田 欣,吳麗娜,胡天玉,劉 洋,吳 榮,張振勇
?
阿瑞匹坦用于肺腺癌紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑化療引起惡心嘔吐的臨床研究
田欣,吳麗娜,胡天玉,劉洋,吳榮,張振勇*
目的觀察阿瑞匹坦在肺腺癌紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑方案化療中的急性期及延遲期止吐療效和安全性。方法50例肺腺癌患者,均接受紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑的TP方案化療,隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組,每組25例。對(duì)照組患者接受5-HT3受體拮抗劑托烷司瓊、地塞米松預(yù)防止吐,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合應(yīng)用阿瑞匹坦預(yù)防止吐。完成1個(gè)周期化療后,評(píng)估兩組患者在化療后急性期及延遲期惡心嘔吐情況及不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果50例患者均按期完成1個(gè)周期的TP方案化療,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組急性惡心、嘔吐完全緩解率(CR)分別為44%和32%(χ2=0.764,P>0.05),有效率(RR)分別為80%和72%(χ2=0.439,P>0.05),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組延遲性惡心嘔吐CR分別為52%和24%(χ2=4.160,P<0.05),RR分別為76%和44%(χ2=5.333,P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組患者不良反應(yīng)主要包括頭暈、乏力、呃逆、腹脹、便秘,均為輕度,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論阿瑞匹坦聯(lián)合托烷司瓊、地塞米松方案預(yù)防肺腺癌紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑化療引起的急性期及延遲期惡心嘔吐療效確切,安全性高,值得臨床進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用推廣。
阿瑞匹坦;肺腺癌;紫杉醇;順鉑;化療;惡心;嘔吐
肺癌是全世界發(fā)病率及死亡率極高的惡性腫瘤之一,肺腺癌是其中最常見(jiàn)的病理類型,臨床上大部分肺腺癌患者需要接受紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案化療[1-2]。該化療方案盡管能使患者的總生存期及無(wú)病進(jìn)展期明顯獲益,但隨之產(chǎn)生的化療相關(guān)性惡心嘔吐也成為臨床最常見(jiàn)的不良反應(yīng),有研究表明,化療相關(guān)性惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率高達(dá)70%~80%[3]。嚴(yán)重的惡心嘔吐反應(yīng)會(huì)影響患者生活質(zhì)量,增加化療期間的心理及經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),降低患者的治療依從性,使患者恐懼及拒絕化療,從而影響患者的治療療效及預(yù)后。目前,臨床上5-HT3受體拮抗劑聯(lián)合糖皮質(zhì)激素是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的止吐方案,但仍有部分應(yīng)用高催吐化療方案的患者止吐效果不明顯,有研究表明,該止吐方案對(duì)于接近30%急性期的惡心嘔吐和60%的延遲性惡心嘔吐的控制水平仍較差[4-5],如何提高此類患者的止吐效果成為臨床醫(yī)生面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)之一。阿瑞匹坦(Aprepitant)是首個(gè)被美國(guó)食品和藥物監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)的神經(jīng)激肽-1受體拮抗劑,與5-HT3受體拮抗劑的作用機(jī)制不同,其可阻斷神經(jīng)激肽-1的作用,通過(guò)中樞機(jī)制抑制化療引起的惡心嘔吐。可在初次及重復(fù)治療過(guò)程中,有效預(yù)防高致吐性抗腫瘤化療藥物導(dǎo)致的急性、延遲性惡心嘔吐[6]。NCCN治療指南推薦阿瑞匹坦聯(lián)合5-HT3受體拮抗劑、糖皮質(zhì)激素的三聯(lián)止吐方案作為高催吐化療方案的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)止吐治療[7]。但目前國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于阿瑞匹坦在肺腺癌紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑化療中止吐作用的報(bào)道很少,為此,我科對(duì)該類患者化療期間采用含阿瑞匹坦的三聯(lián)方案預(yù)防止吐,取得了較好的止吐效果,總結(jié)報(bào)道如下。
1.1臨床資料2013年5月至2015年12月我科收治的50例肺腺癌患者,其中男20例,女30例,入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≤70歲,KPS≥70分,預(yù)計(jì)生存期≥5個(gè)月;②均經(jīng)病理學(xué)確診,病理類型為肺腺癌;③初治患者,首次接受化療,預(yù)計(jì)化療療程在2個(gè)周期以上;④均采用紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑的TP方案化療,紫杉醇135~175 mg/m2,d1,順鉑75 mg/m2,分1~3 d;⑤血常規(guī)、凝血、肝腎功能及心臟功能基本正常;⑥排除腦轉(zhuǎn)移、腸梗阻等可能誘發(fā)惡心嘔吐的并發(fā)癥;⑦治療前簽署知情同意書(shū)。隨機(jī)入組,對(duì)照組接受5-HT3受體拮抗劑及糖皮質(zhì)激素的止吐方案,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在接受與對(duì)照組相同治療的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合應(yīng)用阿瑞匹坦三聯(lián)止吐方案,每組25例,兩組患者一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。
1.2治療方法對(duì)照組預(yù)防性止吐方案采用5-HT3受體拮抗劑托烷司瓊5 mg+NS 100 mL 1次/d靜滴d1~3,滴注時(shí)間>15 min;地塞米松5 mg 1次/d靜推d1~3,均于化療前30 min給藥。實(shí)驗(yàn)組預(yù)防性止吐方案采用三藥聯(lián)合方案,即在對(duì)照組的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合應(yīng)用阿瑞匹坦口服給藥,125 mg d1,80 mg d2~3,于化療前1 h口服。
1.3療效評(píng)價(jià)化療24 h以內(nèi)發(fā)生的惡心、嘔吐為急性化療相關(guān)性惡心嘔吐(CINV);24 h以后發(fā)生的為延遲性CINV。惡心嘔吐分度根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所化療藥品不良反應(yīng)評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NCI-CTCAEV3.0)進(jìn)行。惡心程度:0度:無(wú)惡心;Ⅰ度:食欲不振但無(wú)飲食習(xí)慣的改變;Ⅱ度:進(jìn)食量減少但無(wú)明顯的體重降低,脫水或營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良輸液補(bǔ)液<24 h;Ⅲ度:熱量或體液量不足,需靜脈補(bǔ)液、管飼或全靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)>24 h;Ⅳ度:出現(xiàn)危及生命的后果;Ⅴ度:死亡。嘔吐程度:0度:24 h內(nèi)無(wú)嘔吐;Ⅰ度:24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生嘔吐<1次;Ⅱ度:24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生嘔吐2~5次,需靜脈補(bǔ)液但<24 h;Ⅲ度:24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生嘔吐>6次,需靜脈補(bǔ)液或全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)>24 h;Ⅳ度:出現(xiàn)危及生命的后果;Ⅴ度:死亡。完全緩解(CR):惡心、嘔吐均為0度;部分緩解(PR):有Ⅰ度惡心或嘔吐;無(wú)效(F):惡心或嘔吐達(dá)Ⅱ度及以上[8-9]??傆行?RR)=(CR+PR)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.4不良反應(yīng)依據(jù)NCI-CTC為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),觀察和記錄化療期間以及化療后出現(xiàn)的頭暈、乏力、呃逆、腹脹、便秘等不良反應(yīng)。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料比較行χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料比較行t檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料比較行秩和檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1一般資料50例肺腺癌患者均有病理診斷依據(jù),為初次接受化療患者,所有患者均按期完成化療,中途無(wú)退出。兩組患者在年齡、性別、腫瘤分期、病理分化程度、是否吸煙等方面的基線特征基本類似,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2急性惡心、嘔吐控制情況比較實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組患者急性惡心、嘔吐CR分別為44%和32%(χ2=0.764,P>0.05),RR分別為80%和72%(χ2=0.439,P>0.05),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3延遲性惡心、嘔吐控制情況比較實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組患者延遲性惡心、嘔吐CR分別為52%和24%(χ2=4.160,P<0.05),RR分別為76%和44%(χ2=5.333,P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4不良反應(yīng)兩種止吐方案的最主要不良反應(yīng)包括頭暈、乏力、呃逆、腹脹、便秘,均為輕度,患者可耐受,未影響治療。兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
表1 兩組患者基本特征分析(例)
表2 兩組患者急性惡心、嘔吐控制情況(例,%)
表3 兩組患者延遲性惡心、嘔吐控制情況(例,%)
表4 兩組患者不良反應(yīng)分析(例,%)
隨著環(huán)境污染的加劇及我國(guó)逐步邁入老齡化社會(huì),肺癌的發(fā)病率逐年上升,其中腺癌是最常見(jiàn)的病理類型。大量研究表明,紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑的TP方案化療是中晚期肺腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案,能改善患者生存期,提高治療效果。而伴隨該方案的最常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)之一就是化療導(dǎo)致的惡心、嘔吐,在臨床上給患者造成了不同程度的痛苦,嚴(yán)重降低患者生活質(zhì)量,甚至導(dǎo)致脫水、電解質(zhì)功能紊亂、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,延誤及中斷治療,影響療效[10]。因此,如何預(yù)防及減輕此不良反應(yīng)成為腫瘤科醫(yī)師共同關(guān)注的課題。
阿瑞匹坦是首個(gè)被批準(zhǔn)的神經(jīng)激肽-1受體拮抗劑,不同于5-HT3受體拮抗劑,阿瑞匹坦的親和力和選擇性較高,可以穿過(guò)血腦屏障,拮抗P物質(zhì)的嘔吐效應(yīng),通過(guò)中樞機(jī)制抑制惡心嘔吐[11-13]。大量研究已證實(shí),5-HT3受體拮抗劑、地塞米松、口服阿瑞匹坦的三聯(lián)方案能產(chǎn)生較佳的協(xié)同作用,可有效預(yù)防及緩解中重度致吐性化療的急性期和延遲期的惡心、嘔吐[14-17]。Nishimura等[18]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于結(jié)直腸癌患者接受奧沙利鉑化療預(yù)防止吐的多中心、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用阿瑞匹坦+5-HT3受體拮抗劑+地塞米松的實(shí)驗(yàn)組,與僅應(yīng)用5-HT3受體拮抗劑+地塞米松的對(duì)照組相比,急性及延遲性惡心、嘔吐的控制率明顯提高。Rapoport等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在接受含蒽環(huán)類及環(huán)磷酰胺的AC方案或其他高催吐化療方案的患者中,與昂丹司瓊+地塞米松的預(yù)防止吐方案比較,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用阿瑞匹坦后,不同性別、年齡、地區(qū)的患者均得到了更好的止吐療效。Kitazaki等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在接受以順鉑或卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)方案化療的肺癌患者中,含有阿瑞匹坦的三聯(lián)止吐方案明顯提高了急性及延遲性惡心嘔吐的緩解率。國(guó)內(nèi)的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于阿瑞匹坦在中國(guó)CINV患者中的隨機(jī)、多中心、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的平行分組Ⅲ期臨床研究表明,含阿瑞匹坦的三聯(lián)方案在急性期嘔吐發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異,而遲發(fā)性嘔吐發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組[21]。
本研究的結(jié)果與國(guó)內(nèi)外同類研究的結(jié)果保持了較高的一致性,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)組的急性惡心嘔吐CR及RR高于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而在延遲性惡心嘔吐方面,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的CR及RR明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明阿瑞匹坦能提高急性及延遲性惡心嘔吐控制效果,尤其在延遲性惡心嘔吐方面顯示了更佳的優(yōu)勢(shì),提示含阿瑞匹坦的三聯(lián)方案在臨床惡性腫瘤化療中具有較高的應(yīng)用前景和價(jià)值。在不良反應(yīng)方面,本研究實(shí)驗(yàn)組最常見(jiàn)的不良反應(yīng)為頭暈、乏力、呃逆、腹脹、便秘,但均為輕度,予對(duì)癥處理后可緩解,不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,沒(méi)有患者因三聯(lián)方案導(dǎo)致的不良反應(yīng)中斷治療,證明阿瑞匹坦安全性好,不良反應(yīng)輕微。
綜上所述,阿瑞匹坦+5-HT3受體拮抗劑+地塞米松的三聯(lián)止吐方案,安全有效,可以減輕由紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑的TP方案化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,提高急性期及延遲期惡心嘔吐的緩解率,尤其對(duì)延遲期惡心嘔吐效果更為明顯,且患者總體耐受性好,使用方便,不良反應(yīng)輕,可提高患者化療期間的生活質(zhì)量,使患者順利完成化療,保證化療按期進(jìn)行,適合接受高催吐化療藥物的惡性腫瘤患者。由于本研究病例數(shù)較少,需要臨床繼續(xù)積累樣本深入評(píng)估。隨著化療藥物及靶向藥物的不斷更新面世,我們可以期待阿瑞匹坦在多種惡性腫瘤化療及靶向治療領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更為廣闊的作用,同時(shí),關(guān)于阿瑞匹坦能否在放療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐以及癌痛患者由阿片類藥物導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐方面發(fā)揮作用有待于臨床進(jìn)一步觀察。
[1]Tsao MS,Marguet S,Le Teuff G,et al.Subtype classification of lung adenocarcinoma predicts benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing complete resection[J].J Clin Oncol,2015,33(30):3439-3446.
[2]Fukuoka M,Wu YL,Thongprasert S,et al.Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase Ⅲ,randomized,open-label,first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS)[J].J Clin Oncol,2011,29(21):2866-7284.
[3]Shankar A,Roy S,Malik A,et al.Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2015,16(15):6207-6213.
[4]Tageja N,Groninger H.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting:an overview and comparison of three consensus guidelines[J].Postgrad Med J,2016,92(1083):34-40.
[5]Lu J,Ma L,Wang X,et al.Screening for prodromes of chemotherapy-induced vomiting and correlation between prodromes and chemotherapy-induced vomiting in lung cancer patients[J].Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi,2014,36(7):511-515.
[6]Schwartzberg LS,Rugo HS,Aapro MS,et al.New and emerging therapeutic options for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting[J].Clin Adv Hematol Oncol,2015,13(3 Suppl 3):3-13.
[7]Wang SY,Yang ZJ,Zhang Z,et al.Aprepitant in the prevention of vomiting induced by moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2014,15(23):10045-10051.
[8]丁榮楣,王平,田奕,等.阿瑞匹坦輔助預(yù)防乳腺癌FAC方案化療致惡心嘔吐的臨床觀察[J].疑難病雜志,2015,14(1):45-48.
[9]陳麗昆,程穎,張紅雨.阿瑞吡坦在中國(guó)肺癌患者中預(yù)防高劑量順鉑引起惡心和嘔吐的療效[J].中國(guó)新藥與臨床雜志,2015,34(10):757-763.
[10]Ishikawa A,Ohara G,Nakazawa K,et al.Chemotherapy-induced complications in patients with lung cancer:an evaluation by pharmacists[J].Mol Clin Oncol,2013,1(1):65-68.
[11]Davis MP.New therapies for ant-iemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy[J].J Community Support Oncol,2016,14(1):11-20.
[12]Navari RM.The safety of ant-iemetic medications for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting[J].Expert Opin Drug Saf,2016,1(14):1-14.
[13]Ng TL,Clemons M,Hutton B,et al.Aprepitant versus dexamethasone to prevent delayed emesis after chemotherapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(20):2184-2185.
[14]Duggin K,Tickle K,Norman G,et al.Aprepitant reduces chemotherapy-induced vomiting in children and young adults with brain tumors[J].J Pediatr Oncol Nurs,2014,31(5):277-283.
[15]Kaushal P,Atri R,Soni A,et al.Comparative evaluation of triplet anti-emetic schedule versus double ant-iemetic schedule in chemotherapy-induced emesis in head and neck cancer patients[J].Ecancermedicalscience,2015,25(9):567.
[16]Hamada S,Hinotsu S,Kawai K,et al.Ant-iemetic efficacy and safety of a combination of palonosetron,aprepitant,and dexamethasone in patients with testicular germ cell tumor receiving 5-day cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy[J].Support Care Cancer,2014,22(8):2161-2166.
[17]農(nóng)巧紅,王樹(shù)濱,彭小丹,等.阿瑞匹坦與托烷司瓊聯(lián)用或單用預(yù)防晚期肺癌順鉑化療引起嘔吐的比較研究[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)藥,2015,10(8):1123-1125.
[18]Nishimura J,Satoh T,Fukunaga M,et al.Combination anti-emetic therapy with aprepitant/fosaprepitant in patients with colorectal cancer receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (SENRI trial):a multicentre,randomised,controlled phase 3 trial[J].Eur J Cancer,2015,51(10):1274-1282.
[19]Rapoport BL.Efficacy of a triple anti-emetic regimen with aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting:effects of gender,age,and region[J].Curr Med Res Opin,2014,30(9):1875-1881.
[20]Kitazaki T,Fukuda Y,Fukahori S,et al.Usefulness of anti-emetic therapy with aprepitant,palonosetron,and dexamethasone for lung cancer patients on cisplatin-based or carboplatin-based chemotherapy[J].Support Care Cancer,2015,23(1):185-190.
[21]張力.阿瑞匹坦在中國(guó)CINV患者中的應(yīng)用研究[J].癌癥進(jìn)展,2011,9(6):610-612.
Clinical research on aprepitant for the prevention of nausea and vomiting due to paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients
TIAN Xin,WU Li-na,HU Tian-yu,LIU Yang,WU Rong,ZHANG Zhen-yong*
(The Second Deparment of Oncology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the acute and delayed antiemetic effects and safety of aprepitant for the prevention of paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in lung adenocarcinoma carcinoma patients.MethodsFifty patients with lung adenocarcinoma carcinoma were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group,25 cases in each group.All the patients in the two groups received TP regimen chemotherapy (paclitaxel and cisplatin).The antiemetic regimen for control group was 5-HT3receptor antagonist tropisetron and dexamethasone;the regimen for experimental group consisted of aprepitant,tropisetron and dexamethasone.The acute and delayed antiemetic effects and adverse effects were evaluated after 1 cycle chemotherapy.ResultsAll 50 patients completed 1 cycle chemotherapy,the CR rates of acute antiemetic effect in experimental group and control group were 44% and 32%,there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ2=0.764,P>0.05);the RR rates of acute antiemetic effect in experimental group and control group were 80% and 72%,there was no difference between the two groups (χ2=0.439,P>0.05);the CR rates of delayed antiemetic effect in experimental group and control group were 52% and 24%,there were statistical difference between the two groups (χ2=4.160,P<0.05);the RR rates of delayed antiemetic effect in experimental group and control group were 76% and 44%,there was no difference between the two groups (χ2=5.333,P>0.05).The adverse effects mainly included dizziness,fatigue,hiccups,bloating and constipation,there was no statistical difference between the two groups.ConclusionAprepitant combined with tropisetron and dexamethasone has better antiemetic effects on the prevention of nausea and vomiting due to paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients,it is worth to be popularized.
Aprepitant;Lung adenocarcinoma carcinoma;Paclitaxel;Cisplatin;Chemotherapy;Nausea and vomiting
2016-02-26
中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院第二腫瘤病房,沈陽(yáng) 110004
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201609025