楊世黎
1. 動詞—誤用,考查時態(tài)是否一致、主謂是否一致
時態(tài)、語態(tài)錯誤是短文改錯中必設的改錯題。要檢查文中的每一個謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)與上下文、語境以及該句的時間狀語是否相符和一致;此外,還要檢查該動詞在人稱和數(shù)上是否與主語保持了一致。
例如:① When I was a child,…I think I would be happy there. (NMET'2015全國卷I) ,think 應改為thought,前句是回憶童年的事情,因此應用一般過去時,把think改為thought.
②A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop. (NMET'2015全國卷II) 此處and 連接的兩個先后發(fā)生的動作在時態(tài)上應保持一致,故應把telling改為told。
主謂語一致的情況較為復雜,考生要留心歸納有些特殊句式的主謂一致問題,如倒裝句、強調句型等。
2. 名詞—誤用,考查名詞的單復數(shù)與修飾詞語或上下文是否一致
在one of, different,various, several, many, a few,大于1的數(shù)詞等之后,常用名詞的復數(shù),而不可數(shù)名詞,如furniture, equipment, progress, information等,則不能用復數(shù)。
例如:① My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass. (NMET' 2015浙江卷) 把side 改為sides,因為前面有three。
② The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. (NMET'2015全國卷I) airs 為不可數(shù)名詞,因此把airs 改為 air。
3. 代詞—誤用、缺少或多余,考查是否人稱一致、指代一致
對于短文中出現(xiàn)的每一個代詞都要查一下它所指代的內容其數(shù)、格、詞性是否正確和前后一致,包括人稱代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、關系代詞以及疑問代詞等。
例如:① Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them. (NMET' 2015浙江卷) 把them給為it, 因為指代the school。
② We must find ways to protect your environment. (NMET'2015全國卷I) 本句的主語We,用了第一人稱,因此把物主代詞your 改為our。
4. 形容詞/副詞—形容詞與副詞的誤用;形容詞/副詞的原級、比較級、最高級的誤用
對于短文中出現(xiàn)的形容詞或副詞,考生要分析其在句中的作用。修飾名詞要用形容詞,而修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞、放于句首修飾整個句子應該用副詞;形容詞與副詞的比較級和最高級的誤用。
例如:① Dad and I were terrible worried. (NMET'2015全國卷II) 修飾形容詞應用副詞,故terrible 改為terribly。
注意:以-ble結尾的形容詞變副詞為-bly。如possible-possibly, probable-probably, comfortable-comfortably, terrible-terribly 等等。
②My mum makes the better biscuits in the world...(NMET'2015陜西卷), 因后面有一范圍in the world, 所以應用最高級,故better改為best。
5. 連詞—誤用 或多余
由not...but, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only ...but also..., as well as等并列連詞和詞組連接的結構可稱為平行結構是否一致。定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句中,which, that, when, where等詞混用。強調句型It is/was...that...結構中that 的正確使用。
例如:① In fact, I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship. (NMET' 2015四川卷) 結合上下句,此處有轉折關系,so應改為but。
②Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 oclock at night. (NMET'2014四川卷) that 不能引導非限制性定語從句,故把that 改為 which。
(作者單位:貴州省湄潭縣求是高級中學)