申 甜,喻 明,章志建,徐碧林,張翠平
二甲雙胍與西格列汀對非酒精性脂肪肝病大鼠肝臟FGF21及SREBP-1c mRNA表達的影響
申甜,喻明*,章志建,徐碧林,張翠平
上海市普陀區(qū)中心醫(yī)院,上海 200062
[摘要]目的比較二甲雙胍及西格列汀對高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)大鼠肝臟FGF21 mRNA及SREBP-1c mRNA的作用。方法將60只SD大鼠隨機分為正常組20只(普通飼料,NC組)及高脂組40只(高脂飲食,HF組),喂養(yǎng)8周后,每組隨機抽取10只,比較后證實HF組NAFLD模型成功建立。繼將HF組分3組:二甲雙胍干預(yù)組(HF+M,10只)[加二甲雙胍500 mg/(kg·d)]、西格列汀干預(yù)組(HF+XI,10只)[加西格列汀10 mg/(kg·d)]及高脂組(HF1,10只)(等體積生理鹽水)。灌胃8周末處死,檢測血清丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、游離脂肪酸(FFA)含量,空腹血糖(FBG)及胰島素(FINS)水平,計算胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR);HE染色觀察肝臟病理形態(tài)學(xué)的變化;Real-time PCR檢測肝組織FGF21 mRNA及SREBP-1c mRNA表達的變化。結(jié)果兩種藥物均可降低血清ALT、AST活性(P<0.05),減少TC、TG、FFA含量,F(xiàn)BG、肝臟TG含量及HOMA-IR(P<0.05);西格列汀可明顯改善大鼠肝臟脂肪變,效果優(yōu)于二甲雙胍;二甲雙胍可下調(diào)肝組織SREBP-1c mRNA表達量,上調(diào)FGF21 mRNA表達量(P<0.01),而西格列汀可同時降低肝臟FGF21 mRNA及SREBP-1c mRNA表達量(P<0.01)。結(jié)論西格列汀與二甲雙胍均可有效減少肝臟TG含量,但西格列汀改善肝組織病理變化較二甲雙胍明顯,而二甲雙胍減輕HOMA-IR強于西格列??;同時,二者均可不同程度影響肝組織SREBP-1c與FGF21 mRNA表達量。
[關(guān)鍵詞]二甲雙胍;西格列汀;非酒精性脂肪性肝病
0引言
流行病學(xué)顯示,我國普通人群非酒精脂肪肝病(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患病率為12%~17%,而患者中有21%~45%發(fā)生糖尿病,且有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD可以預(yù)測2型糖尿病(T2DM)的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。李華亭等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子21(FGF21)水平對NAFLD的早期診斷具有一定的特異性及準(zhǔn)確性;而固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白-1c(Sterol regulatory element-binding protein1c,SREBP-1c)主要在肝臟和脂肪細(xì)胞表達,可調(diào)控體內(nèi)的脂肪合成,與肝臟脂質(zhì)沉積有關(guān)。胰島素抵抗(IR)在NAFLD及T2DM形成中起到關(guān)鍵作用[2-4],故改善IR將成為防治NAFLD的一個主要方向[5]。本實驗對高脂誘導(dǎo)NAFLD大鼠分別選用二甲雙胍及西格列汀干預(yù)8周,探討二者對肝臟TG含量、肝組織病理組織學(xué)及胰島素抵抗、肝組織FGF21 mRNA及SREBP-1c mRNA表達的影響。
1材料與方法
1.1動物選用SPF級6~8周齡、體重(180±10)g雄性SD大鼠60只,購于上海斯萊克實驗動物有限責(zé)任公司,動物許可證號:SCXK(滬)2012-0002,由上海市普陀區(qū)中心醫(yī)院動物飼養(yǎng)中心分籠喂養(yǎng),動物房內(nèi)通風(fēng)良好,室溫保持在18~25 ℃,相對濕度40%~60%,光照時間每天12 h。
1.2實驗藥物鹽酸二甲雙胍片(500 mg/片,上海施貴寶制藥公司,批號:1112103);西格列汀由默沙東饋贈(100 mg/片,杭州默沙東制藥有限公司分裝,批號:J20120058)。
1.3動物分組及模型建立所有大鼠正常喂養(yǎng)1周后,隨機分為正常組(NC組,20只)、高脂組(HF組,40只)。NC組給予基礎(chǔ)飼料(蛋白質(zhì)21%、脂肪6%、碳水化合物55%)喂養(yǎng),HF組給予高脂飼料(上海斯萊克實驗動物有限公司定制,組成為83%基礎(chǔ)飼料,10%豬油,5%蔗糖,1.5%膽固醇,0.5%膽鹽)喂養(yǎng)。8周后,每組抽取10只,進行稱重、檢測生化學(xué)指標(biāo),行肝組織病理檢測,HF組證實NAFLD造模成功。將HF組大鼠按隨機數(shù)字表法分為高脂組(HF1組,等體積生理鹽水)、二甲雙胍干預(yù)組[HF+M組,加二甲雙胍500 mg/(kg·d)]、西格列汀干預(yù)組[HF+XI組,加西格列汀10 mg/(kg·d)],每組10只,連續(xù)灌胃8周。8周結(jié)束后,各組動物于末次給藥后,禁食不禁水12 h,行乙醚腹腔麻醉大鼠,稱重,腹主動脈采血,分離血清;迅速取出肝臟并稱重,計算肝臟指數(shù)(肝臟濕重/體重);取相同部位肝右葉用10%中性甲醛固定,作肝組織病理學(xué)觀察,其余肝臟-70 ℃凍存?zhèn)溆茫蠪GF21及SREBP-1c mRNA檢測。
1.4實驗試劑血清FFA、肝臟三酰甘油(TG)及胰島素試劑盒均購自上海博谷生物有限公司,RT-PCR試劑盒TRIzol、PrimeScript RT-PCR Kit和Premix EX Taq購自TaKaRa。
1.5指標(biāo)檢測
1.5.1生化指標(biāo)采用日本OLYMPUS公司AU2700型全自動生化檢測儀檢測丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、總膽固醇(TC)、TG、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C),空腹血糖(FBG)。
1.5.2IR評價方法血清胰島素采用放射免疫方法進行檢測,穩(wěn)態(tài)模型IR指數(shù)(HOMA-IR)計算方法為:HOMA-IR=空腹血糖×空腹血清胰島素/22.5。
1.5.3肝組織行病理學(xué)檢查將取出的肝組織,大小約2 cm×2 cm×0.3 cm,用4%甲醛溶液固定,制備石蠟切片,行HE染色,觀察肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性程度、炎性活動度及肝纖維化的程度,相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照Dixon等[6]提出的肝細(xì)胞脂肪變分級方法及2000年全國肝病會議通過的肝纖維化分期方法[7]。
1.5.4氯仿∶甲醇(2∶1)肝臟勻漿液的制備及TG含量測定稱取適量肝臟組織,放入玻璃勻漿管中,加入3倍體積的甲醇,1 500 r/min電動勻漿5 min,倒入具塞離心管中,再加入6倍體積的氯仿,漩渦混合器混勻,制備10%的組織勻漿,根據(jù)TG測定試劑盒對TG含量進行測定。
1.5.5肝臟FGF21 mRNA表達水平檢測肝臟RNA提取和cDNA合成:組織RNA提取參考所附步驟。所有RNA光密度分析結(jié)果260 nm/280 nm均在1.8~2.2之間。按照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明書合成cDNA。PCR反應(yīng)采用SYBRGreen試劑(ABI公司,美國),在ABI 7300 Real Time PCR儀上設(shè)定反應(yīng)條件,反應(yīng)條件為:95 ℃ 30 s變性,95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 31 s,45個循環(huán)。目的基因mRNA表達水平相對定量與分析:反應(yīng)結(jié)束后,ABI7300 SDS Software自動分析熒光信號并將其轉(zhuǎn)換Ct值。Ct值取三復(fù)管平均值。△Ct為目的基因Ct值與內(nèi)參Ct值的差值。引物設(shè)計和合成:所有基因序列均從GenBank中獲取,引物用Primer 5.0軟件進行設(shè)計,上海閃晶公司合成。引物序列見表1。
表1 引物序列
2結(jié)果
2.18周后兩組大鼠相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較8周后HF組大鼠體重、肝臟濕重及肝指數(shù)高于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示造模成功。HF組大鼠血清FINS、FFA、AST、ALT、TG、TC,肝臟TG、HOMA-IR和FGF21明顯高于NC組(P<0.05),而兩組FBG差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。見表2。
表2 8周后兩組大鼠相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
注:與NC組比較,*P<0.05
2.28周后兩組肝臟組織學(xué)及病理觀察肉眼觀察NC組大鼠肝臟形態(tài)正常。HF組大鼠第8周起肝臟外形稍飽滿圓鈍,色紅,質(zhì)地較脆。光鏡觀察:8周后NC組肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)完整,輪廓清晰,肝細(xì)胞以中央靜脈為中心呈放射狀排列,肝小葉肝細(xì)胞分界清晰,胞核圓,位于細(xì)胞中央,胞質(zhì)豐富,未見肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性或壞死及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤;HF組肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)模糊,肝索放射狀排列不明顯,大部分細(xì)胞腫脹,胞核消失或被脂肪空泡。
2.3藥物干預(yù)8周后各組生化指標(biāo)、FGF21、FFA測定及胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的比較見表3。
2.4肝組織形態(tài)學(xué)及病理觀察
2.4.1肝組織形態(tài)學(xué)灌胃8周末,肉眼觀察NC組大鼠肝臟形態(tài)正常;HF組大鼠肝臟外形稍飽滿圓鈍,色變黃,肝臟體積明顯增大,包膜緊張,觸之有油膩感。二甲雙胍及西格列汀組肝臟色澤暗黃,較單純高脂組肝臟體積縮小,但仍有部分油脂沉積。
2.4.2光鏡下HE染色HF組呈漁網(wǎng)狀,肝小葉內(nèi)及匯管區(qū)可見大量以單核、淋巴細(xì)胞為主的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤及點狀壞死,所有標(biāo)本均未見肝纖維化。HF+M組肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,但肝細(xì)胞空泡樣變及胞漿疏松化略有減輕,未見肝細(xì)胞壞死;而HF+XI組肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常,無肝細(xì)胞脂滴及細(xì)胞氣球樣變,無明顯炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,明顯優(yōu)于HF+M組。見圖1~圖3。
2.5FGF21與SREBP-1c mRNA表達HF組肝SREBP-1c及FGF21 mRNA表達明顯高于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與HF組相比,二甲雙胍干預(yù)后,F(xiàn)GF21 mRNA表達量明顯增多(P<0.05),而SREBP-1c mRNA表達量下降(P<0.01);西格列汀干預(yù)后,F(xiàn)GF21 mRNA表達量、SREBP-1c mRNA表達量均下降(P<0.01)。
3討論
NAFLD指除外酒精及其他明確肝臟損害因素,由遺傳-環(huán)境-代謝應(yīng)激相關(guān)因素聯(lián)合所致的脂質(zhì)特別是TG在肝細(xì)胞沉積導(dǎo)致彌漫性肝細(xì)胞脂肪變?yōu)橹饕卣鞯呐R床病理綜合征。NAFLD人群是T2DM及心血管疾病(CVD)的高危人群。究其原因,胰島素抵抗為NAFLD及T2DM的共同發(fā)病中心環(huán)節(jié),而二甲雙胍具有明確的改善IR及調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝的作用,從而用于NAFLD的治療。臨床觀察也發(fā)現(xiàn),對合并NAFLD的T2DM患者,使用二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-4)單藥或聯(lián)合干預(yù)治療后,在血糖下降的同時,血脂、肝功能也有較明顯的改善[8-9],但確切的機制尚不清楚。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用DPP-4抑制劑西格列汀可明顯改善NAFLD大鼠肝臟脂肪變,效果優(yōu)于二甲雙胍;二甲雙胍對改善IR的作用明顯優(yōu)于西格列??;同時,二甲雙胍能顯著降低血清AST、ALT、TG、TC、FFA、FBG及肝臟TG含量,且效果優(yōu)于西格列汀。
表3 藥物干預(yù)8周后各組生化指標(biāo)、FGF21、FFA測定及胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的比較
注:與NC組比較,*P<0.05;與HF1組比較,#P<0.05;與HF+M比較,△P<0.05
圖1 16周HF1組(HE,×100)
圖2 16周HF+M組(HE,×100)
圖3 16周HF+XI(HE,×100)
FGF21主要由肝組織、脂肪組織和胰腺分泌,其具有內(nèi)源性調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝及胰島素分泌調(diào)控的作用;以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清FGF21水平在非酒精性脂肪肝患者中明顯增高[10-12]。顏紅梅等[13]證實,NAFLD患者血清FGF21水平是反應(yīng)非酒精性脂肪肝患者肝臟脂肪含量的潛在性生物學(xué)指標(biāo),F(xiàn)GF21濃度與肝臟脂肪含量有關(guān)。此外,在對白種人進行的為期5.3年的隨訪中,發(fā)現(xiàn)FGF21是代謝綜合征和T2DM的獨立預(yù)測因子[14]。筆者既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清FGF21與肝臟FGF21 mRNA變化呈一致性,且早期脂肪肝階段FGF21 mRNA與肝臟TG含量呈正相關(guān)性,故血清FGF21可以作為NAFLD的早期診斷預(yù)測因子。
作為脂代謝異常-非酒精性脂肪肝形成的主要發(fā)病機制之一[15-16],SREBP-1c在脂質(zhì)代謝及沉積發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。SREBP-1c屬于堿性-螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋-亮氨酸鋅超家族的一員,是一種核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在人類和嚙齒類動物中,SREBP-1c主要在肝臟和脂肪細(xì)胞表達,它通過作用其靶基因FAS和乙酰輔酶A羧化酶來調(diào)控體內(nèi)的脂肪合成,與肝臟脂質(zhì)沉積有關(guān)[17]。NAFLD患者肝活檢組織SREBP-1c mRNA表達上調(diào)[17],高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)小鼠9個月后,肝FAS mRNA的表達和蛋白含量顯著增加,小鼠出現(xiàn)脂肪肝[18]。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂組大鼠肝組織SREBP-1c及FGF21 mRNA表達明顯高于正常對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
既往筆者觀察到在高脂喂養(yǎng)過程中,肝臟FGF21 mRNA表達呈現(xiàn)先升高后下降的變化,推測早期FGF21升高可能為保護性改變,而后期受外周胰島素抵抗的相對抑制。二甲雙胍干預(yù)后,使血清FGF21水平及肝臟FGF21 mRNA表達較高脂組明顯升高,提示此種升高是保護性反應(yīng)的增強,且差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。此結(jié)果與Nygaard等[19]的結(jié)果(作為間接的AMPK激動劑,二甲雙胍可刺激FGF21在原代肝細(xì)胞的表達)相一致。同時,二甲雙胍可顯著下調(diào)脂質(zhì)代謝調(diào)控因子SREBP-1c mRNA在肝臟的表達,提示干預(yù)后肝內(nèi)脂肪酸合成減少,氧化分解代謝增強。Ding等[20]及Souza等[21]研究西格列汀對高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的NAFLD小鼠模型的干預(yù)療效,與高脂組相比,可使肝內(nèi)脂肪含量、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)及肝組織SREBP-1/PPARa比值均下降;DING等[22]研究艾塞那肽干預(yù)ob/ob小鼠2個月的研究結(jié)果顯示,GLP-1干預(yù)增加PPARa,減少SCD-1及SREBP-1c在肝組織內(nèi)的表達。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),西格列汀可減少肝臟SREBP-1c mRNA表達,推測其可能通過有效抑制肥胖大鼠肝臟SREBP-1c基因表達,進而影響脂肪酸合成代謝,減少肝臟TG沉積及FGF21 mRNA的表達,其確切機制仍有待進一步研究。
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Influence of metformin and sitagliptin on the expression of SREBP-1c mRNA and FGF21 mRNA in liver tissue of NAFLD rats
SHEN Tian,YU Ming*,ZHANG Zhi-jian,XU Bi-lin,ZHANG Cui-ping
(Department of Endocrinology,Shanghai Putuo District Center Hospital,Shanghai 200062,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo compare the effect of metformin and sitagliptin on the expression of liver SREBP-1c mRNA and FGF21 mRNA in rats induced by high fat-diet.MethodsSixty SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:normal control group (NC group,n=20,fed with normal diet),high fat group (HF group,n=40,fed with high fat diet),after 8-week feeding,10 rats were randomly selected from two groups respectively,and NAFLD model of HF group was confirmed to be built successfully compared with NC group.Rats in HF group was divided into 3 groups:metformin treatment group (HF+M,n=10) [plus metformin 500 mg/(kg·d)],sitagliptin treatment group (HF+XI,n=10) [only sitagliptin 10 mg/(kg·d)] and HF1 group (n=10) (only an equal volume of saline).The serum contents of alanine transferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),total cholesterol (TC),total glyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were detected after 8-week lavage;the fasting serum glucose and insulin (FINS) level were measured and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated;HE staining was carried out to observe the liver pathological changes and the expression levels of FGF21 and SREBP-1c mRNA were measured using Real-time PCR.ResultsIn all treatment groups,the serum content of ALT,AST,TC,TG,FFA and TG and HOMA-IR were reduced significantly (P<0.05),the pathological changes of the rat liver were reduced significantly by sitagliptin,which was significantly better than metformin,the expression of SREBP-1c mRNA in the liver was reduced by the metformin and FGF21 mRNA was increased,but the expression of SREBP-1c mRNA and FGF21 mRNA in the liver was also reduced significantly by sitagliptin (P<0.01).ConclusionSitagliptin and metformin can effectively reduce the content of TG in the liver,but the liver pathological changes improved by sitagliptin are better than by metformin,while metformin can reduce HOMA-IR more significantly than sitagliptin;and both of them can change SREBP-1c and FGF21 mRNA expression in the liver tissue in different degree.
Key words:Metformin;Sitagliptin;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
收稿日期:2015-10-10
基金項目:上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)后備業(yè)務(wù)專家培養(yǎng);上海市衛(wèi)生局項目
*通信作者
DOI:10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201605002