張 奔，周敏強(qiáng)，王 娟，蒲 毅，張 麗，袁明龍

(草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院，甘肅 蘭州 730020)

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我國苜蓿害蟲種類及研究現(xiàn)狀

張 奔，周敏強(qiáng)，王 娟，蒲 毅，張 麗，袁明龍

(草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院，甘肅 蘭州 730020)

摘要：苜蓿是我國栽培最為廣泛的重要優(yōu)質(zhì)牧草，蟲害是限制苜蓿產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的重要因素之一。本研究全面調(diào)查了CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中自1980年以來我國苜蓿害蟲的研究論文，整理出了目前我國已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲名錄，并對所有文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了深入分析。結(jié)果表明，目前我國報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲共計(jì)297種，隸屬于8個目48個科，其中研究較多的是草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)、苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)、苜蓿夜蛾(Heliothis olipsacea)和牛角花齒薊馬(Odontothrips loti)5種害蟲。自1980年以來，CNKI中收錄的苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)共計(jì)226篇，其中博士學(xué)位論文2篇，碩士學(xué)位論文40篇，期刊論文184篇。研究內(nèi)容涉及生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性、防治、種類和多樣性調(diào)查、種群動態(tài)與群落結(jié)構(gòu)以及生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)5個方面，其中前兩者的研究較多，而后者較少。筆者建議今后苜蓿害蟲研究應(yīng)加強(qiáng)以下幾個方面：1)繼續(xù)開展苜蓿害蟲種類調(diào)查，明確各大苜蓿種植區(qū)的關(guān)鍵害蟲；2)加強(qiáng)苜蓿害蟲基礎(chǔ)生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究；3)推進(jìn)苜蓿害蟲的分子生物學(xué)研究；4)建立苜蓿害蟲綜合管理技術(shù)體系。

關(guān)鍵詞：苜蓿；害蟲；生態(tài)學(xué)；中國；研究進(jìn)展

苜蓿(Medicago)屬豆科植物(Leguminosae)，擁有“牧草之王”的美稱，是世界上栽培最早、分布最廣的優(yōu)質(zhì)牧草，在我國畜牧業(yè)中具有重要地位。近年來，隨著我國農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整及國民飲食結(jié)構(gòu)變化，苜蓿的種植面積呈逐年增加的趨勢。特別是自2012年國家提出“振興奶業(yè)苜蓿發(fā)展行動”以來，我國苜蓿種植面積迅猛增加，2014年全國苜蓿商品草種植面積達(dá)400萬畝(26.7萬hm2)，干草產(chǎn)量達(dá)100萬t，較2011年增加約4倍[1]。與此同時，我國苜蓿進(jìn)口量卻也在逐年迅猛增加。據(jù)中國海關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，2012年我國苜蓿進(jìn)口量突破40萬t，2013年達(dá)75萬t，2014年達(dá)88萬t。在我國苜蓿產(chǎn)量最高的2014年，進(jìn)口苜蓿和國產(chǎn)苜蓿的比例仍高達(dá)8.8∶10。2014年我國進(jìn)口苜蓿干草平均到岸價格387.24美元·t-1，按此價格計(jì)算，2014年我國進(jìn)口苜蓿金額接近3.5億美元。我國苜蓿單位面積產(chǎn)量約為6 000 kg·hm-2，粗蛋白質(zhì)不到15%，而美國的苜蓿單位面積產(chǎn)量高達(dá)15 000 kg·hm-2，粗蛋白質(zhì)含量達(dá)18%[2]。

在影響苜蓿生產(chǎn)的諸多因素中，蟲害是限制苜蓿產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的重要因素之一[3-6]。1978年，內(nèi)蒙古錫林浩特地區(qū)苜蓿地發(fā)生白條芫菁(Epicautagorhamimarseul)，減產(chǎn)30%以上；1983年，內(nèi)蒙古呼盟地區(qū)爆發(fā)了苜蓿葉象(Hyperapostica)，造成50%～60%的苜蓿枯死而嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn)[7]。2002-2003年草地螟(Loxostegesticticalis)在寧夏地區(qū)大范圍爆發(fā)，危害面積超過60%，造成苜蓿干草損失3.6億kg[8]。苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphistrifolii)在寧夏地區(qū)普遍發(fā)生，造成大面積苜蓿萎蔫、短縮和霉污[9]；該蟲害嚴(yán)重發(fā)生時，對苜蓿商品草產(chǎn)業(yè)造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失1.51億元以上[10]。據(jù)報(bào)道，美國苜蓿地至少有1 000種節(jié)肢動物，其中有100～150種能造成危害。盡管苜蓿在我國栽培有著悠久的歷史，蟲害對我國的苜蓿生產(chǎn)危害巨大，但我國苜蓿害蟲的研究歷史卻相對較短。賀春貴等[3]于2005年對我國苜蓿害蟲研究的歷史及已取得的成就進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，并建議積極開展苜蓿害蟲綜合防控技術(shù)研究。盡管草地相關(guān)書籍中記錄了部分苜蓿害蟲，也有部分苜蓿害蟲名錄的論文發(fā)表，但至今還未有人對我國已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)整理并建立害蟲名錄。

本研究參考草地害蟲相關(guān)書籍中記錄的苜蓿害蟲，并查閱CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中收錄的苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，旨在明確我國已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲種類及其研究現(xiàn)狀，促進(jìn)我國苜蓿害蟲的研究及其防治，為今后我國苜蓿產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展提供基礎(chǔ)性數(shù)據(jù)。

1苜蓿害蟲種類

以“害蟲+苜?！弊鳛殛P(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行全文檢索，然后對所有檢索結(jié)果進(jìn)行記錄、閱讀和篩選，并參考《苜蓿病蟲草鼠害防治》[4]、《草地保護(hù)學(xué)》[5]和《草地昆蟲學(xué)》[6]等書籍，最后建立苜蓿害蟲目錄。結(jié)果顯示，目前我國已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲共計(jì)297種，分屬于8個目的48個科。鱗翅目和鞘翅目害蟲種類最多，分別為123種和114種。其次為半翅目和同翅目，共計(jì)34種。直翅目有11種，纓翅目有9種，雙翅目有4種，而膜翅目最少，僅有2種。

不同苜蓿種植區(qū)，危害苜蓿的主要害蟲種類也有所差異。在甘肅省苜蓿種植區(qū)，主要害蟲有芫菁類、蚜蟲類、薊馬類和盲蝽類等[11-14]。在內(nèi)蒙古苜蓿種植區(qū)，草地螟危害最為嚴(yán)重[15-17]。在新疆苜蓿種植區(qū)，主要害蟲有象甲類、蚜蟲類和盲蝽類等[18-19]。在寧夏苜蓿種植區(qū)，蚜蟲和薊馬是苜蓿的主要害蟲[8,20-21]。從每種害蟲的分布地區(qū)來看，草地螟主要在內(nèi)蒙古、黑龍江、吉林、河北、山西、陜西等省(區(qū))危害嚴(yán)重，牛角花齒薊馬(Odontothripsloti)則在西北和華北地區(qū)危害最重，而蚜蟲類廣泛分布于各大苜蓿種植區(qū)(表1)。

2苜蓿害蟲研究現(xiàn)狀

以表1中“苜蓿害蟲的中文名或拉丁學(xué)名+苜蓿”為檢索詞進(jìn)行全文檢索，閱讀、記錄、篩選所有檢索到的文獻(xiàn)，并刪除與苜蓿無關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果顯示，自1980年至今，CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中收錄的苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)共計(jì)226篇，其中博士學(xué)位論文2篇，碩士學(xué)位論文40篇，期刊論文184篇。按論文的發(fā)表年代進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)，20世紀(jì)80年代僅發(fā)表4篇，90年代共發(fā)表10篇。自2000年以來，苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)逐年快速增加，占文獻(xiàn)總數(shù)的93.8%。其中，2000-2009年發(fā)表102篇，2010-2014年發(fā)表110篇(圖1)。按研究內(nèi)容進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國苜蓿害蟲研究涉及種類及多樣性調(diào)查、生物及生態(tài)學(xué)特性、種群動態(tài)及群落結(jié)構(gòu)、生物化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)以及防治5個方面(表1)。其中有關(guān)防治及生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性的文獻(xiàn)最多，兩者占文獻(xiàn)總數(shù)的70%以上，而有關(guān)生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)方面的研究最少，僅有29篇文獻(xiàn)。

表1　我國已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲種類

續(xù)表1(1)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference夜蛾Spodopteraexigua[23,26]、粘蟲Mythimnaseparate[15,24,26]、白薯綺夜蛾Emmeliatrabealis[24]、白邊切夜蛾Euxoaoberthii-ri[33]、繡羅夜蛾Leucanitispicta[34]、斜紋夜蛾Spodopteralitu-ra[22,26,35]、棉鈴蟲Helicoverpaarmigera[26,32,35]天蛾科Sphingidae榆綠天蛾Callambulyxtatarinovi[23-24]、藍(lán)目天蛾Smerithuspla-nus[23-24]、沙棗白眉天蛾Celeriohippphaes[23-24]、小豆長喙天蛾Macroglossumstellatarum[23-24]尺蛾科Geometridae大造橋蟲Ascotisselenaria[23-24,31]、樺緣尺蛾Epionevespertar-ia[23-24]、苜蓿尺蛾Tephrinaarenacearia[23-24]、沙棗尺蛾Apoc-heimacinerarius[23-24]、二線綠尺蛾Euchlorisatyche[23-24]、豆小尺蛾Calothysaniscomptaria[23-24]舟蛾科Notodontidae黑帶二尾舟蛾Cerueravinulafelina[23-24]、腰帶燕尾舟蛾Harpy-ialanigera[23-24]、楊二尾舟蛾Ceruramenciana[23-24]燈蛾科Arctiidae黃帶灰苔蛾P(guān)oliosiamuricolor[23-24]、黃土苔蛾Eilenmanigripo-da[23-24]、黑帶污燈蛾Spilarctiaquercii[23-24]、黑燈蛾Spilarctiacaesarea[24]、星白雪燈蛾Spilosomamenthastri[23-24]虎蛾科Agaristidae密云草蛾Ethmiacirrnocnemia[23-24]細(xì)卷蛾科Cocyhylidae青海細(xì)卷蛾Eugnostahydrargyranamongolica[23-24]麥蛾科Gelechiidae桃條麥蛾Anarsialineatella[23-24]、鉤麥蛾Aproaeremaanthyl-lidella[22-23]螟蛾科Pyralidae飾紋草螟Crambusornatellus[23-24]、銀紋草螟Crambusmalacel-lus[23-24]、銀光草螟Crambusperlellus[23-24]、欖綠草螟Crambusmonochromellus[23-24]、苜蓿螟Nephopteryxsemirubel-la[23-24,29]、菊髓草螟Myeloiscribrumella[23]、網(wǎng)錐額野螟Loxo-stegesticticalis[30]、褐切葉野螟Psararudis[23-24,30]、玉米螟Pyraustanubilalis[22-24]、環(huán)紋螟Nomophilanoctuella[23]、草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[20,22-24,26,31-32,36]、黃草地螟Loxostegever-ticalis[20,29]透翅蛾科Sesiidae蘋果小透翅蛾Conopiahector[22]小卷蛾科Olethreutidae豆小卷葉蛾Matsumuraesesphaseoli[15]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龜科Melolonthi-dae白鰓金龜Polyphyllaalba[23]、黑絨金龜裸條形Maladeraorien-talis[21,37]、黑絨鰓金龜Sericaorientalis[28,37]、小云鰓金龜Polyphyllagracilicornis[23]、褐絨金龜Maladerajaponica[37]、細(xì)絨金龜Sericabrunea[37]、塔太籽絨金龜Sericaniatatisutca-ta[37]、大云鰓金龜Polyphyllalaticollis[23]、漢塞籽絨金龜Seri-caniahasegawui[37]、玫紅眼絨金龜Ophthalmosericarosi-nae[37]、脊臀毛絨金龜Trichosericaheydeni[37]、磨飾毛絨金龜Trichosericapotia[37]、暗黑鰓金龜Holotrichiapurallela[23]、小闊脛瑪絨金龜Maladeraovatula[37]、闊脛瑪絹金龜Maladeraverticalis[37]、瀝青齒爪鰓金龜Holotrichiapicea[37]、金露長腳金龜Ectinohopliachrysura[37]、華北大黑鰓金龜Holotrichiaobli-ta[23,28,31-32,37]、圍綠蛾鰓金龜Hopliacincticollis[23]、馬鈴薯鰓金龜東亞亞種Amphimallinsol-stitialissibiricus[23]、四川齒爪鰓金龜Holotrichiaszechuanensis[37]、

續(xù)表1(2)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference爬皺鰓金龜Trematodespotanini[38]、波婆鰓金龜Brahminapotani-ni[37]、東北大黑鰓金龜Holotrichiadiomphalia[37]、黑皺鰓金龜Trem-atodestenebrioides[39-40]鞘翅目Coleoptera麗金龜科Rutelidae黃褐麗金龜Anomalaexoleta[23,28,37]、粗綠彩麗金龜Mimelaholoseri-cea[23]、蘋毛麗金龜Proagoperthalucidula[28]、毛喙麗金龜Adoretushirsute[37-38]、四斑弧麗金龜Popilliaquadriguttata[37]、琉璃弧麗金龜Popilliaatrocoerulea[37]花金龜科Cetoniidae小青花金龜Oxycetoniajucunda[23]、白星花金龜Protaetiabrevitar-sis[23]飄蟲科Coccinellidae裂臂飄蟲Henosepilachnasp.[23]郭公蟲科Cleridae紅斑郭公蟲Trichodessinae[23]天?？艭erambycidae吐克曼天牛Turcmennigenasp.[23]、苜蓿多節(jié)天牛Agapanthiaamuren-sis[38,41]、黑棘翅天牛Aethalodesverrucosus[38]芫菁科Meloidae蘋斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[7,11,23]、腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[23]、綠芫菁Lyttacaraganae[23,27,38,42]、白條芫菁Epicautasp.[7]、耳角短翅芫菁Meloeauriculatus[42]、曲角短翅芫菁Meloeproscarabeaus[42]、中黑頭黑芫菁Epicautadubia[23,42]、蒙古斑芫菁Mylabrismongolica[42]、大頭豆芫菁Epicautamegalocephala[41]、中華豆芫菁Epicautachinen-sis[23,38]、暗頭豆芫菁Epicautaobscurocephala[38,41-42]、西北豆芫菁Epicautasibirica[38,41-42]、麗斑芫菁Mylabrisspeciosa[39,42]葉甲科Chrysomelidae黑縫隱頭葉甲Cryptocephalusbohemiussemenovi[23]、黑斑隱頭葉甲Cryptocephalusagnus[23]、隱頭葉甲Cryptocephalussp.[27]、艾蒿隱頭葉甲Cryptocephaluskoltzei[23]、榆隱頭葉甲Cryptocephaluslemnisca-tus[23]、齒腹隱頭葉甲Cryptocephalusstchukini[23]、楊梢葉甲Parnopsglasunowi[23]、蒙古光翅葉甲Chlorpoterusgrandis[23]、瘤胸葉甲Ze-ugophorasp.[23]、大猿葉甲Colaphellusbowringii[23]、橙胸斜緣葉甲Plagioderaversicolora[23]、二十斑葉甲Chrysomelavigintipuncta-ta[23]、方形葉甲Paropsidessp.[23]、四點(diǎn)長跗葉甲Monoleplaqua-driguttata[23]、黑角卵形葉甲Oomorphoidespiliceps[23]、黃曲條跳甲Phyllotretastriolata[15]、直條跳甲Phyllotrotrelaviltata[15]、黃寬條跳甲Phyllotretahumilis[23]、麥凹脛跳甲Chaetocnemahortensis[38]、粟莖跳甲Chaetocnemaingenua[23]、綠龜甲Cassidasp.[23]象甲科Curculionidae歐洲方喙象Cleouuspiger[23]、中國方喙象Cleouusfreyi[23]、二斑尖眼象Chromonotusbipunctatus[23]、條紋根瘤象Sitonalineellus[23]、甜菜毛足象Phacephorusumbratus[23]、長角毛足象Phacephorusdecipi-ens[23]、短角毛足象Phacephorusvillis[23]、長毛根瘤象Sitonafoe-dus[23]、根瘤象Sitonasp.[23,27]、甜菜長柄象Mesagroicussp.[23]、普象Prrtonmussp.[23]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[23]、苜蓿葉象Hy-perapostica[7,23]、短毛草象Chloebiuspsittacinus[38]叩頭甲科Elateridae虎斑叩頭甲Selatosomuspacatus[23]、褐紋金針蟲Melanotuscau-dex[28]、寬背叩頭甲Selatosomuslatus[15,23,28]、細(xì)胸叩頭蟲Agriotesfuscicollis[15,29]、細(xì)胸錐尾叩甲Agriotessubvittatus[28,38]擬步甲科Tenebrionidae皺紋琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[23]、網(wǎng)目擬地甲Opatrumsabartum[23,28]、蒙古沙潛Gocephalumreticulatum[23,39-40]、達(dá)氏琵甲Blapsdavidea[39]

續(xù)表1(3)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference直翅目Orthoptera菱蝗科Tetrigidae隆背蚱Tetrixtartara[23]錐頭蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短額負(fù)蝗Atractomorphasinensis[23,43-44]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae東亞飛蝗Locustamigratoria[31-32]、短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbrevi-atus[23]、大墊尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[23,44]、黃脛小車蝗Oedaleusinfernalis[23]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacromiustergestinusexti-mus[23,44-45]、亞洲小車蝗Oedaleusdecorusasiaticus[23,25,46]網(wǎng)翅蝗科Arcypteridae素色異爪蝗Euchorthippusunicolor[23]劍角蝗科Acrididae中華蚱蜢Acridacinerea[23]螻蛄科Gryllotalpidae東方螻蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[23,47]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripidae牛角花齒薊馬Odontothripsloti[23]、花薊馬Frankliniellainton-sa[23,31-32,48]、草木樨近絹薊馬Sussericothripsmelilotus[20,23,47]、煙薊馬Thripstabaci[23,47]、苜蓿齒薊馬Odontothripsspp.[20]膜翅目Hymenoptera廣肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[23,26]葉蜂科Tenthredinidae黃翅菜葉蜂Athaliarosaejapanensis[23]雙翅目Diptera潛蠅科Agromyzidae豌豆?jié)撊~蠅Phytomyzahorticola[20-21,27,35]、潛葉蠅Phytomyzasp.[12]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[23]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[31-32]、苜蓿無網(wǎng)長管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[23]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpi-sum[12]、麥二叉蚜Schizaphisgraminum[23]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[23,35,49]葉蟬科Cicadellidae片角葉蟬Idiocerusurakawensis[23]、條沙葉蟬Psammotettixstria-tus[23]、小綠葉蟬Empoascaflavescens[23,43]、二點(diǎn)葉蟬Cicadulinabipunctella[23]、大青葉蟬Cicadellaviridis[45]沫蟬科Cercopidae白紙沫蟬Aphrophorasp.[23]、鞘翅沫蟬Lepyroniacoleoptera-ta[23]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae綠盲蝽Apolyguslucorum[23]、三點(diǎn)盲蝽Adelphocorisfasciaticol-lis[23]、中黑盲蝽Adelphocorissuturalis[23]、短額狹盲蝽Stenode-malaevigatum[23]、紅楔異盲蝽Polymeruscognatus[23]、四點(diǎn)苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisquadripqunctatus[23]、牧草盲蝽Lyguspraten-sis[23]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[23,28,50-51]緣蝽科Coreidae亞姬緣蝽Corizusalbomarginatus[23]、顆緣蝽Coriomerissp.[23]長蝽科Lygaeidae蒴長蝽Pylorussp.[23]同蝽科Acanthosomatidae泛刺同蝽Acanthosomaspinicolle[23]蝽科Pentatomidae沙棗潤蝽Rhaphigasternebulase[23]、格蝽Cappaeataprobanen-sis[23]、西北麥蝽Aeliasibirica[23]、長綠蝽Brachynemagerma-rii[23]、斑須蝽Dolycorisbaccarum[23]、稻綠蝽Nezaraviridu-la[23]、紫翅果蝽Carpocorispurpureipennis[23]、橫紋菜蝽Euryde-magebleri[23]

續(xù)表1(4)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference防治Control鱗翅目Lepidoptera粉蝶科Pieridae斑緣豆粉蝶Coliaserate[21,52]灰蝶科Lycaenidae豆灰蝶Plebejusargus[12]、多眼灰蝶Polyommatuseros[12]夜蛾科Noctuidae小地老虎Agrotisypsilon[21]、苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsa-cea[16,19,21,31-32,53-56]、甘藍(lán)夜蛾Mamestrabrassicae[54,57]、甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua[57-59]、斜紋夜蛾Spodopteralitura[60]、棉鈴蟲Helicoverpaarmigera[32,57]尺蛾科Geometridae大造橋蟲Ascotisselenaria[31]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[8,16-17,21,31-32,51,53-54,56,61-75]、黃草地螟Loxostegeverticalis[76]小卷蛾科Olethreutidae豆小卷葉蛾Matsumuraesesphaseoli[52]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龜科Melolonthidae黑絨鰓金龜Sericaorientalis[28,76-78]、華北大黑鰓金龜Holotrichiaoblita[31-32,77-78]麗金龜科Rutelidae黃褐麗金龜Anomalaexoleta[77-78]芫菁科Meloidae蘋斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[11]、腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[11]、綠芫菁Lyttacaraganae[11,21,76]、中華豆芫菁Epicautachinen-sis[11-12]、豆芫菁Epicautagorhami[11,52]、暗頭豆芫菁Epicautaob-scurocephala[11-12]象甲科Curculionidae條紋根瘤象Sitonalineellus[79]、小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[21,76]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunctiventris[21,76]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[80]、苜蓿葉象Hyperapostica[79,81-84]、紫苜宿葉象Hyperapostica[85]直翅目Orthoptera錐頭蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短額負(fù)蝗Atractomorphasinensis[86]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae東亞飛蝗Locustamigratoria[31-32]、短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbrevi-atus[87]、大墊尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[87]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripidae牛角花齒薊馬Odontothripsloti[21,61-62,76-78,88-95]、花薊馬Fran-kliniellaintonsa[31,32,77-78]、苜蓿薊馬Frankliniellaoccidental-is[77-78,88,96-97]、煙薊馬Thripstabaci[77-78,88]、普通薊馬Thripsvul-gatissimus[21,77,78]、豆類絲大薊馬Megalurpthripssjostadti[57]、花生端大薊馬Megalurpthripdistalis[57]、苜蓿齒薊馬Odentothriptsp.[21]雙翅目Diptera潛蠅科Agromyzidae豌豆?jié)撊~蠅Phytomyzahorticola[61]、苜蓿潛葉蠅Phytomyzaatri-cornis[21,61]、潛葉蠅Phytomyzasp.[12]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[89,98]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[31-32,61-62]、苜蓿無網(wǎng)長管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[21,99]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpisum[12,21,77-78,99-102]、棉蚜Aphisgossypii[57]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[21,51,61-62,89,98-99,103-115]葉蟬科Cicadellidae小綠葉蟬Empoascaflavescens[116-117]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae牧草盲蝽Lyguspratensis[21,61-62,77-78]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisline-olatus[21,31,61-62,77-78,116,118]

續(xù)表1(5)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性Bioecologycharacteristics鱗翅目Lepidoptera粉蝶科Pieridae斑緣豆粉蝶Coliaserate[21,76,119]夜蛾科Noctuidae小地老虎Agrotisypsilon[21,28]、黃地老虎Agrotissege-tum[28]、苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsacea[21,33,76,119-120]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[8,21,33,61-62,76,120-126]、黃草地螟Loxo-stegeverticalis[8]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龜科Melolonthidae黑絨金龜裸條形Maladeraorientalis[21]、黑絨鰓金龜Sericaorientalis[76-78]、華北大黑鰓金龜Holotrichiaoblita[74-75]麗金龜科Rutelidae黃褐麗金龜Anomalaexoleta[77-78]芫菁科Meloidae腋斑芫菁Mylabrisaxillaries[11]、綠芫菁Lyttacaraga-nae[11,21,76]、中華豆芫菁Epicautachinensis[11-12,127-128]、豆芫菁Epicautagorhami[11,52]、暗頭豆芫菁Epicautaobscurocepha-la[11-12]象甲科Curculionidae小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[21,76]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunc-tiventris[21,76]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[129]、苜蓿葉象Hyperapostica[130-133]擬步甲科Tenebrionidae皺紋琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[134]直翅目Orthoptera錐頭蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短額負(fù)蝗Atractomorphasinensis[86,135-136]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae短星翅蝗Calliptamusabbreviatus[44,87,135-136]、大墊尖翅蝗Ep-acromiuscoerulipes[135-137]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacromiustergestinusextimus[136]螻蛄科Gryllotalpidae東方螻蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[28,47,88,96]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripidae牛角花齒薊馬Odontothripsloti[21,48,61-62,77-78,88,90,95,138-143]、花薊馬Frankliniellaintonsa[48,77-78]、苜蓿薊馬Frankliniellaocci-dentalis[21,77-78,96]、草木樨近絹薊馬Sussericothripsmelilo-tus[140]、煙薊馬Thripstabaci[47-48,77-78,140,144-151]、普通薊馬Thripsvulgatissimus[21,61,77-78]、苜蓿齒薊馬Odentothriptsp.[21]膜翅目Hymenoptera廣肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[26,152-155]雙翅目Diptera潛蠅科Agromyzidae豌豆?jié)撊~蠅Phytomyzahorticola[59,61]、苜蓿潛葉蠅Phytomy-zaatricornis[21]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[156]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[61-62]、苜蓿無網(wǎng)長管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[21]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosi-phonpisum[21,76-78,156-174]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[9-10,21,61-62,134,175-177]葉蟬科Cicadellidae大青葉蟬Cicadellaviridis[178]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae牧草盲蝽Lyguspratensis[21,61-62,77-78]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[21,61-62,77-78]

續(xù)表1(6)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference種群動態(tài)及群落結(jié)構(gòu)Populationdynamicsandcommunitystructure鱗翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae苜蓿夜蛾Heliothisdipsacea[18]、小造橋蟲Anomisfla-va[179]螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[61]鞘翅目Coleoptera金龜科Melolonthidae小云鰓金龜Polyphyllagracilicornis[22]、黑皺鰓金龜Trem-atodestenebrioides[180]麗金龜科Rutelidae黃褐麗金龜Anomalaexoleta[22]、四斑弧麗金龜Popilliaquadriguttata[22]花金龜科Cetoniidae白星花金龜Protaetiabrevitarsis[180]犀金龜科Dynastidae闊胸犀金龜Pentodonpatruelis[22]天牛科Cerambycidae大牙土天牛Dorysthenesparadoxus[180]芫菁科Meloidae蘋斑芫菁Mylabriscalida[18,22,181]、綠芫菁Lyttacaraga-nae[13]、小黑芫菁Epicauteamegalocephala[36]、暗色芫菁Nabisstemferus[182]葉甲科Chrysomelidae隱頭葉甲Cryptocephalussp.[13]、艾蒿隱頭葉甲Crypto-cephaluskoltzei[22]、麥頸葉甲Colasphosomadauri-cum[182]、大猿葉甲Colaphellusbowringii[13]、黃寬條跳甲Phyllotretahumilis[13]、梨光葉甲Smaragdinasemiauranti-aca[22]、黃守瓜Anlacophoraindica[22]、紅胸脛齒葉象Gas-trophysapolygoni[18,181]象甲科Curculionidae條紋根瘤象Sitonalineellus[18,22,181-183]、甜菜毛足象Phace-phorusumbratus[22]、驢豆根瘤象Sitonacallosus[18,181]、草木樨籽象Tychiusmelilotus[18,181]、小灰鼻象甲Hyperaspp.[22]、大灰鼻象甲Sympiezomiacvelatus[22]、根瘤象Sitonasp.[13]、甜菜象甲Bothynoderespunctiventris[22,180]、苜蓿籽象甲Tychiusmedicaginis[18,22,181]、苜蓿葉象Hyperapostica[18,181,184-189]、車軸草根瘤象Curculiohispidula[26]、紫苜宿葉象Hyperapostica[26]叩頭甲科Elateridae細(xì)胸叩頭蟲Agriotesfuscicollis[182]擬步甲科Tenebrionidae皺紋琵琶甲Blapsrugosa[180]、網(wǎng)目砂潛Opatrumreticula-tum[22]、蒙古擬地甲Gonocephalummongolicum[22]、克氏側(cè)琵甲Prosodeskreitneri[180]直翅目Orthoptera錐頭蝗科Pyrgomorphidae短額負(fù)蝗Atractomorphasinensis[43-44]斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae大墊尖翅蝗Epacromiuscoerulipes[181]、甘蒙尖翅蝗Epacro-miustergestinusextimus[190]螻蛄科Gryllotalpidae東方螻蛄Gryllotalpaorientalis[183]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripidae牛角花齒薊馬Odontothripsloti[48,50,191]、煙薊馬Thripstabaci[179,182,192-193]、普通薊馬Thripsvulgatissimus[61]膜翅目Hymenoptera廣肩小蜂科Eurytomidae苜蓿籽蜂Bruchophagusgibbus[194]

續(xù)表1(7)

研究方向Researcharea目Order科Family物種及參考文獻(xiàn)Speciesandreference葉蜂科Tenthredinidae黃翅菜葉蜂Athaliarosaejapanensis[182]雙翅目Diptera潛蠅科Agromyzidae豌豆?jié)撊~蠅Phytomyzahorticola[22,61,182,191,195]、小麥潛葉蠅Phytomyzanigra[179]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[196]、豆蚜Aphiscraccivora[61]、苜蓿無網(wǎng)長管蚜Acyrthosiphonkondoi[182,192]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpisum[182,193,197]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[13-14,61,175,180,192-193,198-206]葉蟬科Cicadellidae小綠葉蟬Empoascaflavescens[22,43,179,190,207-209]、大青葉蟬Cicadellaviridis[190]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae中黑盲蝽Adelphocorissuturalis[210]、牧草盲蝽Lygusprat-ensis[61,192]、苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorislineolatus[61,180,192]生物化學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)Biochemistryandmolecularbiology鱗翅目Lepidoptera螟蛾科Pyralidae草地螟Loxostegesticticalis[211]鞘翅目Coleoptera象甲科Curculionidae苜蓿葉象Hyperapostica[212]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripidae牛角花齒薊馬Odontothripsloti[93,144-148,213-215]、煙薊馬Thripstabaci[213-215]同翅目Homoptera蚜科Aphididae苜蓿蚜Aphismedicaginis[216]、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphonpi-sum[217-227]斑蚜科Drepanosiphidae苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphistrifolii[106,228-231]半翅目Hemiptera盲蝽科Miridae四點(diǎn)苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocorisquadripqunctatus[232]

圖1　苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)所占比

在所有已報(bào)道的苜蓿害蟲中，絕大多數(shù)僅限于種類調(diào)查，而研究方面較為豐富的有草地螟、豌豆蚜、苜蓿斑蚜、牛角花齒薊馬和苜蓿夜蛾等害蟲(表1)。

盡管自然天敵在害蟲控制中具有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但有關(guān)苜蓿害蟲的天敵研究還非常少。為了明確苜蓿害蟲的自然天敵研究現(xiàn)狀，筆者整理了所有苜蓿害蟲文獻(xiàn)中提及的天敵種類，然后以“天敵的中文名或拉丁學(xué)名+苜?！弊鳛闄z索詞在CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中進(jìn)行全文檢索，閱讀、記錄、篩選所有與苜蓿直接相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)，統(tǒng)計(jì)獲得苜蓿害蟲自然天敵的種類及研究文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果顯示，目前文獻(xiàn)中記錄的苜蓿害蟲自然天敵共計(jì)68種，包括58種天敵昆蟲和10種蜘蛛，其中對苜蓿葉象嚙小蜂、龜紋瓢蟲、七星瓢蟲和多異瓢蟲等4種天敵昆蟲的捕食功能、生物學(xué)特性等方面進(jìn)行了較為系統(tǒng)的研究[96,193,210]，從而為科學(xué)有效地利用這些天敵控制苜蓿害蟲奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

表2　苜蓿害蟲的自然天敵種類

續(xù)表2

目Order科Family物種名Species參考文獻(xiàn)Reference寄蠅科Tachinidae傘裙追寄蠅Exoristacivilis[52,53]食蚜蠅科Syrphidae短翅細(xì)腹食蚜蠅Sphaerphoriascripta[26,235]大灰食蚜蠅Metasyrphuscorollae[26]半翅目Hemiptera長蝽科Lygaeidae大眼長蝽Geocorispallidipennis[30,233,245]盲蝽科Miridae黑點(diǎn)食蟲盲蝽Deraeocorispunctulatus[22,30,79,233,235]姬蝽科Nabidae小姬蝽Nabismimoferus[30,79,233,235]花蝽科Anthocoridae小花蝽Oriusminutus[30,233,235,246]東亞小花蝽Oriussauteri[247-248]南方小花蝽Oriussimilis[237,249-250]脈翅目Neuroptera草蛉科Chrysopidae葉色草蛉Chrysopaphyllochroma[30,233]麗草蛉Chrysopaformosa[235]中華草蛉Chrysopasinica[30,79,233]大草蛉Chrysopapallens[237,251]普通草蛉Chrysopacarnea[26]纓翅目Thysanoptera薊馬科Thripinae塔六點(diǎn)薊馬Scolothripstakahashii[237]蜘蛛目Araneae狼蛛科LycosidaeT紋豹蛛PardosaT-insignita[252-253]星豹蛛Pardosaastrigena[254-255]黑腹狼蛛Lycosacoelestris田野豹蛛Pardosaagrestis[255]蟹蛛科Thomisidae三突花蛛Ebrechtellatricuspidata[254-256]條紋花蟹蛛Xysticusstriatipes[255]皿蛛科Linyphiidae草間小黑蛛Hylyphantesgraminicola[237,240,253]園蛛科Araneidae灌木新園蛛Neosconaadianta[255]球蛛科Theridiidae印痕球蛛Theridionimpressum[255]微蛛科Erigonidae草間鉆頭蛛Hylyphantesgraminicolum[257]

3總結(jié)與展望

近年來，我國苜蓿害蟲研究受到了越來越多的重視，相關(guān)研究不斷增多，并取得了一定的成就，這與我國近10年來苜蓿產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展和畜牧業(yè)對苜蓿日益增長的需求密切相關(guān)。另一方面，由于我國苜蓿產(chǎn)業(yè)起步晚，長期未得到應(yīng)有的重視，苜蓿害蟲研究力度仍然不夠，與農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲相比差距仍非常明顯。例如，在CNKI中以“草地螟”作為關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行檢索，文獻(xiàn)記錄數(shù)達(dá)1 400余條，但與苜蓿直接相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)僅占3.5%。

開展苜蓿害蟲研究，最終的目標(biāo)是建立科學(xué)、合理、高效、可持續(xù)的苜蓿害蟲綜合管理體系，保障苜蓿產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。因此，作者建議應(yīng)重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)以下幾方面的研究。

3.1明確各大苜蓿種植區(qū)的重要害蟲和關(guān)鍵天敵

有害生物綜合治理的首要前提是“是什么”的問題，即苜蓿地中有哪些害蟲，哪些是關(guān)鍵害蟲。已有的苜蓿害蟲研究中，有關(guān)苜蓿害蟲種類及多樣性調(diào)查的研究占了近1/5，但目前苜蓿地節(jié)肢動物物種豐富度還不是非常清楚，特別是針對自然天敵種類的調(diào)查研究還很少。進(jìn)一步明確各大苜蓿種植區(qū)的重要害蟲和關(guān)鍵天敵種類，是建立苜蓿害蟲可持續(xù)管理體系的基礎(chǔ)。近年來，隨著國家“振興奶業(yè)苜蓿發(fā)展行動”計(jì)劃的實(shí)施及我國農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整，苜蓿種植面積逐年增加，但隨之變化的苜蓿害蟲種類及群落結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性的變化，還未開展系統(tǒng)研究。

3.2加強(qiáng)苜蓿害蟲基礎(chǔ)生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究

明確苜蓿害蟲的生活史、發(fā)生規(guī)律、習(xí)性及危害性等基礎(chǔ)生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性，是有效開展害蟲預(yù)測預(yù)報(bào)及防治的前提和基礎(chǔ)性工作。盡管有關(guān)苜蓿害蟲生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究占所有研究的1/3，但對于大多數(shù)苜蓿害蟲的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性研究還是空白。在今后的研究中要特別關(guān)注苜蓿地中特殊的昆蟲群落組成及其動態(tài)，苜蓿和其它牧草、農(nóng)作物間套作系統(tǒng)下的昆蟲發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律。此外，應(yīng)研究植物-害蟲-天敵三級營養(yǎng)關(guān)系，從而明確植物的抗蟲性以及自然天敵對害蟲的控制作用。

3.3推進(jìn)苜蓿害蟲的生物化學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)研究

目前，基因組學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，為從分子水平上開展苜蓿害蟲的成災(zāi)機(jī)理研究提供了強(qiáng)大工具，為苜蓿害蟲防治帶來了新的方法和思路，具有非常廣闊的研究和應(yīng)用前景。但我國已有的苜蓿害蟲相關(guān)研究中，涉及生物化學(xué)及分子生物方面的研究最為薄弱，今后應(yīng)加大研究力度，特別是苜蓿害蟲的為害機(jī)理、生態(tài)適應(yīng)性及抗蟲苜蓿品種的分子培育等基礎(chǔ)性研究。

3.4建立苜蓿害蟲綠色防控綜合技術(shù)

自2005年，賀春貴等[3]首次系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了我國苜蓿害蟲研究進(jìn)展以來，其綜合管理體系的建立仍未有大的進(jìn)展。雖然不少研究均提出了苜蓿害蟲的綜合防治措施，但大多并非基于苜蓿害蟲已有的研究結(jié)果，且主要局限于某一地區(qū)，而未考慮生物、地理、氣候及種植結(jié)構(gòu)等綜合生態(tài)信息。建立苜蓿害蟲的綜合管理體系，不但要充分借鑒農(nóng)作物病蟲害已有的研究成果，同時應(yīng)考慮苜蓿的飼用性及多年生等特點(diǎn)。鑒于苜蓿的特殊用途，防治苜蓿害蟲基本要求是不用或少用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥(苜蓿種子田可用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥，苜蓿草田在害蟲危害嚴(yán)重時亦可采用化學(xué)防治措施)。因此，對于不同的苜蓿田，應(yīng)有區(qū)別地建立管理體系，特別是化學(xué)防治指標(biāo)的制定應(yīng)因時因地而宜。篩選高效、低毒、低殘留的農(nóng)藥，采用科學(xué)的使用方法，選擇合理的用藥時間，是在苜蓿集約化種植的情況下控制害蟲嚴(yán)重發(fā)生必備的技術(shù)手段。同時，應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮天敵等自然控害因子的作用，并結(jié)合當(dāng)前信息技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)的最新成果積極開展苜蓿害蟲預(yù)測預(yù)報(bào)技術(shù)研究?？傊?，建立苜蓿害蟲綠色防控技術(shù)體系，須遵守“草地有害生物綜合治理”的理論與方法[258]，在明確苜蓿害蟲及天敵種類、關(guān)鍵種類生物生態(tài)學(xué)特性的基礎(chǔ)上，深入研究蟲害成災(zāi)機(jī)制，從草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的固有結(jié)構(gòu)及穩(wěn)定性出發(fā)，以培育和利用抗蟲苜蓿品種為中心，充分發(fā)揮自然天敵的控害作用，綜合運(yùn)用各種措施，將蟲害控制在經(jīng)濟(jì)閾值之下。

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Species checklist and research status of alfalfa insect pests reported in China

Zhang Ben, Zhou Min-qiang, Wang Juan, Pu Yi, Zhang Li, Yuan Ming-long

(State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China)

Abstract:Alfalfa is a high quality forage grass widely cultivated in China. Insect pests have been becoming one of the most important factors that limited alfalfa’s yield and quality. In this study, research papers of alfalfa insect pests published since 1980 were obtained by searching the CNKI database, and the catalogue of alfalfa insect pests has been listed out by analyzing all these articles in detail. Results showed that a total of 297 species belonging to 48 families of 8 orders had been reported in China, among which the most extensively studied were Loxostege sticticalis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Heliothis dipsacea and Odontothrips loti. A total of 226 studies are related to alfalfa insect pests, including 2 PhD dissertations, 40 master dissertations and 184 journal articles. All these studies involved bioecology characteristics, control, species and diversity survey, population dynamics and community structure, as well as biochemistry and molecular biology. Among them, the first two were the most studied, whereas the last was the least. For the future prospects of alfalfa insect pest studies, the suggest that it is necessary: 1) to further investigate species diversity of alfalfa insect pests, and determine key pests occurred in each alfalfa planting region; 2) to enhance bioecology characteristics study; 3) to promote biochemistry and molecular biology study; 4) to establish integrated pest management system for alfalfa insect pests.

Key words:alfalfa; insect pests; ecology; China; research progress

Corresponding author:Yuan Ming-longE-mail: yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

中圖分類號：S435.4

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A

文章編號：1001-0629(2016)4-0785-28*

通信作者：袁明龍(1982-)，男，甘肅靖遠(yuǎn)人，副教授，博士，研究方向?yàn)椴莸乩ハx學(xué)及分子生態(tài)學(xué)研究。E-mail: yuanml@lzu.edu.cn

基金項(xiàng)目：長江學(xué)者和創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃資助(IRT13019)；教育部科學(xué)技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)(重大)項(xiàng)目(313028)；蘭州大學(xué)中央高?；究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(lzujbky-2012-91)

收稿日期：2015-07-01接受日期：2015-09-09

DOI:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0369

張奔，周敏強(qiáng)，王娟，蒲毅，張麗，袁明龍.我國苜蓿害蟲種類及研究現(xiàn)狀.草業(yè)科學(xué),2016,33(4)：785-812.

Zhang B,Zhou M Q,Wang J,Pu Y,Zhang L,Yuan M L.Species checklist and research status of alfalfa insect pests reported in China.Pratacultural Science，2016,33(4)：785-812.

第一作者：張奔(1995-)，男，山西平陸人，在讀本科生,研究方向?yàn)椴莸乩ハx學(xué)及分子生態(tài)學(xué)研究。E-mail: zhangben13@lzu.edu.cn