouye1
(1.SchoolofGeosciences,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Qingdao,Shandong266580,China;2.CNOOCShenzhenBranch,Guangzhou,Guangdong510240,China;3.CNOOCTianjinBranch,Tianjin300450,China)
Comprehensive analyses of unconformities,faulting systems and basin tectonic framework were carried out to characterize tectonic transformation mechanisms during the periods of Early-Middle Eocene and Late Eocene-Early Oligocene in the Zhu 1 Depression of Pearl River Mouth Basin.The results show that the Indochina block’s rotation and extrusion and southward subduction of the proto-South China Sea resulted in a regional stress field clockwise change from NW-into SN-extension,and a shift in fault-controlled basin from NE- and NEE-trending to near EW and NWW-trending,with numerous new faults of EW-trending developed.The lithosphere extensional deformation transformed from homogeneous wide rift mode to centralized narrow rift mode,and migrated to north margin of the South China Sea.As a result,the Basin expanded as the isolated half-grabens or narrow grabens tended to get connected.Under a SN-trending stretching,the stretch boundary at the north of the depression was defined by basin-controlling faults.As a pre-existing weak zone with concentrated stress,the northern margin experienced strong and northward faulting and significantly spread northwards,causing the sedimentary center migrating northward as well.The tectonic changes during the faulting activities of the Basin may explain the characteristic differences of the two source rocks: the Wenchang and the Enping Formations,as well as the disparity of oil and gas distribution in the area.
half-graben,rift,tectonic transformation,Middle-Late Eocene,Zhu 1 Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin
0253-9985(2016)05-0779-07
10.11743/ogg20160518
2016-06-29;
2016-08-29。
胡陽(1986—),男,博士研究生,地質(zhì)學(xué)。E-mail:huyangsq052@163.com。
中海石油(中國)有限公司重大科技攻關(guān)項目(YXKY-2012-SZ-01);中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費專項資金項目(13CX06015A)。
TE121.2
A