劉娟 綜述 徐鋼 王曉卿 審校
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·綜 述·
雙重打擊彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的臨床病理研究進(jìn)展
劉娟①②綜述徐鋼②王曉卿②審校
摘要彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是一種具有高度異質(zhì)性的淋巴造血系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,目前用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案治療的多數(shù)DLBCL患者可以被治愈,但仍有30%~40%的DLBCL患者治療后復(fù)發(fā)或難以治愈而死亡。雙重打擊淋巴瘤(double-hit lymphoma,DHL)主要發(fā)生于DLBCL及介于DLBCL和伯基特淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma,BL)之間無法分類的B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(B-cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt's lymphoma,BCLU)為生存期短、預(yù)后差、易復(fù)發(fā)的一種獨(dú)特類型,是近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)。雖然BCLU更容易發(fā)生DHL,但DLBCL是DHL最常見的淋巴瘤,因此本文旨在對雙重打擊彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(double hit-DLBCL,DH-DLBCL)的流行病學(xué)和臨床特征、診斷、分子遺傳學(xué)及其治療和預(yù)后特點(diǎn)等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞雙重打擊彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤分子遺傳學(xué)治療預(yù)后
彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是最常見的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL),通過基因表達(dá)譜(gene expression profiling,GEP),DLBCL根據(jù)細(xì)胞來源分為2個(gè)主要的亞型:生發(fā)中心B細(xì)胞型(germinal center B-cell like,GCB)和活化B細(xì)胞型(activated B-cell like,ABC)?,F(xiàn)已證實(shí)通過加入利妥昔單抗(rituximab,R)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療,DLBCL的治療療效得到改善,GCB型比ABC型有更好的預(yù)后[1]。但Savage等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)GCB型DLBCL存在MYC基因重排時(shí),5年無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和總生存期(overall survival,OS)均下降一半以上,若還伴有Bcl-2或Bcl-6基因重排,預(yù)后則更差。根據(jù)2008年世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)造血與淋巴組織腫瘤分類,將具有MYC和Bcl-2或Bcl-6、CCND1、Bcl-3等基因易位的侵襲性B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤定義為“雙重打擊”淋巴瘤(double-hit lymphoma,DHL),且將同時(shí)具有三者易位的稱為“三重打擊”淋巴瘤(triple-hit lymphoma,THL),甚至非常罕見的“四重打擊”淋巴瘤(fourthhit lymphoma,F(xiàn)HL)[3],統(tǒng)稱為多重打擊淋巴瘤(mutilplehit lymphoma,MHL),其中以DHL最為常見。DHL臨床行為具有高度侵襲性,化療效果差,無論是否積極治療,中位生存期僅0.2~1.5年[4]。因此加強(qiáng)對雙重打擊彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(double hit-DLBCL,DH-DLBCL)的認(rèn)識有利于指導(dǎo)臨床治療和對預(yù)后的判斷。
Aukema等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MYC基因重排存在于3%~16%的DLBCL中,伴有DHL的DLBCL僅約0~12%,且DLBCL伴DHL的檢出率有所上升。Barrans等[5]采用熒光原位雜交技術(shù)(FISH)檢測303例DLBCL,發(fā)現(xiàn)MYC基因重排的發(fā)生率為14%(43/303),其中DHL為11%(33/303),THL為34%(103/303)。DHL臨床過程多為高度侵襲性,患者中位年齡為51~65歲[4],極少發(fā)生于未成年人,男性多見[6]?;颊叱1憩F(xiàn)為DLBCL癥狀,肝、脾、縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大,伴胸腔積液、咳嗽、胸痛等。病變常累及淋巴結(jié)外,以骨髓、外周血、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等受累多見,Ann Arbor分期多為Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期,高血清乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH),高?;蛑懈呶H預(yù)后指數(shù)(international prognostic index,IPI),平均生存期為0.5~1.5年[4],即使經(jīng)過非常積極的免疫聯(lián)合化療,多數(shù)患者的中位生存期仍<12個(gè)月[7]。Snuderl等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DHL的LDH水平和骨髓侵犯比例顯著高于普通的DLBCL,多為GCB型,核型復(fù)雜。
DH-DLBCL病理組織形態(tài)學(xué)無特異性,根據(jù)WHO的定義,只有經(jīng)過分子遺傳學(xué)的方法如FISH檢測出MYC、Bcl-2和Bcl-6等基因的易位才能診斷為DH-DLBCL。而通過免疫組織化學(xué)技術(shù)(IHC)檢測出的MYC和Bcl-2/Bcl-6蛋白過表達(dá),稱為雙表達(dá)淋巴瘤(double expression lymphoma,DEL),DHL與DEL的預(yù)后都比DLBCL差。來自加拿大和丹麥的兩項(xiàng)研究[9-10]發(fā)現(xiàn)DHL的FISH檢出率(約為6%)遠(yuǎn)低于IHC檢測為DEL的檢出率(21%和29%),DHL患者多數(shù)為GCB來源,而DEL多數(shù)為ABC來源[11],說明DHL與DEL的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能存在較明顯的差異。另外,IHC檢測技術(shù)的影響因素較多,最佳陽性界值難以統(tǒng)一確定,目前研究報(bào)道中MYC蛋白的截?cái)啵╟ut-off)值有10%,40%,50%,而Bcl-2的cut-off值在50%~70%[9-10,12-16]。因此,目前尚不能以IHC代替FISH來診斷DHL。FISH檢測MYC基因有斷裂和融合兩種探針,前者敏感性強(qiáng),而融合探針能夠檢測出斷裂探針的遺漏。因此,李俊波等[17]建議行FISH檢測篩出MHL時(shí),可先行MYC斷裂探針檢測,若為陰性,再行MYC融合探針,然后再將MYC陽性的行Bcl-2和Bcl-6基因檢測。
近期有研究提出結(jié)合臨床特征、病理形態(tài)和免疫表型來篩查,最后用FISH技術(shù)確定DHL的診斷[8]。Snuderl等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bcl-2和MUM-1蛋白表達(dá)、Ki-67值<95%以及EBER(-)對于鑒別DHL和伯基特淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma,BL)有一定意義,并建議在以下幾種情況時(shí)行FISH檢測:1)晚期高級別;2)有結(jié)外或中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累;3)LDH在正常值3倍以上;4)非特指型DLBCL成年患者Ki-67值>80%;5)由低級別濾泡性淋巴瘤轉(zhuǎn)化的高級別B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤。目前DHL尚無統(tǒng)一確切的診斷流程,因此建立一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的篩查流程是臨床亟需的,對于臨床早診斷早治療有相當(dāng)重要的價(jià)值。
隨著研究的深入和技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,與DLBCL相關(guān)的多種分子異常逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn),這不僅加強(qiáng)對于DLBCL發(fā)病機(jī)制的認(rèn)識,而且對于DLBCL的預(yù)后具有重要的意義,甚至有可能推進(jìn)DLBCL的進(jìn)一步分子分型。
MYC原癌基因位于染色體8q24,參與調(diào)節(jié)人類10%以上的基因,在多種腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)錄、增殖、分化、凋亡等病理生理過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。MYC基因的異常表達(dá)可阻止細(xì)胞分化而引起細(xì)胞活化,活化的MYC可以作為原癌基因參與腫瘤的形成及發(fā)展。在淋巴瘤調(diào)控中,MYC基因最常見的活化方式是染色體易位,在生發(fā)中心的形成和維護(hù)中起著不可或缺的作用。研究表明,MYC基因異常可見于多種B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤中,包括BL、DLBCL、BCLU、大細(xì)胞化的濾泡性淋巴瘤及B淋巴母細(xì)胞淋巴瘤等,其中MYC基因驅(qū)動的淋巴瘤原型是BL的8q24染色體與14q32染色體易位,而在DLBCL中,約10%的患者有MYC基因易位,對DLBCL的發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后有重要的影響。MYC基因易位患者的OS顯著低于非MYC基因易位者,而PFS無明顯改變,這一現(xiàn)象在GCB型DLBCL患者中更加明顯[17-18]。Savage等[18]還指出MYC基因易位患者更易伴有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)發(fā)。
在DLBCL中,Bcl-6基因易位最為常見,該基因位于3q27區(qū)域[19],Bcl-6涉及抑制細(xì)胞分化和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。Bcl-6基因編碼一種與幾個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子具有同源性的鋅指蛋白[20],此蛋白對于GCB的形成和維持GCB的存活有著重要的生理作用,對于免疫應(yīng)答很重要。因此,Bcl-6基因易位會導(dǎo)致諸多細(xì)胞生理狀態(tài)的失調(diào),同時(shí)阻礙分化,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)腫瘤[21]。有研究提示22.1%~42.9%的DLBCL病例攜帶Bcl-6基因易位[12-14]。Perry等[14]研究指出Bcl-6易位主要發(fā)生在non-GCB型DLBCL,并且Akyurek等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)Bcl-6基因易位能影響患者的OS,而對PFS則無明顯影響,且這在non-GCB型DLBCL患者中更顯著。
Bcl-2基因?yàn)榭沟蛲龌?,位?8q21,可以抑制線粒體的凋亡[23],是DLBCL中發(fā)生染色體易位的另一個(gè)常見位點(diǎn)。Bcl-2/IGH是Bcl-2的主要分子生物學(xué)改變,t(14;18)(q32;q21)易位導(dǎo)致BCL-2基因融合到IG重鏈的增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域。在正常淋巴結(jié)中Bcl-2表達(dá)于初級淋巴濾泡的生發(fā)中心前期B細(xì)胞(套細(xì)胞)和反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞,當(dāng)B細(xì)胞進(jìn)入次級淋巴濾泡的生發(fā)中心后下調(diào),在抗體親和力成熟過程中,Bcl-2表達(dá)再次上調(diào)使B細(xì)胞免于凋亡,引起B(yǎng)cl-2基因蛋白產(chǎn)物過量累積而發(fā)生癌變[24]。約70%Bcl-2易位的患者高表達(dá)Bcl-2蛋白,Johnson等[25]研究顯示Bcl-2陽性表達(dá)患者的OS明顯低于Bcl-2陰性患者,而Akyurek等[22]研究顯示Bcl-2基因易位與PFS、OS沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。實(shí)際上,隨著利妥昔單抗的引入,已克服Bcl-2和Bcl-6不良的預(yù)后價(jià)值[26]。
當(dāng)MYC易位與其它基因易位,如Bcl-2或Bcl-6同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),誘發(fā)的淋巴瘤即為具有獨(dú)特生物學(xué)特性和高度侵襲性的DHL。MYC/Bcl-2型DHL是由于B細(xì)胞在經(jīng)過生發(fā)中心時(shí)暴露于高水平的激活誘導(dǎo)胞啶脫氨酶,使MYC和IgH之間發(fā)生染色體易位而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生。MYC/Bcl-6型DHL是由于變異后的Bcl-6對MYC突變的抑制作用失效最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞存活及異常增殖。目前多項(xiàng)研究提示,MYC/Bcl-2型DHL存在于3%~13%的DLBCL中[27],而MYC/Bcl-6型DHL和MYC/Bcl-2/Bcl-6的THL均少見[28-31]。
無論是雙重打擊還是雙重表達(dá)DLBCL,都是侵襲性淋巴瘤,而目前諸多的研究都表明,患者R-CHOP方案治療無明顯療效且OS短[17,32]。DHL與BL相似,都存在MYC基因重排,而BL采用激進(jìn)的化療方案取得較好的治療效果。因此,有臨床醫(yī)師采用治療BL的方案如Hyper-CVAD,CODOX-M/IVAC以及EPOCH等來治療DHL,也采用自體造血干細(xì)胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,AHSCT)作為鞏固治療。在Oki等[33]回顧性分析中,有129例DHL患者接受R-CHOP、R-EPOCH、R-HyperCVAD/MA等方案的治療。結(jié)果顯示,R-EPOCH方案的療效更好,并且該研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)移植鞏固治療的益處。另一項(xiàng)來自北美的311例DHL的回顧性分析中,治療方案包括R-CHOP、R-HyperCVAD、R-CODOX-M/IVAC以及DA-EPOCH-R。分析顯示,接受高劑量方案的患者的中位PFS為21.6個(gè)月,顯著優(yōu)于接受R-CHOP方案患者的中位PFS 7.8個(gè)月(P= 0.001)[27],但兩組患者的OS無差異,并且各種高劑量化療方案之間無明顯差異。需要指出的是,DH-DLBCL患者的中位年齡偏大,對高強(qiáng)度化療方案的耐受性較差,效果也不明顯。因此,DA-EPOCH-R方案因其有較好的耐受性而被臨床高度重視,而且,有研究顯示DA-EPOCH-R方案能夠克服MYC重排的不良預(yù)后因素[34]。目前,DA-EPOCH-R治療DHL的前瞻性多中心研究正在進(jìn)行中。俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示,決定患者治療結(jié)局的最重要的因素并不是這些患者是否表現(xiàn)為MHL,而是這些患者是否得到完全緩解(complete response,CR),并表示DA-EPOCH-R方案的CR顯著高于R-CHOP和其他替代方案,發(fā)生疾病原發(fā)難治的概率也顯著低于其他;在對所有患者進(jìn)行4年的隨訪之后,幾乎所有在初始治療中得到CR的患者均生存著,而沒有獲得CR的患者幾乎無一幸存[34]。還有一些研究提示THL或FHL較DHL預(yù)后更差[34-35],但這些研究病例數(shù)較少、缺乏統(tǒng)一的治療方案,因此并不能確定其對生存的影響力。
關(guān)于DH-DLBCL的最佳治療策略仍需前瞻性臨床研究的探索。Cinar等[36]體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)MYC抑制劑(10058-F4,JQ-1)和Bcl-2抑制劑(ABT-199)能夠抑制DHL及THL細(xì)胞株的生長。有研究表示Bcl-2抑制劑ABT-263能增加具有t(14;18)和t(8;14)的雙重打擊細(xì)胞對傳統(tǒng)化療藥物的敏感性[37];Hatakeyama等[38]研究表明Max與泛素連接酶E3的融合蛋白Max-U能特異性抑制MYC表達(dá),減少腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。這些新型靶向藥物的應(yīng)用將有希望提高DHL的治療療效。
目前,還沒有明確的DHL預(yù)后影響因素,基因異常、病理學(xué)分型、侵襲性的臨床特征、年齡等均可能與預(yù)后有關(guān)。Johnson等[25]研究顯示,DHL患者的OS僅為0.3年,與DLBCL患者的3年相比顯著降低。到目前為止,尚缺少單純就病理學(xué)分型對DHL患者預(yù)后分析的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。大多數(shù)DHL患者的IPI評分為中高危組或高危組。Akyurek等[22]在對IPI評分、臨床分期、不同基因異常進(jìn)行多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),IPI評分、MYC基因易位是促成患者OS低的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,其中IPI評分也是患者PFS降低的不良因素。Snuderl等[8]認(rèn)為,ECOG PS≥2分也是MHL患者預(yù)后不良因素,經(jīng)多因素分析還發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡是影響患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,60歲以上患者比60歲及以下患者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高達(dá)2.7倍。另外,既往有DLBCL病史、無骨髓侵犯的DHL患者預(yù)后較好[25]。
綜上所述,目前對于DHL的診斷和治療仍然是一個(gè)巨大挑戰(zhàn)。FISH檢測是公認(rèn)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而更加深入的研究DHL不良預(yù)后分子機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)篩選DHL的高危人群,建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的篩選流程是今后研究努力的方向。DHL最佳治療方案不明確,DA-EPOCH-R或許是迄今最普遍認(rèn)可的化療方案,而分子靶向抑制劑聯(lián)合更有效的治療方案是未來的研究方向。
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(2016-03-10收稿)
(2016-05-04修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳校對:武斌)
Research progress on clinical pathology for double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Juan LIU1,2,Gang XU2,Xiaoqing WANG2
Correspondence to:Gang XU;E-mail:xug0124@sina.com
1Zunyi Medical College,Zunyi 563000,China;2Department of Pathology,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital,Chengdu 610072,China
AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor in lymphatic and hematopoietic systems. The majority of the DLBCL patients can be cured with standard chemotherapy,but around 30%to 40%of these patients can suffer from relapse and die from the disease.Double-hit lymphoma(DHL)is an unclassifiable tumor that mainly forms in DLBCL and B-cell lymphoma.The features of this tumor resemble those of DLBCL and Burkitt's lymphoma(BCLU),including short survival time,poor prognosis,and easy relapse.Given these unique characteristics,DHL has attracted much research attention over the years.Although BCLUs are more prone to DHL,DLBCL is the most common lymphoma in DHL.Accordingly,this review focuses on the epidemiology,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,molecular genetics,treatment,and prognosis of double-hit DLBCL.
Keywords:double-hit,DLBCL,molecular genetics,treatment,prognosis
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.12.281
作者單位:①遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院(貴州省遵義市563000);②四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院四川省人民醫(yī)院病理科
通信作者:徐鋼xug0124@sina.com
作者簡介
劉娟專業(yè)方向?yàn)榱馨驮煅到y(tǒng)腫瘤臨床病理研究。
E-mail:djyliuj@163.com
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