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青春早期SD雌性大鼠在阿霉素腎病模型過程中生長發(fā)育的變化

2016-09-15 03:13劉俊朝和永瑞薛媛媛孫雯俞建汪永紅時(shí)毓民
關(guān)鍵詞:阿霉素雌性腎病

劉俊朝, 和永瑞, 薛媛媛, 孫雯, 俞建, 汪永紅, 時(shí)毓民

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實(shí)驗(yàn)論著

青春早期SD雌性大鼠在阿霉素腎病模型過程中生長發(fā)育的變化

劉俊朝,和永瑞,薛媛媛,孫雯,俞建,汪永紅,時(shí)毓民

目的觀察青春早期SD雌性大鼠在阿霉素腎病模型過程中生長發(fā)育的變化。方法選取4周齡SPF級(jí)雌性SD大鼠10只,隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組各5只。觀察組大鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈注射阿霉素6.5 mg/kg制備腎病模型,對(duì)照組大鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈注射等量生理鹽水。觀察阿霉素注射后1、2、3、4周SD大鼠體質(zhì)量、子宮濕重、頭尾長、脛骨長度變化及測定24 h尿蛋白;透射電鏡下觀察足細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化;放射免疫法分析血清雌二醇(E2)、促黃體生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF-1)、胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白3(IGFBP-3)的變化。結(jié)果阿霉素注射后4周青春早期SD雌性大鼠尿蛋白顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。青春期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后足細(xì)胞足突融合逐漸加劇,在阿霉素注射后4周雌性SD大鼠腎小球足細(xì)胞足突出現(xiàn)廣泛融合。觀察組體質(zhì)量在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周減輕逐漸加劇,與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組頭尾長在阿霉素注射后4周較對(duì)照組明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組脛骨長度和子宮濕重在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周后與對(duì)照組比較無明顯減少,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。觀察組血清LH、FSH、E2、IGF-1和IGFBP-3在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周與對(duì)照組比較無明顯改變,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素腎病模型過程中未出現(xiàn)明顯的生長發(fā)育遲滯,血清生長相關(guān)激素和性激素分泌未出現(xiàn)明顯降低。

腎病綜合征;青春早期;阿霉素腎?。簧L發(fā)育;大鼠

原發(fā)腎病綜合征是兒童最常見腎臟疾病,激素是治療腎病綜合征的主要藥物,生長遲緩是腎病綜合征兒童面臨的一個(gè)重要問題,但患兒生長遲緩是否與激素有關(guān)存在不同觀點(diǎn),本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過觀察青春早期SD雌性大鼠在阿霉素腎病模型過程中的生長發(fā)育,了解阿霉素腎病過程中青春早期SD雌性大鼠的生長發(fā)育變化是否與疾病本身有關(guān)。

1 材料與方法

1.1材料SPF級(jí)雌性SD大鼠10只,4周齡,體質(zhì)量70~80 g,購于斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào)為SYXK(滬)2010-0098;10只SD大鼠按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對(duì)照組各5只。

1.2方法青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病模型的建立:觀察組大鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈注射阿霉素(Pharmacia&Upjohn)6.5 mg/kg,對(duì)照組大鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈注射等量生理鹽水;分別觀察阿霉素注射后1、2、3、4周SD大鼠體質(zhì)量、子宮濕重、頭尾長、脛骨長度變化;留取1、2、3、4周SD大鼠24 h尿液用于測量24 h尿蛋白。

取SD大鼠腎皮質(zhì),切1 mm×1 mm×1 mm大小,放入戊二醛固定,然后依次鋨酸固定、梯度乙醇脫水、環(huán)氧樹脂包埋、超薄切片、醋酸-雙氧鈾和枸櫞酸鉛染色,透射電鏡下觀察足細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化。

放射免疫法:用放射免疫法測定血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、促黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、促卵泡生成素(follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)、胰島素樣生長因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)、胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3,IGFBP-3)水平,將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品和大鼠血清、標(biāo)記抗原和抗血清依次加入試管中,37 ℃下孵育,然后加入二抗,混勻,室溫下孵育后在4 ℃ 3 500 r/min離心,離心半徑8 cm,棄上清,用計(jì)數(shù)儀測定血清計(jì)數(shù)/分(cpm)值,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計(jì)算各標(biāo)本濃度。

2 結(jié)果

2.1青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病過程中尿蛋白變化見表1。

表1 阿霉素注射后青春早期雌性SD大鼠在不同時(shí)間尿蛋白的變化

注:與對(duì)照組比較,at=10.42,P<0.05。

表1結(jié)果表明,阿霉素注射后1、2、3周青春早期雌性SD大鼠尿蛋白無明顯增加,與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);阿霉素注射后4周青春早期SD雌性大鼠尿蛋白顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.2透射電鏡下青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病過程中足細(xì)胞損傷情況見圖1。

圖1 青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后不同時(shí)間內(nèi)腎小球足細(xì)胞損傷程度的比較(透射電鏡×3 500)

圖1可見青春期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后足細(xì)胞足突融合逐漸加劇,在阿霉素注射后4周雌性SD大鼠腎小球足細(xì)胞足突出現(xiàn)廣泛融合。

2.3青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病過程中的生長發(fā)育SD大鼠阿霉素腎病中的體質(zhì)量和子宮濕重變化見表2。頭尾長和脛骨長度變化見表3。

表2 青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病中的體質(zhì)量和子宮濕重變化±s,g)

注:與對(duì)照組比較,at=2.66,3.88,3.71,P<0.05。

表3 青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病中頭尾長和脛骨長度變化±s,cm)

注:與對(duì)照組比較,at=2.99,P<0.05。

表2,3結(jié)果表明,觀察組體質(zhì)量在阿霉素注射后1周較對(duì)照組無明顯減輕,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而在2、3、4周體質(zhì)量的減輕逐漸加劇,與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組頭尾長在阿霉素注射后1、2、3周與對(duì)照組比較無明顯減少,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但在4周較對(duì)照組明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組脛骨長度和子宮濕重在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周后與對(duì)照組比較無明顯減少,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

2.4青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素腎病過程中性激素及生長相關(guān)激素的變化見表4,5。

表4 青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病中血清LH、FSH和E2變化±s)

表5 青春早期雌性SD大鼠阿霉素腎病中血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3變化

表4,5結(jié)果表明,觀察組血清E2、LH、FSH、IGF-1、IGFBP-3在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周與對(duì)照組比較無明顯改變,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

3 討論

腎病綜合征是兒童最常見的腎臟疾病,部分患兒最終身高受到影響,有研究認(rèn)為激素敏感的腎病綜合征患兒長期激素治療對(duì)男孩身高影響較大,而對(duì)女孩身高無明顯影響[1]。

本研究選擇青春早期SD雌性大鼠,通過觀察阿霉素腎病模型病程中雌性SD大鼠的生長發(fā)育情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)青春早期SD雌性大鼠在阿霉素注射后4周尿蛋白最明顯,體質(zhì)量隨著時(shí)間的延長減輕越明顯,青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后第4周后的頭尾長明顯小于對(duì)照組,青春早期雌性SD大鼠脛骨長度在阿霉素注射后的4周內(nèi)較對(duì)照組無明顯減少。

Skrzypczyk等[2]研究顯示,61例腎病綜合征隨訪患兒中,激素治療后女孩的月經(jīng)初潮年齡平均在(12.9±1.4)歲,本研究顯示青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后2、3、4周大鼠子宮濕重較對(duì)照組無明顯減輕。

女孩生殖系統(tǒng)在下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸作用下發(fā)育成熟,下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸包括下丘腦、垂體、卵巢、子宮、輸卵管,各器官彼此之間存在信號(hào)反饋。下丘腦-垂體-卵巢系統(tǒng)在妊娠12周已經(jīng)形成,至出生時(shí)已經(jīng)具有完整的功能[3-4];下丘腦在青春期發(fā)育過程中具有重要作用,下丘腦分泌的GnRH調(diào)控FSH、LH分泌,下丘腦結(jié)節(jié)中的弓狀核內(nèi)分泌GnRH的神經(jīng)元數(shù)目最多[5],兒童期間歇性分泌少量GnRH,使血清LH、FSH含量很低,至青春期,GnRH分泌增加,導(dǎo)致LH、FSH水平增加,而FSH、LH直接作用于性腺,促進(jìn)卵泡發(fā)育成熟[6-7]。GH-IGF軸在胚胎和生后的過程中參與調(diào)控了機(jī)體的生長和代謝,GH與跨膜受體結(jié)合后進(jìn)一步調(diào)控IGF-1基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,循環(huán)中IGFBPs將循環(huán)中IGFs轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至相關(guān)組織中發(fā)揮IGFs的作用,其中IGFBP-3和IGF-1結(jié)合后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)IGF-1至組織中發(fā)揮IGF-1的作用,而IGF-1在調(diào)控骨骼發(fā)育中起關(guān)鍵作用[8-11]。本研究進(jìn)一步分析了青春早期雌性SD大鼠在阿霉素注射后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)生長發(fā)育激素的變化,結(jié)果顯示阿霉素注射后2、3、4周青春早期雌性SD大鼠血清LH、FSH、E2、IGF-1、IGFBP-3較對(duì)照組均無明顯降低。

綜上所述,青春早期SD大鼠在注射阿霉素后的發(fā)病過程中生長發(fā)育未發(fā)生明顯延緩,血清LH、FSH、E2、IGF-1、IGFBP-3未發(fā)生明顯變化。

[1]Rees L,Greene SA,Adlard P,et al.Growth and endocrine function in steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome[J].Arch Dis Child,1988,63(5):484-490.

[2]Skrzypczyk P,Panczyk-Tomaszewska M,Roszkowska-Blaim M,et al.Long-term outcomes in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome:from childhood to adulthood[J].Clin Nephrol,2014,81(3):166-173.

[3]Schwanzel-Fukuda M,Crossin KL,Pfaff DW,et al.Migration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone(LHRH) neurons in early human embryos[J].J Comp Neurol,1996,366(3):547-557.

[4]Terasawa EL,Fernandez DL.Neurobiology mechanisms of the onset of puberty in primates[J].Endocr Rev,2001,22(1):111-151.

[5]Okamura H,Tsukamura H,Ohkura S,et al.Kisspeptin and GnRH pulse generation[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2013,784:297-323.

[6]Berkovich N,Corriero A,Santamaria N,et al.Intra-pituitary relationship of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during pubertal development in Atlantic bluefin tuna(Thunnus thynnus)[J].Gen Comp Endocrinol,2013,194C:10-23.

[7]Nett TM,Turzillo AM,Baratta M,et al.Pituitary effects of steroid hormones on secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2002,23(1-2):33-42.

[8]Han VK,Lund PK,Lee DC,et al.Expression of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus:identification,characterization,and tissue distribution[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1988,66(2):422-429.

[9]Lowe WL Jr,Lasky SR,LeRoith D,et al.Distribution and regulation of rat insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids encoding alternative carboxyterminal E-peptides:evidence for differential processing and regulation in liver[J].Mol Endocrinol,1988,2(6):528-535.

[10]Jones JI,Clemmons DR.Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins:biological actions[J].Endocr Rev,1995,16(1):3-34.

[11]D′Ercole AJ,Ye P,Calikoglu AS,et al.The role of insulin-like growth factors in the central nervous system[J].Mol Neurobiol,1996,13(3):227-255.

(本文編輯:劉穎)

Development and growth of female rats in early puberty with adriamycin-induced nephropathy

LIUJunchao,HEYongrui,XUEYuanyuan,SUNWen,YUJian,WANGYonghong,SHIYumin.

Children'sHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai201102,China.

ObjectiveTo observe the development and growth of female SD rats in early puberty with adriamycin-induced nephropathy.MethodsTen SPF female SD rats, 4-week old, were randomly divided into experimental(5 rats) and control group(5 rats). The rats in experimental group were injected with adriamycin via the tail vein at the dosage of 6.5 mg/kg; the rats in the control group were injected with normal saline via the tail vein. The body weight, uterine wet weight, head-tail length, and tibia length were measured and 24h urinary protein was determined once a week for 4 weeks after injection. Ultrastructural change of podocytes was observed by transmission electron microscope. Serum level of estradiol(E2), luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3(IGFBP-3) were measured by radioimmunoassay.ResultsUrinary protein of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group at the 4thweek after adriamycin injection(P<0.05). Podocyte foot process effacement was extensive at the 4thweek after adriamycin injection. Body weight of the experimental group was more significantly decreased than that of the control group at 2nd, 3rdand 4thweek after adriamycin injection than that of the control group(P<0.05). Head-tail length of the experimental group was significantly reduced compared with the control group(P<0.05) at the 4thweek after adriamycin injection, while tibia length and uterine wet weight showed no significant reduction after adriamycin injection compared with the control group(P>0.05). The serum level of LH, FSH, E2, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the experiment group at the 2nd, 3rdand 4thweek after adriamycin injection was not significantly changed compared with the control group(P>0.05).ConclusionFemale SD rats in early puberty with adriamycin-induced nephropathy do not have obvious growth and development retardation; serum growth hormone and sex hormones are not significantly reduced.

Nephrotic syndrome;Early puberty;Adriamycin-induced nephropathy;Development and growth;Rat

國家自然科學(xué)基金(81574022)

201102 上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院中醫(yī)科

劉俊朝(1974-),男,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:兒童腎臟疾病的中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療

俞建,E-mail:yuj@shmu.edu.cn

10.3969/j.issn.1674-3865.2016.04.004

R726.9

A

1674-3865(2016)04-0383-04

2016-03-18)

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