周原 陸才德
·述評·
DNA甲基化作為診斷標(biāo)記物在胰腺癌診斷中的研究進(jìn)展
周原 陸才德
315041 寧波,寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院(周原);305040寧波,寧波市醫(yī)療中心李惠利醫(yī)院(陸才德)
【摘要】胰腺癌是臨床上常見預(yù)后不良的惡性腫瘤之一。目前關(guān)于胰腺癌發(fā)病的相關(guān)分子機(jī)制尚未完全的闡明,這在很大程度阻礙了胰腺癌的診斷及治療方面的發(fā)展。表觀遺傳學(xué)改變在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制中起著重要的作用,而DNA甲基化是主要的表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾之一。異常的啟動子DNA甲基化可以出現(xiàn)在胰腺癌的各個(gè)階段,而且能在患者的血漿或血清標(biāo)本中檢測到這些異常變化。該文總結(jié)了近年來關(guān)于DNA甲基化在胰腺癌診斷方面的研究進(jìn)展,旨在討論DNA甲基化在胰腺癌診斷中的價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】DNA甲基化;胰腺癌;表觀遺傳學(xué)
胰腺癌是消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤中進(jìn)展較快、病死率較高的腫瘤之一。盡管有10%~20%的患者在發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌時(shí)仍有手術(shù)機(jī)會,但術(shù)后的5年生存率也僅有15%~25%[1]。所以深入探究胰腺癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制,為胰腺癌的診療提供新思路與新方法是非常必要的。在過去的幾十年中,研究者在基因、蛋白質(zhì)的異常表達(dá)和腫瘤活檢組織微小RNA檢測方面做了大量的研究[2]。近年來,隨著研究者對表觀遺傳學(xué)引起重視,DNA甲基化與胰腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的相關(guān)性逐漸成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。DNA甲基化是一種表觀遺傳學(xué)的改變,參與了細(xì)胞的許多生理活動,比如X染色體的失活、細(xì)胞衰老和腫瘤的發(fā)生等[3-4]。已有學(xué)者提出由于一些抑癌基因啟動子區(qū)CpG島的異常甲基化,可以導(dǎo)致該基因表達(dá)下調(diào)或沉默,最終參與胰腺癌的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展[5]。
一、DNA甲基化在胰腺癌發(fā)病中的分子機(jī)制
就人類的基因組來說,至少有60%的基因啟動子區(qū)含有CpG島,而理論上這些CpG島均是潛在的甲基化位點(diǎn)。但在實(shí)際情況中,僅有5%的基因啟動子區(qū)發(fā)生甲基化。異常的啟動子區(qū)甲基化或許是腫瘤發(fā)生的原因之一,但在胰腺癌中異常的甲基化導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制尚不清楚。異常的高甲基化常發(fā)生于基因啟動子區(qū)的CpG島上,抑癌基因啟動子的高甲基化將導(dǎo)致基因的表達(dá)下調(diào)或沉默,而癌基因啟動子區(qū)的低甲基化則會使得該基因的表達(dá)上調(diào)[6-9]。因此,某些與胰腺癌相關(guān)的抑癌基因啟動子區(qū)CpG島的高甲基化狀態(tài)可能是這些抑癌基因失活的原因之一[8,11-12]。Klump、Dammann、Kuroki等[13-15]在胰腺癌組織中,對5個(gè)抑癌基因(P16、RASSF1A、Cyclin D2、SOCS-1、APC)的啟動子區(qū)甲基化狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分析,其研究表明上述5個(gè)抑癌基因的啟動子序列均呈現(xiàn)高甲基化狀態(tài),并且這一現(xiàn)象與上述基因的沉默有密切關(guān)系。而Sato等[16]對胰腺上皮內(nèi)瘤變的病變組織進(jìn)行了甲基化的研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)有8個(gè)基因(CDH3、reprimo、CLDN5、LHX1、NPTX2、SARP2、SPARC、ST14)的啟動子區(qū)發(fā)生了不同程度的甲基化,同時(shí)研究者們還認(rèn)為啟動子區(qū)CpG島高甲基化狀態(tài)多發(fā)生在胰腺癌發(fā)病的早期,并且隨著疾病的進(jìn)展甲基化的程度不斷增高。
近年來,隨著對胰腺癌DNA甲基化分子機(jī)制的不斷深入研究,除了上述涉及到的基因以外,又有許多與胰腺癌發(fā)病相關(guān)的基因進(jìn)入研究者們的視線。這其中包括抑癌基因RINT1、增殖相關(guān)基因(GAS6、CDT1)、凋亡相關(guān)基因(IRF5、C16ORF/CDIP)、細(xì)胞黏附因子(CLD10、ICAM4、LAMA1)以及轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控相關(guān)基因(FOXG1、INSM2)等[17-21]。研究者們通過在胰腺癌中對這些基因啟動子區(qū)的分析表明,多數(shù)基因的啟動子區(qū)處于高甲基化狀態(tài),并且表達(dá)下調(diào)。
二、血清/血漿中循環(huán)游離DNA甲基化作為胰腺癌診斷標(biāo)記物的研究
盡管現(xiàn)在臨床影像診斷及內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)不斷提高,但對于早期且微小的胰腺惡性病變?nèi)匀惠^難做出準(zhǔn)確的診斷。將近60%的患者在發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺惡性病變時(shí),已經(jīng)喪失了手術(shù)治療的時(shí)機(jī),其中位生存期僅4~5個(gè)月[22]。造成這一現(xiàn)象的主要原因是缺乏特異性高且能夠在早期提示胰腺惡性病變的檢測指標(biāo)。
由于生長過快或血供不均等原因,腫瘤細(xì)胞在生長過程中常會壞死或凋亡。而這些壞死腫瘤細(xì)胞的DNA則會釋放入血成為循環(huán)游離DNA,這種小DNA片段發(fā)生的異常改變能在血清中被檢測到,或許可作為潛在的特異性診斷段標(biāo)記物[23-25]。Yi等[26]運(yùn)用基因芯片技術(shù)檢測胰腺癌細(xì)胞株及胰腺癌腫瘤組織中發(fā)生異常甲基化的基因,并從中篩選出與胰腺癌特異相關(guān)的基因位點(diǎn)——BNC1和ADAMTS1基因,之后又在胰腺癌患者的血清中檢測到BNC1和ADAMTS1基因啟動子區(qū)發(fā)生異常的高甲基化,其敏感度分別為79%和48%,特異度分別為89%和92%。而對10例早期胰腺癌患者的血清檢測結(jié)果表明,這兩個(gè)基因位點(diǎn)的敏感度均達(dá)到90%。故Yi等[26]認(rèn)為檢測血清中BNC1和ADAMTS1基因啟動子的甲基化狀態(tài)可能成為早期診斷胰腺癌的腫瘤標(biāo)記物。
Park等[27]在16例胰腺癌患者的血漿中檢測NPTX2、UCHL1、SARP2、ppENK和RASSF1A這6個(gè)基因啟動子的甲基化狀態(tài)。在其中6例患者的血漿樣本中檢測到NPTX2基因啟動子呈現(xiàn)高甲基化,但與對照組相比差異并沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在隨后的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Park等[28]擴(kuò)大了胰腺癌患者的樣本量,并檢測樣本血漿中NPTX2基因啟動子的甲基化狀態(tài)。結(jié)果顯示84%(87/104)的血漿樣本中,NPTX2基因啟動子呈高甲基化狀態(tài),且與對照組有顯著差異。同時(shí),該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)NPTX2基因的異常高甲基化發(fā)生于胰腺癌的各個(gè)階段,尤其在進(jìn)展期顯著增高[28]。
此外,Kawasaki等[29]報(bào)道他們在胰腺癌患者的血漿中檢測到p16基因啟動子的高甲基化,但他們在胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和肝癌的樣本中也得到了相似的結(jié)果。因此,血漿中p16基因甲基化在胰腺癌診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值還有待進(jìn)一步討論。Park等[27]還針對UCHL1, SARP2和RASSFIA這3個(gè)基因的啟動子進(jìn)行了研究,盡管在胰腺癌患者的血漿中均檢測到了這3個(gè)基因啟動子存在高甲基化,但與對照組相比這種差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
三、DNA甲基化標(biāo)記物的篩選及臨床應(yīng)用中的優(yōu)勢
有諸多研究表明,在胰腺癌腫瘤中存在著許多基因,其啟動子發(fā)生了異常的甲基化。但由于多種條件的限制,并非每個(gè)發(fā)生異常甲基化的基因位點(diǎn)都能成為用于胰腺癌診斷的分子標(biāo)記物。Yi等[26]提出篩選一個(gè)適合在臨床診斷方面推廣應(yīng)用的甲基化位點(diǎn)應(yīng)該具備以下幾項(xiàng)基本條件:①在胰腺癌細(xì)胞中,候選基因存在異常甲基化且該基因的表達(dá)也發(fā)生異常;②候選基因的異常甲基化多發(fā)生在胰腺癌發(fā)病早期;③正常胰腺組織中候選基因的啟動子處于低甲基化或非甲基化狀態(tài),且能正常表達(dá)[30]。此外,能在常規(guī)的臨床檢查樣本中(如血液尿液或其他體液、組織活檢樣本)檢測出基因的異常甲基化也是候選基因標(biāo)記物篩選的基本條件[31]。
DNA甲基化作為一種核酸類的腫瘤標(biāo)記物,在胰腺癌的診斷方面具有傳統(tǒng)腫瘤標(biāo)記物所沒有的優(yōu)勢。首先,在腫瘤組織中基因啟動子區(qū)CpG島異常甲基化的發(fā)生率要高于基因突變、缺失等其他基因異常的發(fā)生率。其次,即使在參雜有大量正常組織的情況下,腫瘤組織中DNA的異常甲基化也能非常敏感的被檢測到。再者,檢測DNA甲基化的技術(shù)十分簡便,經(jīng)濟(jì)成本較低。最后,基因DNA的異常甲基化多發(fā)生在腫瘤發(fā)病的早期,并對關(guān)鍵的信號通路及基因功能產(chǎn)生影響,有利于腫瘤的早期防治[32]。
四、總結(jié)與討論
胰腺癌的診斷與治療目前仍面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。高特異度及敏感度的診斷標(biāo)記物和個(gè)性化的靶向治療是研究的熱點(diǎn)[33]。DNA甲基化的異常改變出現(xiàn)于胰腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的各個(gè)階段,尤其在癌前病變時(shí)期,部分基因啟動子異常的高甲基化已能被檢測到。這使得DNA甲基化能夠作為一種腫瘤標(biāo)記物應(yīng)用于胰腺癌的早期診斷中[26,34-35]。多數(shù)DNA甲基化的相關(guān)研究都著重于單個(gè)基因位點(diǎn)啟動子甲基化在胰腺癌診斷中的敏感度與特異度,但目前還沒有合適的基因位點(diǎn)能夠作為胰腺癌的診斷標(biāo)記物。如文中所涉及到的數(shù)個(gè)基因位點(diǎn),盡管在胰腺癌患者的血清中檢測到BNC1啟動子存在異常高甲基化,但在肺癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、腎癌和前列腺癌中也能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)這種異常的高甲基化[36-38]。同樣的,雖然胰腺患者的血清或血漿中NPTX2和ADAMTS1啟動子出現(xiàn)了異常的甲基化,但這種現(xiàn)象在非小細(xì)胞肺癌、結(jié)直腸癌以及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤中也同樣存在[39-41]。這說明這些基因位點(diǎn)可能無法特異性的用于胰腺癌的診斷。而在今后的研究中,研究者們或許應(yīng)該更多的關(guān)注胰腺癌診斷標(biāo)記物的特異性,以及這些潛在位點(diǎn)在其他腫瘤中的異常改變。
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(本文編輯:楊江瑜)
Reaserch progress on the application of DNA methylation as a biomarker in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
ZhouYuan,LuCaide.
MedicalSchoolofNingboUniversity,Ningbo315041,China
【Abstract】Pancreatic cancer is one of common malignancies with poor clinical prognosis. Currently, the molecular mechanism of pancreatic cancer remains elusive, which severely hinders the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. The epigenetic modifications play a pivotal role in the occurrence and progression of malignant tumors and DNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic modifications. Aberrant promoter DNA methylation can be observed in each stage of pancreatic cancer. Such abnormalities can be detected in patients’ plasma or serum samples. In this paper, recent research progress on the application of DNA methylation in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was briefly reviewed, aiming to evaluate the clinical significance of DNA methylation in diagnosing pancreatic cancer.
【Key words】DNA methylation;Pancreatic caner;Epigenetics
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.06.001
通訊作者,陸才德,E-mail:lwtgyx@sina.cn 簡介:陸才德,男,主任醫(yī)師,外科學(xué)教授,寧波大學(xué)碩士生導(dǎo)師、寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院外科碩士點(diǎn)帶頭人,寧波市醫(yī)療中心李惠利東部醫(yī)院外科主任兼學(xué)科帶頭人,寧波市器官移植研究中心主任。浙江省醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會常務(wù)委員,浙江省醫(yī)學(xué)會器官移植分會常務(wù)委員,浙江省抗癌協(xié)會肝膽胰腫瘤專業(yè)委員會委員,浙江省醫(yī)師協(xié)會外科醫(yī)師分會常務(wù)委員,寧波市醫(yī)學(xué)會外科分會主任委員,寧波市醫(yī)學(xué)會器官移植分會副主任委員,浙江省重點(diǎn)學(xué)科寧波大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科帶頭人,現(xiàn)代實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編委,世界華人消化雜志編委。主要從事普通外科學(xué)肝膽胰外科基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究,擅長膽管癌、膽囊癌、胰腺癌、肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石等復(fù)雜肝膽胰疾病的診治,特別對肝癌的治療造詣較深。共發(fā)表SCI論文13篇,國內(nèi)一級雜志論文27篇。主持國家自然科學(xué)基金3項(xiàng),浙江省自然科學(xué)基金1項(xiàng)。
Corresponding author, Lu Caide, E-mail: lwtgyx@sina.cn
(收稿日期:2015-11-06)