王 曼,朱振紅,朱正秋
1.徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院,江蘇 徐州 221000; 2.江蘇省連云港市第一人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科; 3.徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科
MACC1調(diào)節(jié)肝星狀細(xì)胞表達(dá)MMP-2、MMP-9對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力的影響
王 曼1,朱振紅2,朱正秋3
1.徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院,江蘇 徐州 221000; 2.江蘇省連云港市第一人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科; 3.徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科
目的 探討結(jié)腸癌相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)移基因(metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1,MACC1)對(duì)肝星狀細(xì)胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)表達(dá)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)的調(diào)節(jié)作用,及對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力的影響。方法 利用攜帶MACC1基因的重組慢病毒顆粒(LV-MACC1-GFP)、空載體慢病毒顆粒(LV-GFP)感染HSC分別作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組、陰性對(duì)照組,未轉(zhuǎn)染處理的HSC作為空白對(duì)照組,以上三組細(xì)胞按照常規(guī)培養(yǎng),應(yīng)用RT-PCR和Western blotting技術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞中MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)。以上三組細(xì)胞分別與胃癌細(xì)胞MKN45體外共培養(yǎng),Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察三組不同培養(yǎng)條件下對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞MKN45遷移侵襲能力的影響。結(jié)果 與陰性對(duì)照組和空白對(duì)照組比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HSC MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均明顯上調(diào)(P<0.01)。Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)中與實(shí)驗(yàn)組共培養(yǎng)的胃癌細(xì)胞MKN45遷移和侵襲能力較其他兩組明顯升高(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 MACC1可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)HSC MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá),促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。
MACC1;肝星狀細(xì)胞;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶;胃癌;遷移;侵襲
胃癌是全球第三大導(dǎo)致死亡的惡性腫瘤[1],胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的早晚及程度已成為影響胃癌預(yù)后的重要因素之一,最常見的血行轉(zhuǎn)移器官是肝臟。胃癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶中存在大量激活的肝星狀細(xì)胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC),活化的HSC還可分泌利于腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),并最終形成利于腫瘤定植增生的腫瘤微環(huán)境[2]。結(jié)腸癌相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)移基因(metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1,MACC1)首先在結(jié)腸癌中被發(fā)現(xiàn),本課題組的前期研究[3]表明,活化的HSC中MACC1顯著高表達(dá)提示MACC1與HSC激活之間可能存在聯(lián)系,且MACC1在細(xì)胞水平可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)過(guò)程,促進(jìn)胃癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)構(gòu)建MACC1過(guò)表達(dá)載體,慢病毒感染HSC,進(jìn)一步研究MACC1調(diào)節(jié)HSC分泌利于腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的作用及胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移侵襲能力在此過(guò)程中的變化。
1.1 材料 人胃癌MKN45細(xì)胞株由上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)饋贈(zèng),人肝星狀細(xì)胞系HSC-LX-2由徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院免疫實(shí)驗(yàn)室饋贈(zèng),高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清購(gòu)于美國(guó)ScienCell。含MACC1基因過(guò)表達(dá)的重組慢病毒顆粒委托上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)建。兔抗人MACC1、β-actin、MMP-9、MMP-2一抗購(gòu)于美國(guó)Abcam公司,山羊抗兔IgG熒光二抗購(gòu)于美國(guó)Corning公司,RT-PCR及實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR試劑盒購(gòu)于日本TaKaRa公司。Matrigel膠購(gòu)于美國(guó)BD公司。Transwell小室購(gòu)于美國(guó)Corning公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與基因轉(zhuǎn)染 胃癌MKN45、HSC培養(yǎng)于含有10%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的HSC接種于6孔板中,3.5×104個(gè)/孔,待細(xì)胞融合度達(dá)40%~60%時(shí),按慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染說(shuō)明書操作,以LV-MACC1-GFP顆粒和LV-GFP顆粒分別感染HSC,作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和陰性對(duì)照組,空白對(duì)照組不做任何處理,三組常規(guī)培養(yǎng),感染24 h后更換培養(yǎng)基,每12 h觀察一次。感染96 h后應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)GFP表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率,即慢病毒的感染效率。
1.3 實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)慢病毒感染HSC后MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA水平的表達(dá) 應(yīng)用TRIzol法提取組織中的總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA。β-actin作為PCR反應(yīng)內(nèi)參,β-actin上游引物序列5’-CTTAGTTGCGTTACACCCTTTC-3’,下游引物序列5’-GTCACCTTCACCGTTCCAGT-3’;MMP-2上游引物序列5’-TATGGCTTCTGCCCTGAGAC-3’,下游引物序列5’-CACACCACATCTTTCCGTCA-3’;MMP-9上游引物序列5’-AGTCCACCCTTGTGCTCTTC-3’,下游引物序列5’-ACTCTCCACGCATCTCTGC-3’;使用美國(guó)ABI公司的7500型熒光定量PCR儀,參照TaKaRa PCR操作手冊(cè)進(jìn)行Real-Time PCR。反應(yīng)條件如下:95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;PCR反應(yīng)95 ℃ 5 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 34 s,40個(gè)循環(huán);Melt Curve:95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 1 min,95 ℃ 15 s。實(shí)驗(yàn)所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)采用相對(duì)定量Ct值法(2-ΔΔCt法)進(jìn)行相對(duì)定量分析。ΔΔCt=ΔCt實(shí)驗(yàn)組-ΔCt對(duì)照組;ΔCt=Ct靶基因-Ct內(nèi)參。
1.4 Western blotting檢測(cè)慢病毒感染HSC后MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá) 使用組織裂解液提取各組細(xì)胞總蛋白,BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度,SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至NC膜,5%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉2 h,一抗(1∶1 000)孵育4 ℃過(guò)夜,熒光二抗(1∶10 000)室溫避光孵育2 h,TBST洗滌后拍照。運(yùn)用Image J圖像軟件對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量=目的蛋白/β-actin蛋白。
1.5 Transwell遷移及侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn) 將不含胎牛血清DMEM培養(yǎng)的MKN45分別種植于上室,將10%胎牛血清完全培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)的HSC種植于下室(分三組,同1.2節(jié)),37 ℃、5% CO2恒溫培養(yǎng)24~48 h后,取出小室室溫固定,結(jié)晶紫染色,用棉簽擦去Transwell小室上層細(xì)胞,將小室倒置于相差倒置顯微鏡下觀察穿過(guò)半透膜附著于小室下層的細(xì)胞,隨機(jī)選取10個(gè)視野,計(jì)數(shù)每高倍視野平均細(xì)胞數(shù)估計(jì)遷移能力。不同于遷移實(shí)驗(yàn),侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)在上下室間除聚碳酸酯膜外,還需使用Matrigel膠。
2.1 慢病毒感染HSC及MACC1-HSC和CON-HSC細(xì)胞株的構(gòu)建 以MOI=30,分別用MACC1病毒及CON病毒感染HSC,嘌呤霉素篩選HSC的最佳濃度為0.05 μg/ml,篩選14 d后,鏡下可被藍(lán)光激發(fā)出綠色熒光的細(xì)胞比例明顯增加(見圖1)。流式細(xì)胞儀分別檢測(cè)報(bào)告基因GFP的表達(dá)情況,MACC1-HSC組GFP陽(yáng)性(55.6%)較CON-HSC組(60.5%)低,考慮MACC1可能會(huì)影響GFP的表達(dá)。Western blotting結(jié)果也證實(shí)目的蛋白能夠在HSC中表達(dá)。Western blotting結(jié)果顯示:與空白對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組中MACC1蛋白表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);空白對(duì)照組和陰性對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(見圖2)。
2.2 Western blotting檢測(cè)MACC1調(diào)節(jié)HSC MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)水平 Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,與空白對(duì)照組相比,轉(zhuǎn)染LV-MACC1-GFP后(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)HSC中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著上調(diào),與空白對(duì)照組和陰性對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);空白對(duì)照組與陰性對(duì)照組相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(見圖3)。
圖1 感染后的明視野(A~D)和熒光視野(E~H)(400×)
Fig 1 The horizons (A~D) and fluorescence horizons (E~H) of being infection (400×)
注:與空白對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。
圖2 MACC1在HSC中的表達(dá) A:流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)報(bào)告基因GFP的表達(dá)情況,紅色代表HSC,藍(lán)色代表MACC1-HSC或CON-HSC;B:Western blotting檢測(cè)目的蛋白表達(dá)情況;C:HSC轉(zhuǎn)染LV-MACC1-GFP后MACC1蛋白表達(dá)水平
Fig 2 MACC1 expression in HSC A: FCM showed the expression of GFP gene, red represented HSC, blue represented MACC1-HSC or CON-HSC; B: the expression of target protein detected by Western blotting; C: the expression of MACC1 protein in HSC after transfected into LV-MACC1-GFP plasmid
注:與空白對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。
圖3 HSC轉(zhuǎn)染LV-MACC1-GFP后MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)水平 A:空白對(duì)照組;B:陰性對(duì)照組;C:實(shí)驗(yàn)組
Fig 3 The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in HSC after transfected into LV-MACC1-GFP plasmid A: blank control group; B: vector group; C: overexpression group
2.3 RT-PCR檢測(cè)MACC1調(diào)節(jié)HSC MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA表達(dá)水平 RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示,與空白對(duì)照組相比,轉(zhuǎn)染LV-MACC1-GFP后(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)HSC中MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著上調(diào),與空白對(duì)照組和陰性對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);空白對(duì)照組與陰性對(duì)照組相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見圖4)。
注:與空白對(duì)照組比較,**P<0.01。
圖4 HSC轉(zhuǎn)染LV-MACC1-GFP后MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)水平 A:空白對(duì)照組;B:陰性對(duì)照組;C:實(shí)驗(yàn)組
Fig 4 The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in HSC after transfected into LV-MACC1-GFP plasmid A: blank control group; B: vector group; C: overexpression group
2.4 MACC1調(diào)節(jié)HSC MMP-2、MMP-9表達(dá)對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力的影響 將兩種不同的細(xì)胞分別種植于上下室中共同培養(yǎng),通過(guò)培養(yǎng)液互相影響來(lái)研究下室HSC(分三組,同1.2節(jié))分泌或代謝產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)對(duì)上室MKN45的作用,如圖5所示:種植相同數(shù)目的胃癌細(xì)胞MKN45于上室,小室培養(yǎng)24 h后,穿過(guò)濾膜的實(shí)驗(yàn)組MKN45細(xì)胞數(shù)較其他兩組明顯增多??瞻讓?duì)照組、陰性對(duì)照組、實(shí)驗(yàn)組穿透到Transwell小室下面的MKN45細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為92.67±3.51、87.00±3.00和131.00±4.58,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);鋪基質(zhì)膠后穿透的MKN45細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為74.00±5.57、74.33±7.77和105.00±5.57,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。以上結(jié)果提示:MACC1過(guò)表達(dá)感染的HSC MMP-2、MMP-9表達(dá)水平升高,增強(qiáng)胃癌細(xì)胞MKN45遷移侵襲能力。
圖5 Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)三組HSC與MKN45共培養(yǎng)條件下對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力的影響(結(jié)晶紫染色200×)
Fig 5 Influence of the capabilities of migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells co-cultured with HSC measured by Transwell assay (Crystal violet 200×)
胃癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移是胃癌死亡的主要原因之一。在所有轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌中,16%~50%轉(zhuǎn)移至肝臟,而胃癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的5年生存率<5%[1]。闡明胃癌及其肝轉(zhuǎn)移的內(nèi)在機(jī)制并尋找阻斷該進(jìn)程的可能方法具有重要的科學(xué)及臨床價(jià)值。
HSC是一種肝臟特異性間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,在肝臟組織損傷、應(yīng)激等條件下,HSC發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)化,即進(jìn)入激活狀態(tài)。胃癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶中存在大量激活的HSC,活化的HSC還可分泌利于腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),改變基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)及金屬蛋白酶抑制物的分泌水平[2]。MMPs是一個(gè)大家族,幾乎能降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的各種蛋白成分,破壞腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲的組織學(xué)屏障,在腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中起關(guān)鍵作用[3]。在眾多MMPs中,MMP-2和 MMP-9參與血管形成與基底膜的降解直接有關(guān),與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后有關(guān)[4]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中將腫瘤細(xì)胞與HSC共培養(yǎng)可以明顯提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與侵襲能力。與以上數(shù)據(jù)一致,使用激活的HSC所制備的條件培養(yǎng)基也表現(xiàn)出了與體外實(shí)驗(yàn)一致的增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移與侵襲的能力[5]。綜上所述,激活的HSC可能提供了一個(gè)促轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的微環(huán)境。
MACC1是Stein等[6-7]研究結(jié)腸癌時(shí)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)基因,它位于人類的7號(hào)染色體的副鏈上(7p21.1),其編碼的蛋白含有四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域。MACC1最初在原發(fā)性和轉(zhuǎn)移性的結(jié)腸癌樣本中鑒定,并被證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移形成和無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移生存率的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子。后來(lái)研究證實(shí),MACC1與許多其他腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及進(jìn)展關(guān)系密切,其在許多腫瘤中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),包括乳腺癌[8]、胃癌[9]、卵巢癌[10]、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤[11]及肺癌[12]等,其高表達(dá)與許多腫瘤患者的預(yù)后和高轉(zhuǎn)移潛能關(guān)系密切[13-14]。前期研究[3]表明,上調(diào)MACC1基因表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)HGF/C-MET通路及EMT進(jìn)程,從而促進(jìn)胃癌的遷移侵襲。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,MACC1穩(wěn)定過(guò)表達(dá)的HSC MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)水平明顯上調(diào),根據(jù)上述結(jié)果,我們提出如下假說(shuō): MACC1誘導(dǎo)肝臟HSC激活,并通過(guò)分泌MMPs預(yù)先營(yíng)造一個(gè)適合胃癌細(xì)胞生存微環(huán)境,最終通過(guò)HGF/C-MET信號(hào)軸趨化MACC1表達(dá)增強(qiáng)的胃癌細(xì)胞靶向肝轉(zhuǎn)移。
綜上所述,我們通過(guò)構(gòu)建MACC1過(guò)表達(dá)載體、慢病毒包裝并感染HSC的方法,篩選MACC1穩(wěn)定過(guò)表達(dá)的肝星狀細(xì)胞系,通過(guò)Transwell小室體外共培養(yǎng)胃癌細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)與MACC1穩(wěn)定過(guò)表達(dá)的HSC共培養(yǎng)的胃癌細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力增強(qiáng)。MACC1對(duì)HSC分泌MMPs的調(diào)控作用研究為預(yù)防腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移提供了可能的治療靶點(diǎn),這一工作將有利于我們進(jìn)一步開展MACC1在胃癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移微環(huán)境中參與調(diào)控作用的研究。
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(責(zé)任編輯:馬 軍)
Effect of expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 regulated hepatic stellate cells by MACC1 on ability of migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells
WANG Man1, ZHU Zhenhong2, ZHU Zhengqiu3
1.School of Postgraduate, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000; 2.Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang First People’s Hospital; 3.Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
Objective To investigate the regulatory effect of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) on expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by MACC1 and effects on ability of migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells.Methods The recombinant lentiviral particles of MACC1 (LV-MACC1-GFP) and lentiviral particles of empty vector (LV-GFP) were used to infect HSC, named overexpression group and vector group, non-transfected HSC was as blank control group. Cells in three groups were cultured in accordance with routine, the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human HSC were detected by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Cells in three groups were co-cultured with MKN45 gastric carcinoma cells in vitro, the capabilities of migration and invasion were measured by Transwell assay. Results Compared with the vector group and blank control group, the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA and protein in overexpression group were significantly increased (P<0.01). Transwell test indicated that the capabilities of migration and invasion of MKN45 co-cultured with overexpression group were significantly higher than the other two groups (P<0.01).Conclusion MACC1 may regulate the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HSC, and enhance the ability of migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells.
MACC1; Hepatic stellate cells; Matrix metalloproteinases; Gastric carcinoma; Migration; Invasion
江蘇省衛(wèi)生廳基金(H201323)
王曼,碩士,研究方向:消化道腫瘤的綜合防治。E-mail:865923484@qq.com
朱正秋,教授,研究方向:消化道腫瘤的綜合防治。E-mail:js82880999@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.07.013
R735.2
A
1006-5709(2016)07-0765-04
2015-11-09