袁巍 彭偉 高春嶺 唐娟娟 馮祥
[摘 要] 目的:分析術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染與腦脊液中細(xì)胞因子水平變化相關(guān)性,為術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染的早期防治提供參考。方法:以2013年7月—2015年7月收治的152例接受開顱手術(shù)的患者為研究對(duì)象,按照其術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染發(fā)生情況分為感染組與未感染組,對(duì)其術(shù)后24 h腦脊液白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)等細(xì)胞因子水平變化進(jìn)行檢測(cè),并比較不同病情、不同分期顱內(nèi)感染患者腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平,分析術(shù)后腦脊液中細(xì)胞因子水平變化與顱內(nèi)感染的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:152例患者共確診13例術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染,感染率為8.55%。感染組腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平顯著高于未感染組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組患者IL-1β、IL-4、IL-13、IL-15、MCP-1比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。急性期、重癥顱內(nèi)感染患者腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平顯著高于恢復(fù)期、輕癥患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:開顱術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染表現(xiàn)為腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平升高,且其升高水平與病情進(jìn)展具有密切關(guān)聯(lián),據(jù)此評(píng)估患者感染發(fā)生情況及進(jìn)展?fàn)顟B(tài),可為臨床早期診治策略制定提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 顱內(nèi)感染;腦脊液;細(xì)胞因子;相關(guān)性
中圖分類號(hào):R63 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2016)04-058-04
DOI:10.11876/mimt201604022
Study on correlation between the degree of postoperative intracranial infection and change of cytokines levels in cerebrospinal fluid YUAN Wei1,PENG Wei2,GAO Chunling1,TANG Juanjuan1,F(xiàn)ENG Xiang1. (1. Department of neurology;2. Department of neurosurgery,Pixian people's Hospital,Pixian 611730,China)
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the postoperative intracranial infection and change of cytokines levels in cerebrospinal fluid, providing a reference for the early prevention of postoperative intracranial infection. Methods: From July 2013 to July 2015, 152 patients undergoing craniotomy admitted in our hospital were chosen as the subjects of the study, they were divided into the infected group and the uninfected group according to their the incidences of postoperative intracranial infection, cytokine levels such as interleukin -6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other changes in cerebrospinal fluid were detected 24 h after the surgery, and the different conditions, different stages of cytokines levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intracranial infection were compared, the correlation between postoperative cerebrospinal fluid levels of cytokines and intracranial infection were analyzed. Results: 13 cases were diagnosed with intracranial infection in a total of 152 cases of patients; the infection rate was 8.55%. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ levels in cerebrospinal fluid of the infected group were significantly higher than those in the uninfected group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), Levels of IL- 1β, IL-4, IL-13, IL-15, MCP-1 were compared between two groups of patients, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ in cerebrospinal fluid of patients in acute phase and with severe intracranial infection were significantly higher than those in recovery period and with mild intracranial infection, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Intracranial infection after craniotomy was characterized with the increasing of levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ in cerebrospinal fluid, and the increasing levels are closely related to progress of the disease, hereby evaluate status and progress of the infection, can provide a reference for early clinical diagnosis and strategy formulation.
[Key words] intracranial infection;cerebrospinal fluid;cytokines;correlation
顱內(nèi)感染是神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥[1]。病原體侵入腦室是導(dǎo)致感染難以控制、危及患者生命的主要原因[2]。作為顱內(nèi)感染診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”—腦脊液培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性率低、耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),為臨床早期診治帶來(lái)了一定困難。近年來(lái),有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞因子在中樞神經(jīng)感染性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演了重要角色[3],因此,監(jiān)測(cè)腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平的變化有望為術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染的早期防治提供依據(jù)。為驗(yàn)證這一假設(shè),本文選取我院收治的152例患者進(jìn)行了前瞻性研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年7月—2015年7月收治的152例接受開顱手術(shù)患者為研究對(duì)象,入組患者排除術(shù)前合并感染、惡性腫瘤、免疫系統(tǒng)病變、心肝腎功能異常及血液系統(tǒng)疾病者。152例患者中,男79例,女73例,年齡9~73歲,平均(44.92±4.57)歲。
1.2 分組方法
參照《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》,將術(shù)后發(fā)生顱內(nèi)感染者納入感染組,將未發(fā)生顱內(nèi)感染者納入未感染組。符合下述3項(xiàng)條件即可明確顱內(nèi)感染診斷[4]:1)出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、頭痛、惡心、噴射性嘔吐、腦膜刺激征陽(yáng)性等顱內(nèi)感染臨床癥狀體征;2)腦脊液白細(xì)胞總數(shù)>10×106/L,其中多核細(xì)胞>50%,糖<2.25 mmol/L,蛋白含量>0.45 g/L;3)感染原因明確;4)腦電圖、顱腦CT或MRI可見(jiàn)感染灶。確診顱內(nèi)感染者若合并寒戰(zhàn)、高熱、嘔吐白色粘狀物、頭痛、腦膜刺激征或存在意識(shí)不清、自言自語(yǔ)等癥狀,則判定為重癥顱內(nèi)感染。
1.3 分析方法
1.3.1 標(biāo)本采集 患者均于術(shù)后24 h接受腰椎穿刺、腰大池引流或腦室鏡檢查,在嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌條件下采集其腦脊液2 mL,若腦脊液因穿刺損傷混入血細(xì)胞則需重新采集[5],顱內(nèi)感染患者分別于感染急性期(感染癥狀出現(xiàn)48 h內(nèi))、恢復(fù)期(癥狀減輕48 h內(nèi))接受腦脊液采集。-70℃集中保存腦脊液標(biāo)本,統(tǒng)一檢測(cè)。
1.3.2 標(biāo)本檢測(cè) 使用LuminexTM200液態(tài)芯片檢測(cè)儀(美國(guó)Luminex公司),采用Luminex液相芯片技術(shù)對(duì)患者腦脊液白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、單核細(xì)胞趨化因子(MCP-1)等細(xì)胞因子進(jìn)行檢測(cè),試劑盒均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Merck Millipore公司。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS18.0進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n/%)表示,χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,t檢驗(yàn)或校正t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,以P<0.01為有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 感染與未感染患者腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平
152例患者共確診13例術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染,感染率為8.55%。
術(shù)后24h感染組腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平顯著高于未感染組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組患者IL-1β、IL-4、IL-13、IL-15、MCP-1比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 不同感染分期與病情患者腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平
急性期、重癥顱內(nèi)感染患者腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平顯著高于恢復(fù)期、輕癥患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
顱內(nèi)感染是由病原體直接或間接進(jìn)入腦膜、腦脊液間隙引發(fā)的感染,病原體釋放的毒素對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)造成的損傷以及病原體刺激下大量炎性細(xì)胞、免疫細(xì)胞進(jìn)入顱內(nèi)可誘導(dǎo)強(qiáng)烈而持久的細(xì)胞免疫與細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答,繼而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重全身性并發(fā)癥及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥,在延長(zhǎng)患者住院時(shí)間、降低手術(shù)效果的同時(shí),其病死率及致殘率亦處于較高水平[6]。
研究表明,顱內(nèi)感染的發(fā)生時(shí)期多集中于開顱術(shù)后3~7 d,此時(shí)行腦脊液細(xì)菌學(xué)檢查方為明確顱內(nèi)感染診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但細(xì)菌學(xué)檢查耗時(shí)較久,不利于感染的早期診治[7]。與此同時(shí),趙暉等[8]認(rèn)為,雖然多數(shù)顱內(nèi)感染患者臨床癥狀發(fā)生于術(shù)后3~7 d,但其感染傾向于術(shù)后24~48 h內(nèi)即可反映于免疫反應(yīng),而細(xì)胞因子在免疫反應(yīng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展環(huán)節(jié)均扮演著重要角色,因此,通過(guò)早期監(jiān)測(cè)患者術(shù)后腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平變化有望早期明確其感染發(fā)生傾向。本研究結(jié)果示,感染組腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平顯著高于未感染組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明顱內(nèi)感染早期患者腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平即明顯上升,與Price等[9]、Walti等[10]研究結(jié)果相似。
IL-6是一種多功能單鏈糖蛋白細(xì)胞因子,廣泛存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,顱內(nèi)IL-6主要集中于神經(jīng)元和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,在神經(jīng)元線粒體功能障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演了重要角色,且黃艮彬等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6水平升高與巨噬細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腦內(nèi)合成具有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。顱內(nèi)感染早期,機(jī)體炎性狀態(tài)可導(dǎo)致IL-6大量合成,造成基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶激活,繼而引發(fā)血腦屏障和血腦脊液屏障破壞,在導(dǎo)致感染癥狀進(jìn)一步加劇的同時(shí)亦可引發(fā)腦水腫、顱內(nèi)高壓、腦缺氧及神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞死亡,也是導(dǎo)致患者神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升的主要原因[12]。IL-8主要由單核巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,在各類急慢性感染中發(fā)揮的作用已得到廣泛共識(shí)[13-15];作為一種抗炎性細(xì)胞因子,IL-10水平的升高表明機(jī)體內(nèi)源性抗炎狀態(tài)亢進(jìn),細(xì)胞因子網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)節(jié)處于紊亂狀態(tài);IL-12由Th1細(xì)胞分泌,其水平升高表明Th1介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)亢進(jìn),一方面提示機(jī)體可能受到細(xì)菌、病毒、真菌感染,另一方面IL-12水平的升高往往伴隨著CD8+T細(xì)胞分化成熟功能增強(qiáng),可能影響Th2細(xì)胞發(fā)揮功能,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng)下調(diào)[16]。
TNF-α、IFN-γ在免疫調(diào)節(jié)中亦占據(jù)著重要地位,前者可由各類炎癥刺激物作用于巨噬細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞而釋放,并通過(guò)繼續(xù)誘導(dǎo)一系列炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,增強(qiáng)炎癥反應(yīng),后者由活化的Th1細(xì)胞及自然殺傷細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,是增強(qiáng)單核巨噬細(xì)胞抗病毒能力的重要因子[17-18]。故本研究感染者腦脊液上述指標(biāo)顯著高于未感染者,且隨著患者病情程度的加重,其TNF-α、IFN-γ逐漸升高,亦表明機(jī)體組織局部血管通透性升高、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),并伴隨著組織損傷的加劇。因此,通過(guò)檢測(cè)炎癥反應(yīng)的先導(dǎo)因子TNF-α、IFN-γ亦可為患者預(yù)后的評(píng)估提供輔助參考。
綜上所述,開顱術(shù)后腦脊液IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平的升高預(yù)示著患者顱內(nèi)感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高,且隨著上述細(xì)胞因子水平的增加,患者病情嚴(yán)重度亦隨之上升。根據(jù)患者術(shù)后腦脊液細(xì)胞因子水平變化可預(yù)測(cè)其顱內(nèi)感染發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、評(píng)估病情轉(zhuǎn)歸,有望為臨床早期診治提供可靠的參考,值得推廣。
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