劉雅
摘 要:輸入和輸出理論是二語習得的重要理論,對二語習得有舉足輕重的指導意義,對高中英語寫作教學也有所啟示。輸入輸出交互式理論為寫作教學研究提供了實踐研究的重要依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:輸入輸出;交互式理論;英語寫作教學
中圖分類號:H319 文獻標識碼:B 收稿日期:2016-04-27
作者簡介:劉 雅(1986—),女,四川綿陽人,本科,四川省綿陽中學教師,研究方向:英語教學。
英語寫作能力是學生英語思維能力和語言綜合應用表達能力的重要體現(xiàn),也是衡量教學效果的重要標準之一。隨著新課改在全國范圍內(nèi)的推進,學生寫作能力和教師教學水平都需要上升到一個全新的層次,以應對逐步深入的課改所帶來的變化。因此,加大理論研究力度、把理論應用于課堂實踐就顯得尤為重要。
一、輸入輸出假說與交互式教學法
1. 輸入假說與輸出假說
語言的輸入不應該是教師對學生“填鴨式”的灌輸,而應該是以學生為主體的主動輸入。根據(jù)Krashen的輸入假說我們可以知道,對學生進行比他目前水平略高一點的“可理解的語言輸入”(comprehensible input),并且學生能夠理解其意義,能夠獲得信息,這樣的教學才能使學生有所得,才是有效的。同時,對學生進行的可理解的語言輸入要有趣味性和關(guān)聯(lián)性的特點:英語寫作任務(wù)貼近學生生活,滿足學生日常所需,學生有興趣、關(guān)心的話題,自然就能夠掌握得更好。
同時,英語寫作的輸出也是評判教學是否有效的重要標志,盡管有了有效的可理解輸入,如果學生無法運用所學知識輸出一篇優(yōu)秀的文章,那么寫作教學仍然是不成功的。所以,Swain提出的輸出假說也很值得研究和思考。Swain的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管學生長時間處于浸入式教學的環(huán)境中,擁有大量的目標語言的輸入,其說寫能力依然較弱,由此提出“可理解的語言輸出”(comprehensible output)和“可理解的語言輸入”同等重要。
2. 交互式教學法
既然輸入理論和輸出理論都在外語學習中有重要作用,那么我們可以嘗試把二者結(jié)合起來,就產(chǎn)生了輸入輸出交互式教學法。對學生進行可理解的輸入,使其獲取一定量的有效信息,再通過教師在語言準確性和恰當與否方面的指導,從而形成可理解的輸出,促使學生利用目標語言(target language)即英語的詞匯和表達寫出文章。如若不能表達,那么學生也會意識到自己目標語言學習中存在的問題。
二、基于輸入輸出交互理論的讀寫課設(shè)計
1.寫作任務(wù)
The following is one page from Henrys dairy. Please read it first.
Thursday, April 14, 2016
rainy/ sunny
I have to admit that I had been quite mad at Li Hua the whole morning. We had made an appointment to meet at the Xinhua Bookstore at 7:00 pm yesterday, but he didnt show up! I stood at the entrance like a fool for AN HOUR, waiting for him and wondering if something terrible had happened to him. I tried to reach him through cell phone, but “Sorry, the subscriber you dialed is busy” was all I got.
Today, at lunch time, he came to me to explain the whole thing. Well, what can I say? He did have good reasons for not keeping the appointment. His mother worked overtime; he had to look after his 5-year-old sister; his cell phone was broken; he didnt remember my number (by the way, I think we all have this problem, becoming too dependent on our phone instead of our brain).
I guess were cool now. Friends are supposed to understand and forgive each other, right?
Now, lets pretend youre Li Hua. Please write a sorry letter to Henry according what you have read just now.
2.任務(wù)分析
在生活中,好朋友之間難免發(fā)生摩擦誤會,如何消除誤會、重拾友誼是每個學生都應該具備的重要人際交往溝通能力,這樣的事情也極有可能發(fā)生在每個學生身上。由此可見,該寫作任務(wù)與學生生活息息相關(guān),也是學生感興趣、想知道的話題。
顯而易見,Henry的日記就是重要的輸入材料,通過仔細閱讀日記內(nèi)容,我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)有些信息可用,有些信息無用。教師可以通過提出以下一系列問題來幫助學生對日記內(nèi)容進行理解。
Why was Henry mad?
When and where did they agree to meet?
What kept Li Hua from meeting Henry?
回答完以上三個問題,再指導學生轉(zhuǎn)化成李華的視角,思考下列問題。
What should I apologize for?
Why didnt I make it yesterday?
弄清這兩個問題,寫一封道歉信就比較容易了。
3.輸出成果
學生A
Dear Henry,
Im really sorry that I was absent from our appointment.
Around 6pm, I had intended to leave for the bookstore. But my mother had to work longer than usual. As a result, I must stay at home to take care of my little sister. Worse still, I had planned to tell you about my situation. However, I forgot your cell phone number and my phone is broken. Thus, I couldnt get in touch with you.
Sorry again for my absence if there was any inconvenience caused by me. Lets make it another time. I hope you can forgive me.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li HuaYours,
Li Hua
學生B
Dear Henry,
I feel terribly sorry that I couldnt make it to meet you at the entrance of Xinhua Bookstore at 7 p.m. last night.
I had to take the responsibility to babysit my little sister for my mom needed to work overtime without any advance notifications. I intended to inform you but with no success because there was something wrong with my phone and I couldnt remember your phone number without mine. Thats why I didnt contact you in time.
I figured that if you noticed my absence, you would go back home instead of waiting. I feel really guilty about leaving you there waiting for such a long time. But I promise that things like this wont happen ever again.
With kind regards.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Hua
英語寫作是學生展現(xiàn)所學的重要輸出手段,也是學生普遍覺得難度較大的一個部分。沒有有效的輸入,就不會有有效的輸出。寫作教學是英語教學的重點,傳統(tǒng)的教授方法和單純側(cè)重輸入或輸出都不能完全滿足新課改對學生的要求,因此,輸入輸出交互理論對英語寫作教學有重要指導意義,通過結(jié)合輸入假說和輸出假說,可以有效提高英語作文教學的效率和水平。
參考文獻:
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[3]王篤勤.英語教學策略論[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2006.