朱平
[摘 要] 目的:觀察醛固酮腺瘤和單側(cè)腎上腺增生導(dǎo)致醛固酮增多癥腹腔鏡手術(shù)效果。方法:以我院2013年3月—2014年3月收治的50例醛固酮增多癥患者為研究對(duì)象,醛固酮腺瘤組38例、單側(cè)腎上腺增生組12例,均行腹膜后腹腔鏡手術(shù),腫瘤體積較大且與周?chē)M織界限清晰者行腎上腺部分切除,其他患者行腎上腺全切。觀察圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)及術(shù)后癥狀變化,比較腎上腺部分切除與腎上腺全切手術(shù)情況。隨訪1年,比較療效及復(fù)發(fā)情況。結(jié)果:腎上腺全切的醛固酮腺瘤手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著高于腎上腺部分切除的醛固酮腺瘤及單側(cè)腎上腺增生,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),各組患者術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。2組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月收縮壓、舒張壓、血漿醛固酮、醛固酮/腎素比值均顯著降低,血鉀、血漿腎素活性均顯著升高,與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)?;颊咝g(shù)后1年均未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā),單側(cè)腎上腺增生、腎上腺全切醛固酮腺瘤、腎上腺部分切除醛固酮腺瘤治愈率分別為66.7%、64.7%、61.9%,組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療醛固酮增多癥兩種亞型均有良好的療效及安全性,對(duì)符合腎上腺部分切除指征患者,術(shù)中應(yīng)盡可能保留患側(cè)腎上腺組織。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 醛固酮腺瘤;單側(cè)腎上腺增生;醛固酮增多癥;腹腔鏡
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R737.11 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2016)04-044-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201604017
Comparison of the effects of laparoscopic surgery in treatment of aldosteronism caused by aldosterone adenoma and unilateral adrenal hyperplasia ZHU Ping. (Department of general surgery,Xian Fifth Hospital,Xian 710082,China)
[Abstract] Objective: To observe the effects of laparoscopic surgery in treatment of aldosteronism caused by aldosterone adenoma and unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Methods: 50 cases of patients with aldosteronism treated in our hospital from March 2013 to March 2014 were chosen for this study, 12 cases included in unilateral adrenal hyperplasia group and 38 cases in aldosterone adenoma group, both groups underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery, the patients with larger tumor volume and well-circumscribed surrounding tissues underwent partial adrenalectomy, others with total adrenalectomy. Perioperative indexes and postoperative change in symptoms were observed, the conditions of patients with partial adrenalectomy and total adrenalectomy were compared. With1-year follow-up, the efficacy and recurrence were compared between two groups. Results: The operation time of aldosterone adenoma with total adrenalectomy was significantly higher than those of aldosterone adenoma and unilateral adrenal hyperplasia with partial adrenalectomy, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), the amount of bleeding and postoperative hospital stay were compared between two groups, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The ratios of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, plasma aldosterone to renin of two groups at 1 months after surgery were significantly increased, serum potassium and plasma renin activity were significantly elevated compared with the preoperative indexes, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). No recurrence was found in all the patients, cure rates of unilateral adrenal hyperplasia, aldosterone adenomas with total adrenalectomy, aldosterone adenoma with partial adrenalectomy were 66.7%, 64.7%, 61.9%, respectively, the intergroup differences were not statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of two subtypes of aldosteronism, and ipsilateral adrenal tissue should be retained as far as possible in the surgery as for patients meeting the indications of partial adrenalectomy.
[Key words] aldosterone adenoma;unilateral adrenal hyperplasia;hyperaldosteronism;laparoscopy
原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥主要包括兩種亞型,即醛固酮腺瘤和結(jié)節(jié)性腎上腺增生,均由腎上腺皮質(zhì)球狀帶病變引發(fā)[1]。該病是高血壓罕見(jiàn)但重要的致病因素之一,手術(shù)是主要治療方法。近年來(lái),腹腔鏡手術(shù)在原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥治療中應(yīng)用逐漸廣泛[2-3]。為觀察腹腔鏡手術(shù)對(duì)醛固酮增多癥兩種亞型的治療效果,以我院2013年3月—2014年3月收治的50例醛固酮增多癥患者為研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)行回顧性分析,現(xiàn)將手術(shù)方法與治療效果總結(jié)如下。
1 一般資料
所有患者均接受腹膜后入路腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療,行腎上腺全切或腎上腺部分切除,病例及隨訪資料保存完整。排除失訪、隨訪期間死亡或隨訪時(shí)間<1年者、雙側(cè)醛固酮腺瘤或腎上腺增生者、合并嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、腎血管狹窄、腎萎縮、主動(dòng)脈狹窄等其他繼發(fā)性高血壓影響因素患者。50例入選患者中醛固酮腺瘤組38例、單側(cè)腎上腺增生組12例。2組患者基線臨床資料如表1所示。
2 治療方法及觀察指標(biāo)
單側(cè)腎上腺增生組行腎上腺全切,醛固酮腺瘤組參照文獻(xiàn)[4]標(biāo)準(zhǔn),21例行腎上腺全切,17例行腎上腺部分切除。術(shù)后給予糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗菌藥物,密切監(jiān)護(hù)呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng),避免腎上腺危象、低血壓休克、循環(huán)衰竭等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[5]。
比較2組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。觀察患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月血壓、血鉀、血漿腎素活性、血漿醛固酮及醛固酮/腎素比值變化。
隨訪記錄其醛固酮增多癥復(fù)發(fā)情況,并于末次隨訪時(shí)進(jìn)行療效評(píng)價(jià)[6]:治愈:在不服用降壓藥物的前提下,血壓水平處于正常范圍內(nèi)(<140/90 mmHg);好轉(zhuǎn):服用降壓藥物后,血壓水平可控制在正常范圍內(nèi),且降壓藥物劑量較術(shù)前減少50%以上;無(wú)效:術(shù)后血壓水平無(wú)明顯變化,或降壓藥物劑量較術(shù)前減少不足50%。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS18.0進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n/%)表示,并采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,t檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)設(shè)定為α=0.05,以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
4 結(jié)果
接受腎上腺全切的醛固酮腺瘤患者,其手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著高于腎上腺部分切除的醛固酮腺瘤及單側(cè)腎上腺增生患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),各組患者術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月收縮壓、舒張壓、血漿醛固酮、醛固酮/腎素比值均顯著降低,血鉀、血漿腎素活性菌顯著升高,與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
隨訪顯示術(shù)后1年均未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā),單側(cè)腎上腺增生患者、腎上腺全切醛固酮腺瘤患者、腎上腺部分切除醛固酮腺瘤患者治愈率分別為66.7%、64.7%、61.9%,組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
5 討論
隨著腹腔鏡微創(chuàng)技術(shù)推廣,開(kāi)腹術(shù)式在原發(fā)性醛固酮增多治療中已退出歷史舞臺(tái),特別是對(duì)于體積小、位置深、暴露困難的腎上腺,腹腔鏡手術(shù)是公認(rèn)的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[7-8]。
本研究50例患者均采用腹膜后徑路手術(shù),該徑路不受腹腔粘連影響,入路直接且不會(huì)對(duì)腹腔臟器造成明顯損傷,有利于患者術(shù)后胃腸功能的早期恢復(fù)[9]。本研究各組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間均控制在50 min以內(nèi),術(shù)中出血量不足30 mL,證明腹腔鏡操作的安全性。接受腎上腺全切的醛固酮腺瘤患者手術(shù)時(shí)間偏長(zhǎng),與腫瘤體積較小、與周?chē)M織粘連較重,增加了手術(shù)操作復(fù)雜性有關(guān)。St?lberg等[10-11]指出,腎上腺部分切除術(shù)對(duì)腎上腺組織的保留,能夠促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后血漿醛固酮濃度及皮質(zhì)醇濃度的早期恢復(fù),促進(jìn)患者臨床癥狀的改善,而腎上腺全切則多于包膜下實(shí)施腫瘤剜除,不可避免地會(huì)造成腫瘤組織殘留,易增加術(shù)后醛固酮腺瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),影響醫(yī)療質(zhì)量。本研究各組患者術(shù)后1年隨訪均未見(jiàn)疾病復(fù)發(fā),考慮與隨訪時(shí)間較短、樣本量較小有關(guān),關(guān)于手術(shù)治療對(duì)患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響,有待日后大樣本長(zhǎng)期隨訪加以明確??傮w而言,建議對(duì)符合腎上腺部分切除指征患者,術(shù)中應(yīng)盡可能保留患側(cè)腎上腺組織,杜絕隨意擴(kuò)大切除范圍;若患者醛固酮腺瘤呈多發(fā)特點(diǎn),且合并小衛(wèi)星灶,則不應(yīng)一味實(shí)施腎上腺部分切除,為保證病灶完全清楚,建議采取腎上腺全切術(shù)式[12]。
隨著多層CT的發(fā)展與推廣,近年來(lái)單側(cè)腎上腺增生的檢出率也有所提高,有效避免了傳統(tǒng)腎上腺靜脈采血特異性低、并發(fā)癥率發(fā)生高的弊端[13]。對(duì)于單側(cè)腎上腺增生患者,我們同樣以腹膜后徑路入路腹腔鏡手術(shù),治愈率達(dá)到66.7%,僅有1例患者治療無(wú)效,治愈率與Pirvu等[14]研究結(jié)果相仿。
本次研究雖然2組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月血壓、血鉀水平均較術(shù)前有所改善,但仍未恢復(fù)正常水平,考慮與患者病程較長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)期高血壓及高血漿醛固酮濃度導(dǎo)致的心肌肥厚、血管僵硬、腎臟血管改建等狀態(tài)無(wú)法在短時(shí)間內(nèi)恢復(fù)有關(guān)[15]。該結(jié)果表明,患者應(yīng)在確診后即盡早實(shí)施手術(shù),降低心肌梗死、腦梗死、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、代謝綜合征等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,經(jīng)腹膜后徑路腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療醛固酮增多癥兩種亞型均可取得良好的臨床療效,根據(jù)患者臨床指征選擇合適的切除范圍有助于手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中出血量控制,進(jìn)一步提高手術(shù)的安全性。
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