黃 勍,王雪梅,劉玉蘭,馮桂建,尤 鵬
(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化科,北京 100044)
?
白塞病膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查5例
黃勍,王雪梅△,劉玉蘭,馮桂建,尤鵬
(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化科,北京100044)
[關(guān)鍵詞]膠囊內(nèi)窺鏡檢查;貝赫切特綜合征;腸疾?。籆rohn病
白塞病(Behcet’s disease, BD)是一種原因不明的慢性多血管炎癥性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)口腔潰瘍生殖器潰瘍眼部損害及皮膚損害,并可累及血管、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、消化道、關(guān)節(jié)、肺、腎、附睪等。白塞病累及消化道稱為胃腸型白塞病,文獻(xiàn)多稱腸白塞病,全消化道均可受累。膠囊內(nèi)鏡作為一種無(wú)痛無(wú)創(chuàng)的檢查方法,對(duì)小腸的病變有很高的檢出率與診斷率。對(duì)具有消化系統(tǒng)癥狀的白塞病患者應(yīng)行膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查,可全面評(píng)估小腸病變的部位及形態(tài),彌補(bǔ)了胃腸鏡的不足。現(xiàn)報(bào)道北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化科5例完成膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查的白塞病,并進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),為臨床工作提供一定參考。
1病例資料
2010年12月至2014年4月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化科收治的5例行膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查的白塞病患者,其中男性3例,女性2例,年齡23~55歲(中位年齡40歲),從出現(xiàn)癥狀到就診于北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院的病程為3天至28年(中位病程9年)。5例患者的一般資料及臨床表現(xiàn)如表1所示,患者就診消化科時(shí),除1例為既往診斷了白塞病(病例3),其余均為首次診斷。3例(病例1、2、4)符合1989年國(guó)際白塞病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],1例結(jié)合病史及鏡下潰瘍特點(diǎn),考慮為獨(dú)立的腸白塞病(病例5)。5例患者既往均無(wú)非甾體抗炎藥(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)用藥史。
4例系統(tǒng)白塞病患者均以反復(fù)發(fā)作的口腔潰瘍?yōu)槭装l(fā)癥狀,均有外陰潰瘍史。皮膚損害3例(病例1、3、4)表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)性紅斑,1例(病例2)表現(xiàn)為膿性丘疹。病例3既往有眼部損害,為虹膜炎及結(jié)膜炎;同時(shí)針刺反應(yīng)陽(yáng)性。病例5為獨(dú)立腸白塞病,且病程較短,無(wú)白塞病典型表現(xiàn)。其他系統(tǒng)損害包括多關(guān)節(jié)腫痛(病例3~5)、發(fā)熱(病例3、4)、消瘦(病例1)。消化系統(tǒng)癥狀中,2例主因胸骨后疼痛,3例主因便血就診于消化科,其中病例5以下消化道大出血就診。此外,3例患者有腹瀉,2例有腹痛,病例3為臍周絞痛,病例5為臍周隱痛,1例既往有回盲部腸瘺,手術(shù)切除盲腸。
5例患者內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果如表2所示。患者均完善了全消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查,先行胃鏡及結(jié)腸鏡檢查,后行膠囊內(nèi)鏡。除1例結(jié)腸鏡未見異常,其余內(nèi)鏡下消化道均有不同程度病變。5例膠囊內(nèi)鏡均有異常(圖1、2),病變類型多樣,包括潰瘍、糜爛、充血、黏膜隆起及血管病變。
表1 一般資料及臨床表現(xiàn)
表2 內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果
圖1病例5患者的回腸末端潰瘍
Figure 1Terminal ileum ulcer of case 5
2討論
白塞病是一種原因不明的慢性多血管炎癥性疾病,該病呈進(jìn)行性多系統(tǒng)損害,累及消化道稱為腸白塞病。亞洲白塞病患者消化道受累的發(fā)生率高于歐美,我國(guó)約為10%,白塞病的消化道受累多晚于系統(tǒng)性損害出現(xiàn),但也有先出現(xiàn)消化道損害或以消化道損害為主的白塞病[2]。腸白塞病的臨床表現(xiàn)以腹痛、腹瀉多見,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)出血、穿孔,北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化科患者大部分(4/5)有不同程度的腹痛或腹瀉,但多可長(zhǎng)期耐受。全消化道均可受累,以往報(bào)道回盲部多見。消化內(nèi)鏡是腸白塞病的主要檢查方法,通常使用胃鏡、結(jié)腸鏡與膠囊內(nèi)鏡,必要時(shí)可使用小腸鏡。白塞病的診斷主要參照1989年國(guó)際白塞病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],腸白塞病尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。病例5無(wú)白塞病典型表現(xiàn),但有多關(guān)節(jié)腫痛,抗核抗體(antinuclear antibody,ANA)陽(yáng)性,IgG升高,以消化道大出血入院,結(jié)合內(nèi)鏡下潰瘍形態(tài),考慮腸白塞病可能性大。疾病轉(zhuǎn)歸方面,Jung等[3]對(duì)130例腸白塞病隨訪5年,74.6%患者可緩解或處于病情輕度活動(dòng)。
A, the ulcer of middle-lower ileum; B, the ulcer of distal of ileum.
圖2病例4患者的回腸潰瘍
Figure 2Ileum ulcers of case 4
具有消化系統(tǒng)癥狀的白塞病患者應(yīng)行全消化道檢查,特別是胃腸鏡結(jié)果無(wú)法解釋的消化系統(tǒng)不適,應(yīng)行膠囊內(nèi)鏡。以往腸白塞病多由胃腸鏡診斷,對(duì)小腸病變的篩查局限于鋇劑造影與CT檢查,膠囊內(nèi)鏡可以無(wú)痛無(wú)創(chuàng)地進(jìn)行全小腸檢查。膠囊內(nèi)鏡對(duì)出血部位的診斷率明顯高于傳統(tǒng)方法,與雙氣囊小腸鏡相似,顯性消化道出血的診斷率高達(dá)92%,隱性出血診斷率為44%[4]。Ersoy等[5]報(bào)道了66例胃腸鏡結(jié)果正常的患者,最終22例膠囊內(nèi)鏡診斷小腸潰瘍。腸腔狹窄或梗阻是膠囊內(nèi)鏡的相對(duì)禁忌證,易造成膠囊內(nèi)鏡滯留,滯留通常無(wú)癥狀,但遠(yuǎn)期可出現(xiàn)腸穿孔,當(dāng)小腸存在基礎(chǔ)疾病時(shí)更易發(fā)生穿孔。
應(yīng)用膠囊內(nèi)鏡的白塞病病例報(bào)道尚少見,本研究5例是國(guó)內(nèi)最早的專項(xiàng)病例報(bào)道,5例患者均因明顯的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀就診,膠囊內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果存在不同程度異常。Hamdulay等[6]與Neves等[7]分別報(bào)道了10例接受膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查的白塞病患者,膠囊內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果均有異常。本研究的5例與Hamdulay等[6]的10例患者均行胃腸鏡檢查,9/15例胃鏡及9/15例腸鏡未見異常,但膠囊內(nèi)鏡中有2例分別為胃多發(fā)糜爛、胃潰瘍,1例回腸末端潰瘍,為胃腸鏡漏診病變,因此,有消化系統(tǒng)癥狀的白塞病均應(yīng)例行膠囊內(nèi)鏡,評(píng)估全消化道尤其是小腸的病情,同時(shí)減少漏診。4/15例胃鏡及4/15例腸鏡的異常結(jié)果可解釋消化道癥狀,3例膠囊內(nèi)鏡提示小腸多發(fā)潰瘍,其余2/15例胃鏡及2/15例腸鏡的異常結(jié)果無(wú)法解釋消化道癥狀,膠囊內(nèi)鏡提示小腸潰瘍,因此,膠囊內(nèi)鏡有助于更充分地解釋白塞病患者的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀。此外,Neves等[7]的10例患者僅有輕微間斷腹痛、便血,在追問病史中得到,膠囊內(nèi)鏡下均有小腸單發(fā)或多發(fā)的糜爛或潰瘍。健康人群中,膠囊內(nèi)鏡下黏膜損傷的檢出率為7%[8],與白塞病患者有顯著差異。因此,在條件允許的情況下,白塞病患者均建議行膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查,可提高早期腸白塞病的診斷率。
病變分布方面,本研究、Hamdulay等[6]與Neves等[7]病例共25例結(jié)果如下:食管4例(16%),胃4例(16%),十二指腸8例(32%),空腸11例(44%),回腸18例(72%),回盲部12例(48%),結(jié)腸3例(12%),直腸2例(8%),由此可見,腸白塞病主要累及小腸,其中回腸受累比例最高,病變范圍不僅局限于回盲部。以往報(bào)道腸白塞病90%為回盲部潰瘍,可能與檢查手段的局限性有關(guān),Neves等[7]的10例患者中無(wú)回盲部潰瘍,空腸受累占80%。Rimbas等[9]報(bào)道了5例白塞病合并血清陰性脊柱關(guān)節(jié)病的膠囊內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果,表現(xiàn)為全小腸分布的多發(fā)小潰瘍。因此,膠囊內(nèi)鏡的廣泛應(yīng)用,有助于更新認(rèn)識(shí)腸白塞病的病變分布。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,白塞病的消化道潰瘍?yōu)閱伟l(fā)或多發(fā),深淺不一,形態(tài)多為口瘡樣、火山口樣及地圖樣,部分潰瘍可隨病程轉(zhuǎn)歸呈愈合征象,火山口樣潰瘍或邊緣不規(guī)則潰瘍預(yù)后欠佳,且易發(fā)生腸穿孔[10]。前述25例中大部分的回腸病變表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)潰瘍,以小潰瘍?yōu)橹鳎榛虿话槊訝€,潰瘍間黏膜均光滑完好。腸白塞病患者的定期復(fù)查多依賴胃腸鏡,膠囊內(nèi)鏡尚未普遍應(yīng)用于長(zhǎng)期隨訪中,因此小腸潰瘍的轉(zhuǎn)歸尚缺乏臨床資料,僅少數(shù)個(gè)案報(bào)道。Niv等[11]利用膠囊內(nèi)鏡對(duì)Crohn病的隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),患者的癥狀及病情活動(dòng)度與鏡下表現(xiàn)(Lewis評(píng)分)并無(wú)相關(guān)性,這一結(jié)果對(duì)腸白塞病患者也有參考價(jià)值,說(shuō)明了定期復(fù)查膠囊內(nèi)鏡的必要性。
腸白塞病的診斷方面,很大程度上依賴于白塞病的系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)及內(nèi)鏡下的典型表現(xiàn)。2009年Cheon等[12]根據(jù)腸白塞病患者的系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn),是否有口腔潰瘍及內(nèi)鏡下潰瘍表現(xiàn),制定出一套腸白塞病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。280例有回結(jié)腸潰瘍的患者分為確診、高度疑似、疑似與排除,5年隨訪結(jié)果顯示,4組患者的靈敏度分別為100%、73.1%、66.7%與1.8%。實(shí)際臨床工作中,缺乏典型系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)的腸白塞病,常需與Crohn病進(jìn)行鑒別診斷,膠囊內(nèi)鏡可評(píng)估全消化道情況,鏡下的病變部位及形態(tài)為鑒別兩種疾病提供了新線索。如前所述,大部分病例的病變范圍不僅局限在回盲部,且44%出現(xiàn)空腸病變,Crohn病中空腸受累較少見。李攀等[13]回顧性分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)白塞病以非回腸末端小腸受累多見,Crohn病的單純回結(jié)腸受累多見。Fireman等[14]第一次使用膠囊內(nèi)鏡診斷Crohn病,文中指出病變部位局限在小腸遠(yuǎn)端,表現(xiàn)為黏膜糜爛、潰瘍及腸腔狹窄。此外也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[15-16],少數(shù)腸白塞病患者同時(shí)Grohn恩病表現(xiàn),或先后被診斷為這兩種疾病,因此兩種疾病在發(fā)病機(jī)制與轉(zhuǎn)歸上可能有相關(guān)性。
綜上所述,白塞病是一種進(jìn)行性多系統(tǒng)損害疾病,腸白塞病的臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,全消化道均可受累。應(yīng)用膠囊內(nèi)鏡可對(duì)全消化道,特別是小腸病變的位置及形態(tài)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,檢出率與診斷率均高于傳統(tǒng)方法,同時(shí)彌補(bǔ)了胃腸鏡的不足。有消化系統(tǒng)癥狀的白塞病患者均應(yīng)行膠囊內(nèi)鏡評(píng)估病變,有助于解釋患者的消化道癥狀,并提高腸白塞病的診斷率,減少漏診率。腸白塞病主要累及小腸,以往報(bào)道回盲部受累最多,但隨著小腸檢查方法的改進(jìn),有助于更新認(rèn)識(shí)腸白塞病的病變分布,有助于與Crohn病的鑒別診斷。此外,可探討膠囊內(nèi)鏡應(yīng)用于腸白塞病患者的長(zhǎng)期隨訪中。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)分會(huì).白塞病診斷和治療指南[J]. 中華風(fēng)濕病學(xué)雜志, 2011,15(5): 345-347.
[2]Zhang SC, Wang WL. Successful treatment of extensive intestinal perforations from Behcet’s disease involving the whole gut: a case report [J]. Int J Rheum Dis, 2013, 16(5): 595-598.
[3]Jung YS, Cheon JH, Park SJ, et al. Clinical course of intestinal Behcet’s disease during the first five years [J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2013, 58(2): 496-503.
[4]Neumann H, Fry LC, N?gel A, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy of the small intestine: a review with future directions [J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2014, 30(5): 463-471.
[5]Ersoy O, Harmanci O, Aydinli M, et al. Capability of capsule endoscopy in detecting small bowel ulcers [J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2009, 54(1): 136-141.
[6]Hamdulay SS, Cheent K, Ghosh C, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy in the investigation of intestinal Behcet’s syndrome [J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008, 47(8): 1231-1234.
[7]Neves FS, Fylyk SN, Lage LV, et al. Behcet’s disease: clinical value of the video capsule endoscopy for small intestine examination [J]. RheumatolInt, 2009. 29(5): 601-603.
[8]Goldstein JL, Eisen GM, Lewis B, et al. Video capsule endoscopy to prospectively assess small bowel injury with celecoxib, naproxen plus omeprazole, and placebo [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005, 3(2): 133-141.
[9]Rimbas M, Nicolau A, Caraiola S, et al. Small bowel inflammatory involvement in Behcet’s disease associated spondyloarthritis is different from other spondyloarthritides. A prospective cohort study [J]. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2013, 22(4): 405-411.
[10]Chung MJ, Cheon JH, Kim SU, et al. Response rates to medical treatments and long-term clinical outcomes of nonsurgical patients with intestinal Behcet disease[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2010, 44(6): 116-122.
[11]Niv E, Fishman S, Kachman H, et al. Sequential capsule endoscopy of the small bowel for follow-up of patients with known Crohn’sdisease [J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2014, 18(12):1616-1623.
[12]Cheon JH, Kim ES, Shin SJ, et al. Development and validation of novel diagnostic criteria for intestinal Behcet’s disease in Korean patients with ileocolonic ulcers [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009, 104(10): 2492-2499.
[13]李攀,白靜,李玥, 等.腸白塞和克羅恩病的臨床對(duì)照研究: 2011年北京醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)消化系病學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文集[C], 北京:北京醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì), 2011: 7-8.
[14]Fireman Z, Mahajna E,Broide E, et al. Diagnosing small bowel Crohn’s disease with wireless capsule endoscopy [J]. Gut, 2003, 52(3): 390-392.
[15]Kim ES, Chung WC, Lee KM, et al. A case of intestinal Behcet’s disease similar to Crohn’s colitis [J].J Korean Med Sci, 2007, 22(5): 918-922.
[16]Akay N, Boyvat A, Heper AO, et al. Behcet's disease-like pre-sentation of bullous pyodermagangrenosum associated with Crohn’s disease [J]. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2006, 31(3): 384-386.
(2014-08-23收稿)
(本文編輯:王蕾)
Capsule endoscopy for Behcet’s disease-treatment: five cases reports
HUANG Qing, WANG Xue-mei△, LIU Yu-lan, FENG Gui-jian, YOU Peng
(Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, 100044 Beijing, China)
SUMMARYBehcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease of unknown causes. It is called intestinal BD, when digestive tract is involved. To investigate small bowel feature of intestinal BD, we now report 5 intestinal BD cases undergone capsule endoscopy from December, 2010 to April, 2014 in Peking University People’s Hospital. General information, clinical feature and endoscopic feature were presented, and literatures were reviewed. There were 3 male and 2 female patients. Age range was from 23 to 55 years old (median age 40 years old). Disease course was from 3 days to 28 years (median course 9 years). 4 patients were diagnosed as systemic BD, and the rest independent intestinal BD. 4 systemic BD patients all presented as recurrent oral aphthous as initial symptom and had history of vulvar ulcer and skin lesion. They all had gastrointestinal symptoms, including retrosternal pain (2 cases), hematochezia (3 cases), diarrhea (3 cases) and abdominal pain (2 cases). 1 patient had a history of fistula of ileocecal junction and underwent caecectomy. 5 patients all underwent whole digestive tract examination by endoscopy, including gastroscopy, colonoscopy and capsule endoscopy.Except of 1 normal result of colonoscopy, all endoscopy results revealed lesions. Capsule endoscopy results of all patients were abnormal. Types of small intestinal lesion were various, including ulceration, erosion, protrusion and vasculopathy. All digestive tract can be involved in BD patients. Capsule endoscopy can evaluate lesions throughout whole digestive tract, especially in small intestine. As a consequence, it is helpful to explain gastrointestinal symptom, increase early diagnostic rate. Intestinal BD (IBD) mainly involves small bowel, and ileum is the major involved segment, not only limited in ileocecum. The updated perspective of IBD lesion distribution will contribute to differential diagnosis between IBD and Crohn’s disease.This is the first time to report capsule endoscopic feature of BD patients in China.
KEY WORDSCapsule endoscopy; Behcet syndrome; Intestinal diseases; Crohn disease
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.02.035
[中圖分類號(hào)]R574
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1671-167X(2016)02-0366-04
△ Corresponding auther’s e-mail, fanhang1999@sina.com
·病例報(bào)告·
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-3-1811:33:45網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4691.R.20160318.1133.006.html