李淑芳
[摘 要] 在英語語言學習中,詞匯的積累是至關(guān)重要的一個環(huán)節(jié),而浩如煙海的英語單詞卻往往使學習者望而卻步。擬依托開放大學學位英語考試中詞形變化一題,從構(gòu)詞法中詞綴法的角度,對單詞學習與記憶及使用試做初步探討。
[關(guān) 鍵 詞] 學位英語;前綴;后綴
[中圖分類號] G642 [文獻標志碼] A [文章編號] 2096-0603(2016)09-0092-03
在英語學習中,單詞的學習與記憶一直都是最令英語學習者頭痛的問題之一。美國語言學家卡納爾
(M.Canale)和斯溫(M.Swain)曾指出,語言能力的培養(yǎng)是交際能力培養(yǎng)中至關(guān)重要的一環(huán),而詞匯則是使交際得以進行的語言能力的核心部分之一。要記住并正確使用一個英語單詞,需從音、形、義等多個方面記憶與思考。1976年出版的《韋氏第三版新國際英語大辭典新詞續(xù)編》收錄了該大辭典1961年出版后出現(xiàn)的6000個新詞。這些新詞中有一半是人們?yōu)榱诉m應(yīng)社會新的發(fā)展依據(jù)構(gòu)詞法造出來的:其中五分之二屬“綴合”,五分之三為“合成”??梢?,英語構(gòu)詞法對英語的發(fā)展具有多么大的作用。構(gòu)詞的方法主要有四大類:前綴法、后綴法、轉(zhuǎn)化及合成。其中,前綴法和后綴法合成為“綴合”(affixation)。
上海開放大學工商管理專業(yè)學位英語的考試中,有根據(jù)所給單詞結(jié)合句子結(jié)構(gòu)需要進行詞形變換的考題。本文擬依托相關(guān)題目,從詞綴的添加對詞性與詞義的改變角度出發(fā),初步探討學位英語考試中英語單詞部分常見的詞形變化。
如前所述,英語詞綴基本可分為前綴和后綴兩種。一般來說,前綴會改變單詞的詞義,后綴多改變單詞的詞性。在工商管理專業(yè)的學位英語考試中,后綴的考查涉及名詞(n.)后綴、形容詞(adj.)后綴和副詞(adv.)后綴等;前綴主要考查了否定前綴。同時,有些詞綴可能涉及不止一種的詞性變化。
一、后綴
(一)名詞后綴
1.名詞后綴-er、-or、-ar
在行為動詞后加后綴-er、-or、-ar等,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,表示該動作的行為主體。即:v. + -er / -or / -ar = n .例如:
(1)(translate)A person who turns what someone has
written into another language is called a translator.
(2)(sing)I wish I will be a singer one day.
其中,以后綴-er結(jié)尾的詞居多,-or次之,-ar相對較少,例如:
beg (v.乞討) →beggar (n.乞丐)
另外,雖然這些后綴添加后,大多指做該動作的人,但是,也不可一概而論,有時指用來進行該動作的器具,如cook (v. 烹飪) → cooker (n. 炊具),而“廚師”是與動詞相同的cook來表達。
2.名詞后綴-ment
在動詞之后加后綴-ment,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,即:v. + -ment = n. 例如:
(1)(agree)It took several months for the two companies to reach an agreement.
(2)(establish)The establishment of Peoples Republic of China is on October 1st,1949.
(3)(announce)The announcement came as no great
surprise.
3.名詞后綴-ion
在動詞之后加后綴-ion,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,即:v. + -ion = n.有時該詞綴會變化為-ation,或-action,例如:
(1)(connection)You must connect the power before you leave the room.
(2)(hesitate)I have no hesitation in recommending her for the job.
(3)(discuss)Wed better postpone the discussion next
week.
(4)(decorate)I enjoy the decoration of the new house.
(5)(satisfy)Toms success in his career will be a great satisfaction to his family.
(6)(prepare)We have made good preparations for the exam.
4.名詞后綴-ance、-ence
其一:在動詞之后加后綴-ance,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,即:v. + -ance = n.例如:
(1)(attend)The attendance at the lectures on American literature has dropped off.
(2)(accept)Please confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing.
其二:以-ant或-ent結(jié)尾的形容詞,分別變?yōu)?ance和-ence,其詞性變?yōu)槊~:
(1)(importance)It is important that the problem is
worked out today.
(2)(patient)He cant be a good teacher because he has no patience with children.
5.名詞后綴-y
在形容詞之后加后綴-y,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,即adj. + -y = n.例如:
(difficulty)I think Japanese grammar is much more
difficult to learn than English grammar.
類似的還有,-ity、-cy、-ibility等,例如:
(1)(sincere)The priest was a man of deep sincerity.
(2)(accurate)We worried about the accuracy of the
report.
(3)(response)We appreciate working with him,because he has a good sense of responsibility.
其中,最后一例給出的response是名詞,意思是:“回答、回應(yīng)”,而題目中需要的也是名詞,但其詞義應(yīng)是“責任感”,因此,這里實則是由response的同根形容詞responsible,將其后綴-ible變?yōu)?ibility得到的名詞。
(二)形容詞后綴
形容詞后綴主要有名詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞和動詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞兩大類。
第一類為:名詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞。
1.形容詞后綴-ful
在名詞之后加后綴-ful(充滿),其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:n. +-ful = adj.多與抽象名詞構(gòu)成形容詞,例如:
(1)(help)The local hot springs are very helpful for your wounded arm.
(2)(use).These book are useful for English learners.
(3)(event)That was an eventful year.
(4)(harm)These chemicals are harmful to the envir-
onment.
2.形容詞后綴-y
在名詞之后加后綴-y,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:n. + -y = adj.也可與動詞構(gòu)成形容詞,表示“類似”,“具有……特征”等,例如:
(1)(rain)It is a rainy day, isnt it?
(2)(sleep)She may be sleepy.
(3)(luck)Mary is the lucky dog who gets the first prize.
(4)(healthy)Give up smoking. Your health will improve soon.
3.形容詞后綴-ic、-ical
有些外來詞綴和外來詞根結(jié)合構(gòu)成的形容詞,一般用于正式文體,如在名詞之后加后綴-ic,或-ical,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:n.+-ic/ -ical = adj.表示“具有……特點”,“與……有關(guān)”,例如:
(1)(romance)When I was young,I had romantic ideas
of becoming a writer.
(2)(practice)This model of typewriter is efficient,
economical and practical.
(3)(technique)Both of the twin brothers are capable of doing technical work at present.
4.形容詞后綴-ly
名詞加后綴-ly,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,表示特色,如:
(friend)The local people are very friendly in our coun-try.
第二類為:動詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞。
1.形容詞后綴-able:
在動詞之后加后綴-able,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:v. + -able = adj.多表示被動語態(tài),例如:
(1)(comfort)I want to rent a more comfortable room.
(2)(believe)It is unbelievable that you have been 56 year old. You look much younger than that.
2.形容詞后綴-ive
在動詞之后加后綴-ive,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:v. +-ive =adj. 常表示主動語態(tài),例如:
(act)He is always active in the class.
3.動詞加-ed變化而來的過去分詞,也可以充當形容詞來用,表示“具有……”,例如:
(delight)The mother was delighted to see his daughter.
(inform)Please keep us informed of any developments.
(三)副詞后綴-ly
在形容詞之后加后綴-ly,其詞性變?yōu)楦痹~,-ly是形容詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞最常用的后綴,例如:
(heavy)My husband used to smoke heavily,but he has given it up.
(heavy)It began to rain heavily as soon as I got home.
二、前綴
各類詞性都存在添加前綴的情況,與后綴常常改變單詞的詞性不同,前綴一般不會改變單詞的詞性,而是會改變其詞義。其中,在學位英語里,前綴的考查主要集中在否定前綴上。常見的否定前綴有un-,in-,im-,dis-等,這些大多沒有具體規(guī)律可依循,需要學習者在實踐中不斷積累和記憶。例如:
(just)The system is corrupt and unjust.
(believe)It is unbelievable that you have been 56 year old. You look much younger than that.
(connection)You must disconnect the power before you leave the room.
三、辨析
在后綴中,有些詞綴可能涉及不止一種詞性變化,這些要格外注意,例如:
(一)后綴-y
在單詞之后添加后綴-y,有的可使其詞性變?yōu)槊~,有的則變?yōu)樾稳菰~,具體如下:
1.名詞后綴
將后綴-y加在形容詞之后,其詞性變?yōu)槊~,即:adj. + -y = n.例如:
(difficulty)I think Japanese grammar is such more
difficult to learn that English grammar.
2.形容詞后綴
將后綴-y加在名詞之后,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:n. + -y = adj.例如:
(rain)It is a rainy day, isnt it?
(healthy)Give up smoking. Your health will improve
soon.
(sleep)She may be sleepy.
(luck)Mary is the lucky dog who gets the first prize.
(二)后綴-ly
在單詞之后添加后綴-ly,有的可使其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,有的則變?yōu)楦痹~,具體如下:
1.形容詞后綴
將后綴-ly加在名詞之后,其詞性變?yōu)樾稳菰~,即:n. + -ly = adj.例如:
(friend)The local people are very friendly in our coun-try.
2.副詞后綴:
將后綴-ly加在形容詞之后,其詞性變?yōu)楦痹~,即:adj. + -ly = adv.例如:
(heavy)My husband used to smoke heavily,but he has given it up.
(heavy)It began to rain heavily as soon as I got home.
綜上所述,詞匯學習在語言教學中占有重要的地位,是貫穿整個英語教學中一項繁重而艱巨的任務(wù),是應(yīng)該著重攻破的一道難關(guān)。在英語學習中,尤其是英語單詞的學習、記憶以及使用的過程中,在掌握了一定的基本詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上,如果可以了解一些英語單詞構(gòu)詞法中常見的詞綴,結(jié)合這些構(gòu)詞規(guī)律,那么首先可以在相對較短的時間內(nèi)擴大詞匯量。之前認為的長詞可以變短,難詞可以變易,生詞可以變熟,同時一切派生詞的拼法也可以迎刃而解。
對于開放大學的學生來說,成人學習者的特點是已經(jīng)具備一定的語言學習基礎(chǔ),因而,有了一定的詞匯量積累。這些單詞積累中,詞根構(gòu)成了一個基本而核心的組成部分,詞根具有固定的形式和一定的含義,是構(gòu)成單詞的主要成分。在此基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合一定的構(gòu)詞方法學習,如本文中涉及的詞綴構(gòu)詞法,就可以更好地進行單詞積累,不僅可以擴大詞匯量,而且可以使語言表達更加精準。即便從面對學位英語這樣的考試角度出發(fā),也可以輕而易舉地攻克該題型,實現(xiàn)英語語言學習中又一次質(zhì)的飛躍。
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