張俊峰
(江西省消防總隊(duì)培訓(xùn)基地門診部,江西 南昌 330200)
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吡格列酮干預(yù)對(duì)高蛋白飲食糖尿病大鼠腎病的影響*
張俊峰
(江西省消防總隊(duì)培訓(xùn)基地門診部,江西 南昌330200)
摘要:目的考察吡格列酮干預(yù)對(duì)高蛋白飲食糖尿病大鼠腎病的影響。方法DM大鼠隨機(jī)分3組,15只/組,①DM模型組、 ②吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組、③吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組,另取健康SD大鼠15只為 ④ 對(duì)照組,給予正常飼料喂養(yǎng)。 ①和④每日給予灌胃生理鹽水5 ml/100g,②和③每日按劑量灌胃吡格列酮,連續(xù)給藥8 w。給藥第0、4和8 w末,檢測空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG),收集大鼠24 h尿液,測定尿白蛋白(urinary albumin)和尿肌酐(urinary creatinine);給藥第8w末檢測甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、血肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)與尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)。大鼠安樂死后,測定腹主動(dòng)脈的血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和過氧化氫酶(catalase,CAT)、計(jì)算臟器指數(shù)(腎肥大指數(shù)),采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色法檢測ICAM-1表達(dá),在光鏡下記錄腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù),電鏡下考察腎臟的病理變化。結(jié)果試驗(yàn)過程中無1只大鼠死亡。與對(duì)照組比,DM模型組0~8 w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率較高(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型組的TC、TG、BUN、Scr腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)、腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)、腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜厚度和MDA較高(P<0.05),與DM模型組比,吡格列酮組0~8w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率較低(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型組的TC、TG、BUN、Scr腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)、腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)、腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜厚度(glomerular basement membrane, GBM)和MDA較低(P<0.05),與吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組0~8 w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率較低(P<0.05),第8 w DM模型組的TC、TG、BUN、Scr腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)、腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)和MDA較低(P<0.05)。與對(duì)照組比,第8 w DM模型組的CAT降低(P<0.05),與DM模型組比,吡格列酮的CAT較高,與吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組CAT較高(P<0.05)。結(jié)論吡格列酮可減輕高蛋白飲食糖尿病大鼠腎臟損傷,該作用可能與其降低ICAM-1、MDA、腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)和腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜增厚和升高CAT有關(guān),且該作用具有劑量依賴性趨勢。
關(guān)鍵詞:吡格列酮;高蛋白飲食糖尿病大鼠;腎病
近年來,糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)發(fā)病率迅速攀升。中國20歲以上的成人糖尿病患病率接近10.0%,糖尿病腎病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)是糖尿病患者最常見的慢性并發(fā)癥之一,年發(fā)生率接近50.0%,DN是導(dǎo)致終末期腎病最主要的病因。DN的發(fā)病機(jī)制較復(fù)雜,可能是胰島素抵抗、脂代謝紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激、持續(xù)高血糖代謝狀態(tài)、炎癥介質(zhì)和腎血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常等綜合因素的結(jié)果[1]。吡格列酮可通過減輕胰島素抵抗改善糖脂代謝,臨床試驗(yàn)顯示吡格列酮也可治療糖尿病腎病[2],但其治療機(jī)制尚不明確,本課題旨在通過研究吡格列酮干預(yù)對(duì)高蛋白飲食DM大鼠,考察吡格列酮對(duì)DN的影響,為臨床使用該藥提供參考。
1研究資料與方法
1.1受試動(dòng)物SD大鼠,體重80~110 g,全部♂,購自重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,合格證:醫(yī)動(dòng)字NO.310501001,飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境:通風(fēng)清潔,光照12h/12h,室內(nèi)溫度20~24℃,相對(duì)濕度50%±10%,自由進(jìn)食飲水。
1.2受試藥物與試劑鹽酸吡格列酮片,國藥準(zhǔn)字:H20060592,規(guī)格:15 mg/片(以吡格列酮計(jì)),批號(hào):20130301,杭州康恩貝制藥有限公司生產(chǎn)。鏈脲佐菌素,批號(hào):S0130,美國Sigma公司提供;水合氯醛,分析純,廣州化學(xué)試劑廠。
1.3DM大鼠制備以大豆蛋白為飼料蛋白質(zhì)來源,混合麥淀粉與植物油混勻后燒煮烘干,制成蛋白質(zhì)含量40%、脂肪40%和碳水化合物 20%及適量鹽與維生素的塊料,飼料熱卡>1.5 kJ/100 g。連續(xù)喂養(yǎng)6 w,第6周末,禁食12 h,腹腔注射鏈脲佐菌素30 mg/kg,斷尾取血法測血糖/w,連續(xù)4w外周血血糖≥16.7 mmol/L者為合格的糖尿病大鼠。
1.4試驗(yàn)步驟
1.4.1分組與給藥DM大鼠45只,隨機(jī)分為3組,15只/組,①DM模型組、②吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組、③ 吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組,另外選取同期購買的健康SD大鼠15只,為④對(duì)照組,給予正常飼料喂養(yǎng)。①和④每日給予灌胃生理鹽水5 ml/100g, ② 和③每日按劑量灌胃吡格列酮,連續(xù)給藥8w。
1.4.2指標(biāo)檢測在給藥后0、4和8w末,采用Olympus AU2700全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG),收集大鼠24 h尿液,測定尿白蛋白(urinary albumin, UA)和尿肌酐(urinary creatinine, UC)清除率;給藥第8w末檢測甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、血肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)與尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)。大鼠安樂死后,測定腹主動(dòng)脈的血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和過氧化氫酶(catalase, CAT)、摘取腎臟,計(jì)算臟器指數(shù)(腎肥大指數(shù)),采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色法檢測細(xì)胞間粘附因子(intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1)表達(dá),在光鏡下記錄腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù),電鏡下考察腎臟的病理變化。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理將所有數(shù)據(jù)輸入SPSS15.0軟件,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布者采用“均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示,用One-Way ANOVA法,方差齊性采用Fisher LSD檢驗(yàn),方差不齊,采用Tamhane’s T2檢驗(yàn),P≤0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1大鼠的一般情況試驗(yàn)過程中無1只大鼠死亡。對(duì)照組大鼠發(fā)育良好,反應(yīng)靈敏,毛皮有光澤,動(dòng)作自如;DM大鼠精神萎靡,體型消瘦,反應(yīng)遲鈍,弓背豎毛無光澤且易脫落。吡格列酮大鼠,發(fā)育較好,反應(yīng)尚可,體重有增長但較對(duì)照組低。
2.2吡格列酮給藥8w對(duì)血糖(FBG)、尿蛋白(UA)和肌酐(UC)清除率的影響對(duì)照組0~8w,F(xiàn)BG、UA和UC清除率無顯著變化(P>0.05)。與對(duì)照組比,DM模型組0~8w FBG、UA和UC清除率較高(P<0.05),DM模型組的FBG、UA和UC清除率隨著喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間延長,逐漸增高,與DM模型組比,吡格列酮組0~8w血糖、尿蛋白和肌酐清除率較低(P<0.05),與吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組0~8w FBG、UA和UC清除率較低(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3吡格列酮給藥8w對(duì)甘油三脂(TC)、總膽固醇(TG)、尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)的影響與對(duì)照組比,DM模型組的TC、TG、BUN和Scr較高(P<0.05);與DM模型組比,吡格列酮組的TC、TG、BUN和Scr較低(P<0.05);與吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組的TC、TG、BUN和Scr較低(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4吡格列酮對(duì)腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)的影響與對(duì)照組比,DM模型組的腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)較高;與DM模型組比,吡格列酮組的腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)較低(P<0.05);與吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組比,吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組的腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)較低(P<0.05)。見表3。
表1 吡格列酮給藥8w對(duì)FBG、UA和UC清除率的影響
注:模型組與對(duì)照組比,*P<0.05,與模型組比,?P<0.05,與吡格列酮7.5mg/kg組比,#P<0.05。
表2 吡格列酮對(duì)TC、TG、BUN和Scr的影響
注:DM組與對(duì)照組比,*P<0.05,與DM組比,?P<0.05,與吡格列酮7.5mg/kg組比,#P<0.05。
表3 吡格列酮對(duì)腎臟器系數(shù)、腎ICAM-1
注:DM組與對(duì)照組比,*P<0.05,與DM組比,?P<0.05,與吡格列酮7.5mg/kg組比,#P<0.05。
2.5吡格列酮對(duì)CAT、MDA和腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜的影響對(duì)照組無異常病理表現(xiàn),DM模型組腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜(gomerular basement membrane, GBM)增厚,系膜細(xì)胞腫脹,系膜基質(zhì)增多,系膜區(qū)擴(kuò)大,吡格列酮7.5 mg/kg組和吡格列酮15.0 mg/kg組較DM腎臟病理改變明顯減輕,與對(duì)照組比僅有少量病變,GBM基本均勻一致,見表4和圖1。
表4 吡格列酮對(duì)CAT、MDA和GBM的影響
注:DM組與對(duì)照組比,*P<0.05,與DM組比,?P<0.05,與吡格列酮7.5mg/kg組比,#P<0.05.
圖1 吡格列酮對(duì)腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜厚度的影響
3討論
DN作為糖尿病最主要的慢性并發(fā)癥,以蛋白尿、腎小球肥大和腎小球基底膜增厚為主要特征,功能上表現(xiàn)為高濾過和腎小球?yàn)V過屏障改變,可導(dǎo)致終末期腎臟疾病[3-4]。
吡格列酮是胰島素增敏劑,屬于噻唑烷二酮類藥物(thiazolidinediones, TDZs),近來研究表明吡格列酮可減輕DN病變,涉及多個(gè)系統(tǒng),機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前尚未明確。本課題結(jié)果顯示,吡格列酮可保護(hù)DN,存在以下幾個(gè)可能:1)降低DM血糖,改善糖脂代謝,高脂血癥參與腎臟損傷,與7.5 mg/kg組比,15.0 mg/kg組改善糖脂代謝的功能更強(qiáng),說明吡格列酮改善糖脂作用可能與劑量呈相關(guān)性;2)降低DM尿蛋白、肌酐清除和DM大鼠的腎臟臟器指數(shù)。尿蛋白與胰島素抵抗密切相關(guān),與健康人比,糖尿病患者腎小球率過濾顯著增高,尿蛋白水平增高,采用胰島素增敏劑可改善白蛋白丟失,而本課題中吡格列酮可降低DM大鼠的尿蛋白,降低腎損傷,說明吡格列酮具有胰島素增敏劑的作用,與Stabile G等人[5]的研究結(jié)果一致。也有研究認(rèn)為匹格列酮對(duì)DM大鼠的保護(hù)作用并不依賴增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感,原因在于鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病模型為胰島素依賴型,筆者認(rèn)為該論點(diǎn)尚存質(zhì)疑,首先鏈脲佐菌素的半衰期為6h,本課題中給予鏈脲佐菌素后連續(xù)4w高蛋白高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)[6]。吡格列酮可降低DM大鼠的肌苷清除率和腎臟臟器指數(shù),說明吡格列酮對(duì)腎臟具有直接的保護(hù)作用[7];3)降低DM腎臟器系數(shù)、ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)。糖尿病狀態(tài)下,ICAM-1可促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,促進(jìn)腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面、腎小球和腎間的單核的巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,本課題中高蛋白喂養(yǎng)的DM大鼠ICAM-1表達(dá)和腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)較DM大鼠高,說明隨著發(fā)病時(shí)間的延長腎小球內(nèi)ICAM-1表達(dá)升高,浸潤的巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)目也隨之增高,另一方面,蛋白喂養(yǎng)增加了DM大鼠的尿蛋白表達(dá),提示腎臟內(nèi)皮損傷伴隨腎小球毛細(xì)血管管壓增高,管壓時(shí)間越長,則ICAM-1表達(dá)越高,呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間強(qiáng)度依賴關(guān)系,也說明了蛋白喂養(yǎng)DM大鼠可進(jìn)一步加重糖尿病伴腎組織損傷[8-9];4) 降低DM的MDA和腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜厚度,增高CAT。MDA是脂質(zhì)過氧化的代謝產(chǎn)物,反映機(jī)體脂質(zhì)過氧化程度,同時(shí)MDA具有強(qiáng)交聯(lián)性質(zhì),與含游離氨基的蛋白質(zhì)和核酸形成Schiff氏堿,不易排泄妨礙蛋白質(zhì)、核酸及細(xì)胞功能,MDA還可增加低密度脂蛋白對(duì)細(xì)胞的毒性作用,CAT水平下降可引起生物膜脂質(zhì)過氧化、細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白變性,繼而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷,DN大鼠MDA增高,CAT降低,提示DN大鼠的腎組織氧化和抗氧化系統(tǒng)失衡,吡格列酮可降低MDA和增高CAT,說明吡格列酮具有顯著的抗氧化作用[10-12]。
綜上,吡格列酮可減輕高蛋白飲食糖尿病大鼠腎臟損傷,該作用可能與其降低CAM-1、MDA、腎小球單核/巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)和腎小球毛細(xì)血管基底膜增厚和升高CAT有關(guān),且該作用具有劑量依賴性趨勢。
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The effect of pioglitazone on the high protein diet of diabetic nephropathy rats
ZHANGJun-feng
(Jiangxi Fire Brigade Training Base Clinic,Nanchang 330200,China)
Abstract:Objective: To investigate the effect of pioglitazone on the high protein diet of diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Methods: Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 15 rats in each group: DM group, 7.5mg/kg pioglitazone group and 15.0mg/kg pioglitazone group, 15 healthy rats were collected as the control group. The control group was fed with normal diet. And the DM rats were administered high protein diet. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG),urine albumin (UA) and urinary creatinine(UC) were collected on the beginning, 4(th)week and 8(th)week of treatment. On the 8(th)week, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol(TC), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT) in blood were defined and ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte/macrophage infiltration and glomerular basement membrane(GBM) in kidney were defined. Results: No rat died during the experiment. FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th)week and 8(th)week of treatment in DM group were higher, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration, MDA and GMB were higher in DM group on the 8(th)week of treatment. Compared with DM group, FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th) week and 8(th) week of treatment were decreased, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration, MDA and GMB were decreased in pioglitazone groups(P<0.05). Compared with 7.5mg/kg pioglitazone group, FBG, UA, UC at the beginning, 4(th) week and 8(th)week of treatment were decreased, and TC, TG, BUN, Scr, kidney index, ICAM-1, glomerular monocyte / macrophage infiltration and MDA were decreased in 15.0 mg/kg pioglitazone group.Compared with the control group, CAT was decreased in the DM group (P<0.05). Compared with the DM group, CAT was increased in the pioglitazone groups, and higher in 15.0 mg/kg pioglitazone group (P<0.05). Conclusion Pioglitazone can protect the renal function of DN by decreasing the expression of CAM-1, glomerular monocyte/macrophage infiltration and thickening of GBM, with a dose-dependended trend.
Key words:pioglitazone; high protein diet of diabetic mellitus; nephropathy
(收稿日期2015-12-11)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7115.2016.03.006
中圖分類號(hào):R587.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1004-7115(2016)03-0257-04
*作者簡介:張俊峰(1975-),男,江西南昌人,主治醫(yī)師,本科,主要從事內(nèi)分泌臨床診治工作。
山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院)學(xué)報(bào)2016年3期