李開勇,李 勇,趙 威,李明霞,肖金剛△(.德陽市第五人民醫(yī)院口腔科,四川68000;.西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科,四川瀘州646000;.西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院放射科,四川瀘州646000)
·論著·
錐形束CT在拔除下頜阻生第三磨牙中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值*
李開勇1,李勇2,趙威2,李明霞3,肖金剛2△(1.德陽市第五人民醫(yī)院口腔科,四川618000;2.西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科,四川瀘州646000;3.西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院放射科,四川瀘州646000)
目的探討口腔頜面錐形束CT(CBCT)在定位和拔除下頜阻生第三磨牙(IMTM)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法選取2014年5月至2015年4月西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院收治的擬拔除IMTM患者36例,術(shù)前均拍攝曲面斷層全景片,根據(jù)曲面斷層全景片顯示的IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管影像關(guān)系分為2類,第1類為IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管不接觸或呈點(diǎn)狀接觸,第2類為IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管部分和大范圍重疊。第2類患者不能準(zhǔn)確判斷IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系,則進(jìn)一步拍攝CBCT后利用CS 3D imaging software軟件進(jìn)行三維重建和軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位層面分析確定骨埋伏、根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的關(guān)系,據(jù)此制訂拔牙方案,拔除IMTM。結(jié)果36例患者中曲面斷層全景片顯示為第1類14例,直接行IMTM拔除術(shù),均順利拔除,術(shù)后無下唇麻木癥狀;曲面斷層全景片顯示第2類22例,進(jìn)一步拍攝CBCT后應(yīng)用CS 3D imaging software進(jìn)行三維重建及軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位分析,精準(zhǔn)定位IMTM,制訂拔牙方案,均順利拔除,手術(shù)時(shí)間40~60 min;術(shù)后傷口均初期愈合,無感染、鄰牙損傷及下唇麻木等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。CBCT檢查顯示的IMTM根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管位置關(guān)系等與術(shù)中所見一致性高于曲面斷層全景片,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論與曲面斷層全景片比較,CBCT能精準(zhǔn)定位IMTM(尤其是曲面斷層全景片顯示與下牙槽神經(jīng)管重疊的患者),應(yīng)在臨床中廣泛應(yīng)用。
錐束計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影術(shù);圖像處理,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助;磨牙,第三/放射攝影術(shù);拔牙
下頜阻生第三磨牙(impacted mandibular third molar,IMTM)常引起智齒冠周炎、鄰牙齲壞及其他疾病,多需拔除。準(zhǔn)確分析和定位IMTM是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵,若分析和定位有誤則易造成下牙槽神經(jīng)損傷,占0.4%~9.8%[1-3]。傳統(tǒng)曲面斷層全景片存在二維重疊、變形和放大等局限性,在設(shè)計(jì)手術(shù)入路和制定拔牙方案時(shí)常顯不足??谇活M面錐形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)從三維角度(軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位)立體顯示IMTM位置和毗鄰關(guān)系,彌補(bǔ)了二維影像的缺陷,精準(zhǔn)定位IMTM,在拔除IMTM術(shù)前分析中具有重要作用[4]。本研究旨在探討CBCT在IMTM定位和拔除中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,并與曲面斷層全景片進(jìn)行比較,以期CBCT在臨床中被更廣泛地應(yīng)用。
1.1資料
1.1.1研究對象選取2014年5月至2015年4月西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科收治的擬拔除IMTM患者36例,其中男16例,女20例;年齡18~38歲,平均(25.48±5.36)歲。36例患者術(shù)前均拍攝曲面斷層全景片(Sirona Orthophos XG 5,德國)。
1.1.2納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(1)患者知情同意并自愿參加本研究;(2)通過口腔檢查和拍攝曲面斷層全景片確診有擬拔除的IMTM;(3)無拔牙禁忌證者。
1.2方法
1.2.1CBCT掃描及三維影像分析與術(shù)前拍攝曲面斷層全景片確診有擬拔除IMTM但不能具體定位的患者溝通后進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行CBCT檢查。應(yīng)用CS 3D imaging software軟件進(jìn)行顱頜面三維重建及軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位分析,獲得IMTM骨埋伏、根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系等,精準(zhǔn)定位IMTM,據(jù)此制訂拔牙方案。由西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科熟練掌握微創(chuàng)拔牙技術(shù)的醫(yī)生行IMTM拔除術(shù)。
1.2.2IMTM與鄰牙之間的CBCT圖像判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照Pell和Gregory根據(jù)牙在頜骨內(nèi)深度分為高、中、低位阻生,本研究僅探討低位阻生者,即IMTM最高部位低于鄰牙的牙頸部。參照Winter根據(jù)IMTM長軸與鄰牙長軸之間的位置關(guān)系分為垂直、水平、近中、頰向和舌向阻生。
1.2.3IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管之間的CBCT圖像判讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)術(shù)前拍攝曲面斷層全景片顯示IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管影像關(guān)系分為2類:第1類為IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管不接觸或呈點(diǎn)狀接觸,見圖1;第2類為IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管部分和大范圍,見圖2。第2類患者不能準(zhǔn)確判斷IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系,依據(jù)拍攝CBCT后由CS 3D imaging software軟件進(jìn)行各曲面觀察和分析并進(jìn)行分類。
1.2.3.1根據(jù)IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管的關(guān)系分為2類(垂直向)(1)下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁完整:軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位均顯示IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁不接觸或二者接觸但下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁完整;(2)下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁不完整:軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位至少有一個(gè)部位顯示IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁接觸,局部接觸部位的下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁中斷而不完整。
圖1 第1類曲面斷層全景片
圖2 第2類曲面斷層全景片
1.2.3.2根據(jù)IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁的位置關(guān)系分為4類(水平向)下牙槽神經(jīng)管位于IMTM下方、頰側(cè)、舌側(cè)、2根之間。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理應(yīng)用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,曲面斷層全景片、CBCT檢查與手術(shù)所見一致性比較應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn);檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):α=0.05。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1曲面斷層全景片、CBCT檢查與手術(shù)所見一致性比較36例患者中術(shù)前拍攝曲面斷層全景片顯示為第1 類14例(38.9%),第2類22例(61.1%),與22例患者溝通后均同意進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行CBCT檢查。22例患者中下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁完整8例(36.4%),下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁不完整14例(63.6%);下牙槽神經(jīng)管位于 IMTM下方 10例(45.5%),頰側(cè)6例(27.3%),舌側(cè)6例(27.3%)。CBCT檢查顯示的IMTM根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管位置關(guān)系等與術(shù)中所見一致性高于曲面斷層全景片,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
表1 曲面斷層全景片、CBCT檢查與手術(shù)所見一致性比較[n(%),n=22]
2.2手術(shù)情況共拔除IMTM 36顆。常規(guī)拍攝曲面斷層全景片后14例第1類患者直接行IMTM拔除術(shù),均順利拔除,術(shù)后無下唇麻木癥狀。22例第2類患者進(jìn)一步拍攝CBCT后應(yīng)用CS 3D imaging software進(jìn)行三維重建及軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位分析,精準(zhǔn)定位IMTM,制訂拔牙方案。22例患者均順利拔除,手術(shù)時(shí)間40~60min;術(shù)后傷口均初期愈合,無感染、鄰牙損傷及下唇麻木等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
2.3典型病例患者,男,22歲。因正畸轉(zhuǎn)診,要求拔除48到西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科就診。門診檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)48未萌出,口內(nèi)未見牙體組織,周圍牙齦無紅腫、壓痛。曲面斷層全景片顯示48為水平傾斜低位阻生,近中牙冠部分與47遠(yuǎn)中重疊,見圖3。48根尖部分與下牙槽神經(jīng)管大范圍重疊,見圖2C。僅根據(jù)曲面斷層全景片無法準(zhǔn)確分析和定位48骨埋伏、根分叉情況、與47和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系。與患者溝通后建議其進(jìn)行CBCT檢查。拍攝CBCT后通過CS3D imaging software三維重建和三維層面分析,見圖4、5,CBCT檢查顯示 48為水平傾斜低位阻生(完全性骨埋伏),雙根(融合);48牙冠毗鄰47遠(yuǎn)中根,47遠(yuǎn)中根存在吸收,具有鄰牙阻力;下牙槽神經(jīng)管壁完整,下牙槽神經(jīng)管位于48下方,二者最小間距處約0.5 mm。據(jù)此制訂拔牙方案:口內(nèi)消毒后右側(cè)下牙槽神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉、局部浸潤麻醉(加腎上腺素),47遠(yuǎn)中做角形切口,翻瓣,去骨,高速手機(jī)磨削分牙(解除鄰牙阻力),增隙,使用微創(chuàng)鋌,拔出48。整個(gè)手術(shù)過程中勿向根方用力推壓,拔出48后勿過度搔刮牙槽窩底部,填塞吸收性明膠海綿。切口常規(guī)縫合,手術(shù)時(shí)間約60 min,術(shù)后局部紗球壓迫,7 d后拆線見創(chuàng)口初期愈合,無鄰牙損傷及右下唇麻木等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
圖3 術(shù)前曲面斷層全景片
圖4 CBCT掃描重建圖像(三維重建及冠狀位)
圖5 CBCT掃描重建圖像(軸位、冠狀位及矢狀位)
3.1曲面斷層全景片的局限性臨床醫(yī)生常通過口腔檢查和曲面斷層全景片確診IMTM[5]。對下頜高位垂直阻生的IMTM拍攝曲面斷層全景片可達(dá)到確診及制訂拔牙方案的目的,但對下頜低位傾斜阻生的IMTM,特別是與下牙槽神經(jīng)管部分重疊者曲面斷層全景片存在二維重疊、變形和放大等局限性,加之曲面斷層全景片是由三維立體結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮而成,圖像模糊,難以判斷IMTM本身形態(tài)、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的關(guān)系[4,6-7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,曲面斷層全景片顯示38.9%患者IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管不接觸或呈點(diǎn)狀接觸(第1類),61.1%患者IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管部分或大范圍重疊(第2類)。對于第1類患者若拔牙術(shù)中用力適宜或未向根方用力推壓則術(shù)中僅有較小可能損傷下牙槽神經(jīng),因而,曲面斷層全景片可排除部分低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者。但對于IMTM與下牙槽神經(jīng)管重疊者,由于曲面斷層全景片的局限性,不能準(zhǔn)確定位IMTM,造成拔牙時(shí)手術(shù)切口及去骨范圍過大,甚至由于手術(shù)方式不當(dāng)造成鄰牙及下牙槽神經(jīng)管損傷[8]。延長了患者治療時(shí)間,增加了臨床醫(yī)生的工作強(qiáng)度?;颊咝g(shù)后出現(xiàn)下唇麻木癥狀,使患者心理留下口腔治療的陰影。故曲面斷層全景片在分析、拔牙方案的制訂及指導(dǎo)拔除復(fù)雜IMTM方面尚顯不足。
3.2CBCT的優(yōu)勢CBCT為醫(yī)生提供了患者復(fù)雜的三維顱頜面系統(tǒng)的解剖資料,并通過CS 3D imagingsoftware精準(zhǔn)地1∶1成像,避免了由于曲面斷層全景片分辨率低導(dǎo)致的診斷錯(cuò)誤和影像重疊帶來的手術(shù)方式不當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2,5,9]。CBCT是對整個(gè)顱頜面系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行360°旋轉(zhuǎn)掃描,每旋轉(zhuǎn)1°即可獲取一幅圖像,有效提高了射線利用率,從而獲取了整個(gè)顱頜面解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的三維信息,保證了解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的客觀性、真實(shí)性。與傳統(tǒng)螺旋CT比較,CBCT一次投照放射量只相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)CT的1/30~1/40[5]。應(yīng)用CS3D imaging software軟件分析能從軸位、冠狀位和矢狀位任意曲面觀察,同時(shí),也能根據(jù)醫(yī)生需求隨意進(jìn)行長軸和角度調(diào)整。故CBCT能提供個(gè)體化、客觀、真實(shí)的三維立體圖像,并可進(jìn)行360°分析、觀察。臨床上CBCT越來越廣泛地被用于精準(zhǔn)定位和分析IMTM,尤其是對曲面斷層全景片顯示與下牙槽神經(jīng)管重疊者。CBCT能指導(dǎo)醫(yī)生制訂拔牙方案,明確手術(shù)入路,避免手術(shù)操作的盲目性,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少鄰牙損傷及下唇麻木等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。符合21世紀(jì)微創(chuàng)外科、功能外科和數(shù)字外科的發(fā)展趨勢[9]。
3.3CBCT對IMTM診斷和拔除的意義與曲面斷層全景片比較,CBCT具有空間分辨率高、個(gè)性化三維重建和復(fù)雜解剖結(jié)構(gòu)任意層面分析等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[2,9]。在CBCT圖像分析中允許進(jìn)行容積范圍內(nèi)任意兩點(diǎn)的距離測量,準(zhǔn)確性較高。已有研究證實(shí),CBCT產(chǎn)生的3D圖像有解剖真實(shí)性(1∶1),可模擬手術(shù)入路確定手術(shù)范圍,減少手術(shù)難度和術(shù)中不必要的損傷,彌補(bǔ)了曲面斷層全景片的不足,尤其是在拔除曲面斷層全景片顯示與下牙槽神經(jīng)管重疊的骨埋伏阻生第三磨牙方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢[5,10]。主要表現(xiàn)在可準(zhǔn)確、直觀地分析IMTM在頜骨內(nèi)的深度、根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系等,并通過動態(tài)圖像觀察,可幫助臨床醫(yī)生確定手術(shù)路徑[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CBCT檢查顯示的IMTM根分叉情況、與鄰牙和與下牙槽神經(jīng)管位置關(guān)系等與術(shù)中所見一致性高于曲面斷層全景片,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與其他研究結(jié)果相似[12-15]。
綜上所述,CBCT掃描及其相應(yīng)的三維處理軟件(如CS 3D imaging software)能獲得直觀、動態(tài)、完整的顱頜面三維重建圖像和任意曲面的圖像,可準(zhǔn)確定位和分析IMTM骨埋伏、根分叉情況、與鄰牙和下牙槽神經(jīng)管的位置關(guān)系。CBCT可為IMTM的拔除與否提供可靠的臨床依據(jù);并可在軟件上模擬手術(shù)入路,避免手術(shù)操作的盲目性,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,提高手術(shù)成功率,降低鄰牙損傷和下唇麻木(除IMTM已累及下牙槽神經(jīng)管外)等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,達(dá)到微創(chuàng)拔牙的目的。因此,CBCT在IMTM拔除過程中可作為IMTM定位和分析的精準(zhǔn)檢查手段,應(yīng)更多地被推廣應(yīng)用。
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Application value of cone-beam CT in extraction of impacted mandibular third molar*
Li Kaiyongl,Li Yong2,Zhao Wei2,Li Mingxia3,Xiao Jingang2△(l.Department of Stomatology,Deyang Municipal Fifth People′s Hospital,Sichuan 6l8000,China;2.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan 646000,China;3.Department of Radiology,Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan 646000,China)
ObjectiveTo study the application value of cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)in the location and extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(IMTM).MethodsThirty-six patients planning to extract IMTM in the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University from May 2014 to April 2015 were selected and took the surface fault panoramic radiograph before operation.The patients were divided into the class 1 and 2 according to the relation between IMTM and position of inferior alveolar neural tube displayed by the surface fault panoramic radiograph.The class 1 was the non-touch or point-like touch of IMTM and inferior alveolar neural tube.The class 2 was partial or large range of overlap of IMTM and inferior alveolar neural tube.The position relation between IMTM and inferior alveolar neural tube could not be accurately judged in the patients with class 2,then CBCT was further taken.After that the CS 3D imaging software was used to conduct the three dimensional reconstruction and axial,coronal and sagittal position layer analysis for determining the condition of bone ambush and root furcation and the relation between the adjacent teeth and the inferior alveolar neural tube.The teeth extraction scheme was accordingly formulated for extracting IMTM.ResultsIn 36 cases of IMTM,14 cases were the class 1 displayed by the surface fault panoramic radiograph and directly performed IMTM extraction,all cases were successfully extracted without the inferior lip numbness symptom after operation;22 cases were the class 2 displayed by the surface fault panoramic radiograph,after taking further CBCT,the CS 3D imaging software was used to conduct the three dimensional reconstruction and axial,coronal and sagittal position layer analysis for precisely locating IMTM.The extraction scheme was formulated and IMTM was successfully extracted with the operation time of 40-60 min;postoperative wound had the early healing without the occurrence of complications such as infection,adjacent teeth damage and inferior lip numbness.The consistency of IMTM root furcation condition,its relation with adjacent teeth and inferior alveolar neural tube displayed by CBTB examination with the intraoperative findings was higher than the surface fault panoramic radiograph,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with the surface fault panoramic radiograph,CBCT can precisely locate IMTM(especially the patients with the inferior alveolar neural tube overlap displayed by the surface fault panoramic radiograph),which should be widely used in clinic.
Cone-beam computed tomography;Image processing,computer-assisted;Molar,third/radiography;Tooth extraction
10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2016.17.004
A
1009-5519(2016)17-2630-04
四川省科技廳項(xiàng)目(2014JY0044);四川省教育廳項(xiàng)目(10ZB030);四川省衛(wèi)生廳項(xiàng)目(80170)。
李開勇(1974-),主治醫(yī)師,主要從事口腔臨床研究。
,E-mail:drxiaojg@sohu.com。
2016-04-28)