薛迎風(fēng)趙素霞于振國(guó)郝江春郭磊何宜嬌
RCA-HD時(shí)外周血鈣檢測(cè)的一種替代方式的探索
薛迎風(fēng)①趙素霞②于振國(guó)①郝江春②郭磊②何宜嬌②
目的:為了探索枸櫞酸局部抗凝血液透析(RCA-HD)時(shí),動(dòng)脈管路血游離鈣濃度(A管iCa)與外周靜脈血游離鈣濃度(PiCa)的函數(shù)關(guān)系,以便用動(dòng)脈管路血游離鈣檢測(cè)值替代外周靜脈血游離鈣數(shù)值。方法:選取2014年10月-2016年2月本院行血液透析的急慢性腎功能衰竭患者46例,4%枸櫞酸鈉由透析器前動(dòng)脈端泵入,含鈣(1.75 mmol/L)碳酸氫鹽透析液及空心纖維透析器,透析前低鈣者分梯次補(bǔ)鈣。RCA-HD時(shí)同步在動(dòng)脈管路輸入枸櫞酸前和外周靜脈內(nèi)采集血標(biāo)本,將iCa值對(duì)比,觀察RCA的效果及安全性,如凝血、出血及低鈣血癥等。結(jié)果:46例急慢性腎功能衰竭患者,共進(jìn)行51次RCA-HD。統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,動(dòng)脈管路內(nèi)與外周肢體靜脈化驗(yàn)值比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組數(shù)據(jù)高度正相關(guān),r=0.924,回歸方程:PiCa=0.11+0.908×A管iCa,r=0.935;透析過(guò)程中無(wú)管路、透析器凝血、誘發(fā)或加重出血者。結(jié)論:臨床實(shí)踐中可以用A管iCa值經(jīng)換算代替PiCa值。RCA-HD安全,效果滿意,推薦擴(kuò)大梯次補(bǔ)鈣的臨床實(shí)踐。
枸櫞酸局部抗凝血液透析; 游離鈣; 動(dòng)脈管路; 外周靜脈; 梯次; 補(bǔ)鈣
First-author's address:Xili People's Hospital in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City,Shenzhen 518055,China
隨著血液凈化迅速普及,凈化患者并發(fā)出血或有出血高危傾向的機(jī)會(huì)日漸增多[1-2]。枸櫞酸鹽局部抗凝(RCA)是上述患者體外抗凝的有效、安全的抗凝手段[3-6]。然而枸櫞酸局部抗凝血液透析(RCA-HD)時(shí),頻繁抽血化驗(yàn)外周iCa水平,給醫(yī)生和護(hù)士帶來(lái)很多麻煩,并擠占了寶貴的醫(yī)護(hù)資源[7]、也影響了這一技術(shù)的普及[8-9]。為簡(jiǎn)化采血和RCA繁瑣的操作,筆者在機(jī)器動(dòng)脈管路(A管)、與外周肢體靜脈(P)同時(shí)采集血樣,檢測(cè)兩者iCa水平因再循環(huán)帶來(lái)的差異、兩者之間是否存在與函數(shù)關(guān)系,以便探索能用動(dòng)脈管路血iCa的數(shù)據(jù)替代外周肢體穿刺檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),最終為實(shí)現(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測(cè)血鈣-全自動(dòng)控制枸櫞酸抗凝機(jī)提供簡(jiǎn)化取樣途徑。
1.1 一般資料 選取2014年10月-2016年2月本院行血液透析的急慢性腎功能衰竭例(CRF)患者46例,男29例,女17例,年齡31~79歲,平均55.6歲,其中誘導(dǎo)透析患者44例,慢性透析合并有出血、出血傾向患者2例,總透析次數(shù)51次,CRF患者首次透析深靜脈置管處出血及出血傾向26例,CRF半長(zhǎng)期管術(shù)后5例,CRF合并消化道出血3例,DN-CRF置管處出血3例,CRF合并眼底出血1例,CRF透析患者合并腎破裂1例,LNCRF置管處出血3例,直腸癌術(shù)后合并ARF 1例,ARF置管處出血2例。慢性腎功不全急性加重出血傾向1例。1例次透析時(shí)出現(xiàn)尿毒癥性腦病,靜脈用咪達(dá)唑侖控制效果滿意。
1.2 材料與RCA方法
1.2.1 所有患者臨時(shí)深靜脈雙腔導(dǎo)管均采用廣東百合醫(yī)療科技公司ABLE11.5Fr-13-16 cm型號(hào),動(dòng)脈孔與靜脈孔最小距離1.0 cm;半長(zhǎng)期雙腔Cuff管由美國(guó)巴德醫(yī)療技術(shù)有限公司提供,型號(hào):5743690;德國(guó)血液透析機(jī)Fresenius 4008S,透析器使用威高集團(tuán)聚砜膜空心纖維透析器F14型,面積1.4 m2;含(1.75 mmol/L)鈣碳酸氫鹽透析液。透析液流量500 mL/min,血流量160~200 mL/min。4% 枸櫞酸鈉(枸櫞酸根濃度136 mmol/L)以375 mL/h或血流速度在動(dòng)脈管路透析器前泵入。每周2~4次,2~4 h/次(以誘導(dǎo)透析為主),超濾量依臨床情況決定。
1.2.2 梯次補(bǔ)鈣法 分5個(gè)梯次給鈣劑(10%葡萄糖酸鈣):(1)PiCa≥1.0 mmol/L時(shí),補(bǔ)鈣0;(2)1.0 mmol/L>PiCa≥0.9 mmol/L時(shí),補(bǔ)鈣10 mL/h;(3)0.9 mmol/L>PiCa≥0.8 mmol/L時(shí),補(bǔ)鈣20 mL/h;(4)0.8 mmol/L>PiCa≥0.7 mmol/L時(shí),補(bǔ)鈣25 mL/h;(5)0.7 mmol/L>PiCa≥0.6 mmol/L時(shí),補(bǔ)鈣30 mL/h。2 h后如果PiCa水平在1.0~1.25 mmol/L,梯次補(bǔ)鈣速度均調(diào)低21%,參考模型補(bǔ)鈣法兩階段實(shí)際補(bǔ)鈣數(shù)據(jù)[10];如果PiCa高于1.3 mmol/L,停止梯次補(bǔ)鈣,PiCa高于1.45 mmol/L,將含鈣1.75 mmol/L透析液改為含鈣1.5 mmol/L透析液。途徑:透析器后靜脈管路。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) (1)透析前、透析1、2、3.5 h,PiCa、A管iCa水平;(2)梯次補(bǔ)鈣量與PiCa水平的關(guān)系;(3)透析過(guò)程中透析器及管路凝血情況、出血情況;(4)透析前后患者生命體及其他臨床表現(xiàn)征、Na+、pH及APTT。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,二元相關(guān)分析,線性回歸分析以P<0.001為模型高度擬合。
2.1 外周靜脈血iCa與動(dòng)脈管路血iCa化驗(yàn)值的關(guān)系 經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),PiCa均值為(1.16±0.15)mmol/L,A管iCa均值為(1.18±0.14)mmol/L;兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.031)。二元相關(guān)分析,r=0.924,提示PiCa值與A管iCa值呈高度正相關(guān);回歸方程式:PiCa=0.11+0.908×A管iCa,回歸分析P<0.001,提示本模型達(dá)到顯著性,r=0.935提示模型高度擬合,見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 外周靜脈血iCa與動(dòng)脈管路血iCa化驗(yàn)值回曲線圖
2.2 梯次補(bǔ)鈣量與PiCa水平的關(guān)系 本研究分5個(gè)梯次補(bǔ)鈣使透析1 h血外周血iCa值維持在(1.16±0.15)mmol/L,梯次補(bǔ)鈣資料顯示,上述5個(gè)梯次不同劑量補(bǔ)鈣可以穩(wěn)定全身游離鈣在滿意水平,所有患者未出現(xiàn)唇周及四肢麻木、感胸悶、血壓下降和心率減慢。無(wú)一例發(fā)生嚴(yán)重低鈣、高鈣血癥。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 梯次補(bǔ)鈣量與PiCa水平的關(guān)系
2.3 抗凝效果 51例次RCA透析無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)透析器及管路凝血、堵塞而終止透析,也無(wú)一例因RCA透析中出現(xiàn)出血或原出血加重而終止透析,47例次出現(xiàn)靜脈壺內(nèi)濾網(wǎng)輕度白血栓沉積,正常透析,靜脈壓不高。其中1例CRF伴腎破裂血患者經(jīng)4次RCA血透后病情穩(wěn)定后改用小劑量低分子肝素。3例CRF合并消化道出血,3例DN-CRF置管處出血,1例CRF合并眼底出血,3例LN-CRF置管處出血,1例直腸癌術(shù)后出血合并ARF分別經(jīng)1次或多次RCA-HD后出血停止轉(zhuǎn)入普通抗凝透析。
2.4 其他臨床表現(xiàn)與檢測(cè)結(jié)果 透析前pH值(7.265±0.056),透后pH值(7.428±0.039),透后有所升高,但無(wú)呼吸淺慢、躁動(dòng)、嗜睡等堿中毒癥狀;透析過(guò)程中無(wú)透析器及管路凝血情況、無(wú)出血或出血加重情況;透析前后患者生命體、及其它臨床表現(xiàn)無(wú)臨床意義上的異常。
血中鈣離子被枸櫞酸螯合使血中鈣離子減少是抗凝的核心環(huán)節(jié)[11]。本院經(jīng)51次RCA-HD治療實(shí)踐觀察結(jié)果,患者無(wú)凝血、出血、臨床生命指征明顯變化,pH值及其他生化指標(biāo)與文獻(xiàn)[12-13]報(bào)道近似,我們認(rèn)為RCA-HD安全有效。而對(duì)鈣的檢測(cè)與調(diào)整雖已探索出很多方案[14-15],但透析前針對(duì)低鈣而另外補(bǔ)鈣的方案不多,本研究中筆者提出的梯次補(bǔ)鈣方法實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示效果滿意,但仍望更多同仁進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本、完善推廣。
只有簡(jiǎn)化頻繁穿刺采血標(biāo)本,才能真正實(shí)現(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測(cè)iCa、全自動(dòng)補(bǔ)鈣、全自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)RCA-HD機(jī)的應(yīng)用。目前臨床普遍使用的深靜脈雙腔導(dǎo)管因再循環(huán)帶來(lái)的iCa水平差異,使動(dòng)脈管路內(nèi)的iCa水平不能直接反應(yīng)末梢靜脈血iCa水平[16-20]。設(shè)想利用血液凈化設(shè)備體外段動(dòng)脈管路提供的血樣,配對(duì)測(cè)試該血樣iCa的均值與外周靜脈所采血樣均值,并觀察到兩組之間存在的函數(shù)關(guān)系,進(jìn)而用機(jī)器動(dòng)脈管路血樣iCa值,按照特定函數(shù)關(guān)系,換算出外周靜脈血iCa值,省去頻繁穿刺采血送檢環(huán)節(jié);研究結(jié)果顯示,PiCa(外周游離鈣)均值為(1.16±0.15)mmol/L,A管iCa(動(dòng)脈管路游離鈣)均值為(1.18±0.14)mmol/L,兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.031)。二元相關(guān)分析,r=0.924,提示PiCa值與A管iCa值呈高度正相關(guān);線性回歸分析結(jié)果,回歸方程式:PiCa=0.11+0.908×A管iCa,r=0.935提示模型高度擬合(P<0.001),本模型達(dá)到顯著性,明確了外周靜脈所采血樣iCa值與機(jī)器管路血樣iCa值之間存在特定函數(shù)關(guān)系,有望最終實(shí)現(xiàn)透析全程不抽外周血,為計(jì)算血中鈣/游離鈣比值提供便捷途徑,為血鈣在線監(jiān)測(cè)、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)補(bǔ)鈣與RCA泵速的智能化邁進(jìn)一步。
[1] Apsner R,Buchmayer H,Gruber D,et al.Citrate for long-term hemodialysis: Prospective study of 1,009 consecutive high-flux treatments in 59 patients[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2005,45(3):557-564.
[2]陳小波,徐元釗,廖履坦.局部枸櫞酸抗凝血液透析在高危出血患者中的應(yīng)用[J].中華腎臟病雜志,1997,13(6):346-349.
[3]何永成,丁小強(qiáng),鐘一紅.局部枸櫞酸抗凝在活動(dòng)性出血及高危出血傾向患者血液透析中的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2000,7(2):187-188.
[4] Thijssen S,Kossmann R J,Kruse A,et al.Clinical evaluation of a model for prediction of end-dialysis systemic ionized calcium concentration in citrate hemodialysis[J].Blood Purif,2013,35(1-3):133-138.
[5] Saner F H,Treckmann J W,Geis A,et al.Efficacy andsafety of regional citrate anticoagulation in liver transplant patients requiring postoperative renal re-placement therapy[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012,27(4):1651-1657.
[6] Faybik P,Hetz H,Mitterer G,et al.Regional citrate anticoagulation in patients with liver failure support-ed by a molecular adsorbent recirculating system[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(2):273-279.
[7] Evenepoel P,Maes B,Vanwalleghem J,et al.Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis using a conventional calciumcontaining dialysate[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2002,39(2):315-323.
[8] Shum H P,Chan K C,Yan W W,et al.Regional citrate anticoagulation in predilutioncontinuous venovenous hemofiltration using prismocitrate 10/2 solution[J].Ther Apher Dial,2012,16(1):81-86.
[9]曹圓圓,楊謙,趙霞.床旁CRRT在心外科術(shù)后急性腎衰患者中的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2015,12(28):115-117.
[10]許鐘燁,丁峰.局部枸櫞酸抗凝在連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)血液凈化,2011,10(4):208-211.
[11] Morita Y,Johnson R W,Dom R E,et al.Regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis using citrate[J].Am J Med Sci,1961,242(1):32-43.
[12] Strobl K,Hartmann J,Wallner M,et al.A target-oriented algorithm for citrate-calcium anticoagulation in clinical practice[J].Blood Purif,2013,36(2):136-145.
[13] Lanckohr C,Hahnenkamp K,Boschin M,et al.Continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation:do we really know the details[J].Curr Opin Anaesthesiol,2013,26(4):428-437.
[14] Vanholder R,Sever M S,Erek E,et al.Rhadomyolysis[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2000,11(3):1553-1561.
[15] Wang P L,Meyer M M,Orloff S L,et al.Bone resorption and“relative” immobilization hypercalcemia with prolonged continuous renal replacement therapy and citrate anticoagulation[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2004,44(6):1110-1114.
[16] Little M A,Conlon P J,Walshe J J,et al.Access recirculation in temporary hemodialysis catheters as measured by the saline dilution technique[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2000,36(6):1135-1139.
[17] Sarnak M J,Halin N,King A J,et al.Severe access recirculation secondary to free flow between the lumens of a duallumen dialysis catheter[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,1999,33(6):1168-1170.
[18] Twardowski Z J,Stone J V,Haynie J D,et al.All Currently Used Measurements of Recirculation in Blood Access by Chemical Methods Are Flawed Due to Intradialytic Disequilibrium or Recirculation at Low Flow[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,1998,32(6):1046-1058.
[19] Hetzel G R,Taskaya G,Sucker C,et al.Citrate Plasma Levels in Patients Under Regional Anticoagulation in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2006,48(5):806-811.
[20] Link A,Klingele M,Speer T,et al.Total-to-ionized calcium ratio predicts mortality in continuous renal replacement therapy with anticoagulation in critically ill patients[J].Crit Care,2012,16(3):1-11.
Exploration of A Way to Replace Peripheral Blood Calcium Detection During RCA-HD
XUE Yingfeng,ZHAO Su-xia,YU Zhen-guo,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2016,13(27):120-123
Objective:To explore the relationship between different ionized calcium(iCa) concentrations in arterial line and peripheral vein of regional citrate anticoagulation hemodialysis(RCA-HD) for application. Method:From October 2014 to February 2016,46 cases of acute or chronic renal failure patients in our hospital were selected.4% sodium citrate was infused into the arterial line before dialyzer,calcium bicarbonate dialysate(1.75 mmol/L),hollow fiber dialyzer and low calcium points arrangement in filling calcium.The additional calcium supplementation was administered in the way of echelon according to pre-HD blood iCa level.Blood sample was collected from the arterial line before the infusion of citrate and from the peripheral vein.The data of the two groups were analyzed to observe the difference between iCa concentration levels in the arterial line and in peripheral vein,the anticoagulant effect of RCA and possible complications,such as bleeding and hypocalcaemia. Result:Among 46 cases of acute and chronic renal failure patients with active bleeding and high risk of bleeding tendency,51 times of RCA-HD performed.Statistics showed that,arterial line and peripheral compared difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),regression test r=0.924,there was correlation between the two sets of data.The regression equation:PiCa=0.11 + 0.908×A tube of iCa,r=0.935.None induced bleeding,or bleeding aggravated,blood calcium concentration was controlled in the ideal range.Conclusion:In clinical practice,the value of arterial line iCa concentration can be used to replace the value of iCa concentration in peripheral blood. RCA-HD therapy is safe and effective.Calcium supplementation in the way of echelon is recommended expanding.
RCA-HD; Ionized calcium; Arterial line; Peripheral vein; Echelon; Calcium supplementation
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2016.27.032
①?gòu)V東省深圳市南山區(qū)西麗人民醫(yī)院 廣東 深圳 518055
②河北中醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬京東譽(yù)美中西醫(yī)結(jié)合腎病醫(yī)院
薛迎風(fēng)
(2016-06-15) (本文編輯:程旭然)