姚國(guó)芬
對(duì)話教學(xué)一般過(guò)程可簡(jiǎn)單概括為:引入對(duì)話——教學(xué)對(duì)話——拓展練習(xí)。對(duì)話教學(xué)最后的拓展環(huán)節(jié),是讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用本課時(shí)所學(xué)的重點(diǎn)句型,依托已學(xué)的其他語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言能力,在同學(xué)間展開(kāi)語(yǔ)言交際的過(guò)程。這一過(guò)程也是課堂的精華所在,是檢驗(yàn)課堂教學(xué)成敗的關(guān)鍵因素之一。教師都希望在這一環(huán)節(jié)學(xué)生們會(huì)說(shuō),而且說(shuō)得精彩。這就需要教師在課堂上通過(guò)多種方式和手段,增加學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出信息量。
小學(xué)階段的對(duì)話教學(xué),學(xué)生必須在教師創(chuàng)設(shè)的特定的語(yǔ)言背景下,接受教師大容量的語(yǔ)言輸入。然后通過(guò)思考,轉(zhuǎn)化為自己的語(yǔ)言輸出。豐富的語(yǔ)言輸出需要豐富的語(yǔ)言輸入為前提。
在拓展環(huán)節(jié)之前,除了讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)新單詞、新句型之外,教師還需要通過(guò)多種手段,激活儲(chǔ)存在學(xué)生大腦中的相關(guān)知識(shí),從而有利于他們的語(yǔ)言輸出。
比如修訂版PEP五(上)Unit 3中What would you like?這一單元的對(duì)話教學(xué),筆者聽(tīng)過(guò)一位教師是這樣設(shè)計(jì)的:首先讓學(xué)生Enjoy a song,歌曲主要句型為“I like...and I can eat a lot.”。學(xué)生通過(guò)視聽(tīng),在輕松優(yōu)美的曲調(diào)中,獲得了很多食物單詞的輸入。接著教師問(wèn)學(xué)生:What food do you like?通過(guò)說(shuō)一說(shuō),學(xué)生又進(jìn)行了單詞、句子的復(fù)習(xí)運(yùn)用。于是開(kāi)始教學(xué)新句型“What’s your favourite food?”學(xué)生說(shuō)出最喜歡的事物,并在教師的引導(dǎo)下說(shuō)了原因,如“It’s/They’re yummy/nice/sweet...”學(xué)生說(shuō)的過(guò)程是語(yǔ)言輸出的過(guò)程,對(duì)他們而言,其實(shí)也是一個(gè)語(yǔ)言輸入的過(guò)程。
這位教師就是通過(guò)聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)、說(shuō)一說(shuō)等活動(dòng),不斷地讓學(xué)生獲得語(yǔ)言信息的輸入。當(dāng)然,教師還可以通過(guò)圖片、故事、動(dòng)畫等其他方式達(dá)到這一目的。
教師在課堂上的每一句話,對(duì)學(xué)生而言都是語(yǔ)言輸入。因此,教師的語(yǔ)言切忌過(guò)于單調(diào)。比如修訂版PEP六(上)Unit 3 What are you going to do?這一課,有些教師除了簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)句和簡(jiǎn)單的回答以外,沒(méi)有其他語(yǔ)言了。其實(shí),教師可以有這樣的語(yǔ)言:What are you going to do tonight?What are you going to buy in the bookstore?Who are you going with?...I’m going to buy a comic book for my son.Because he is only 5 years old.Can he read?Can he read comic books?...只有用豐富的語(yǔ)言與學(xué)生交流,學(xué)生才會(huì)模仿,自己也才會(huì)說(shuō)得更棒。
語(yǔ)言在一定的語(yǔ)境中才有它的語(yǔ)用價(jià)值。只有在合適的語(yǔ)境中,學(xué)生才愿意交流,而且會(huì)交流。修訂版PEP教材中的Let’s talk已經(jīng)突出了很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)境。那么在拓展環(huán)節(jié),教師可以根據(jù)自身的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)沿用教材語(yǔ)境,也可以創(chuàng)設(shè)其他語(yǔ)境。
三到六年級(jí)的學(xué)生已經(jīng)積累了豐富的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),如果在拓展環(huán)節(jié)能夠使課堂聯(lián)系到學(xué)生熟悉的生活,就會(huì)讓學(xué)生覺(jué)得有話可說(shuō)。于是,學(xué)生的思維就不會(huì)被課堂所局限,語(yǔ)言輸出就會(huì)更豐富、更有生命力。
比如在修訂版PEP五(上)Unit 4 What can you do?A Let’s talk 一課拓展環(huán)節(jié),一位教師設(shè)計(jì)了“A garden party, A family party, A birthday party, A reading party”四個(gè)場(chǎng)景,讓學(xué)生選擇任意一個(gè)進(jìn)行對(duì)話。這四個(gè)都是學(xué)生熟悉的場(chǎng)景,學(xué)生在對(duì)話時(shí)就會(huì)將自己置身其中,進(jìn)行真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言輸出,語(yǔ)言貼近學(xué)生生活。例舉學(xué)生輸出如下:
(Group 1)A:We’ll have a family party next Sunday.
B:Really?What can you do for the party?
A:I can clean the table,wash the vegetables,and then wash the dishes.
B:Wow,you are helpful,you are hard working,too.
(Group 2)A:We’ll have a reading party next Friday.
B:Cool!What can you do for the party?
A:I can read English books and read stories.
B:Sounds great!Can I go with you?
A:Sure.
真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境讓學(xué)生擺脫迷茫的困境,知道該說(shuō)些什么,于是激起了他們對(duì)自己原有知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的挖掘。新舊知識(shí)的共同運(yùn)用,讓語(yǔ)言更精彩。
除了真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境,教師還可以創(chuàng)設(shè)趣味性的語(yǔ)境。感興趣的事情,學(xué)生肯定愿做、愿說(shuō)。比如六(上)Unit 6 How do you feel?A Let’s talk,教師可以在拓展環(huán)節(jié)呈現(xiàn)《熊出沒(méi)》和《喜羊羊與灰太狼》中的主要人物圖片,讓學(xué)生兩人一組任意選擇一幅圖進(jìn)行對(duì)話。這兩組是學(xué)生目前最感興趣的動(dòng)畫片,讓學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)描述其中的人物,他們感到特別帶勁,討論激烈。一組學(xué)生的對(duì)話如下:
A:What’sthiscartoon about?
B:It’s about two bears.They are angry with Guangtou Qiang.
A:Why?
B: Because Guangtou Qiang is very bad.He always wants to destroy(學(xué)生用錯(cuò)單詞,教師糾正)the forest.And then,he has got the money.
A:Is he afraid of Xiong Da and Xiong Er?
B:No,but he is very afraid of Boss Li.
A:Sounds interesting!I want to watch it!
教師在讓學(xué)生創(chuàng)編對(duì)話前,要提前做好示范我引導(dǎo)。在一次次的引導(dǎo)下,讓學(xué)生逐漸掌握將對(duì)話編長(zhǎng)、編豐富的一些竅門。否則,學(xué)生自編的對(duì)話就沒(méi)法估量,完全隨意而編。
語(yǔ)言交際中,話輪是基本的交流方式。對(duì)話必定有發(fā)起者和回應(yīng)者。而在真實(shí)交際中,話輪交流形式不僅僅是一方永遠(yuǎn)提問(wèn),另一方回答,必定還有另一方的“發(fā)起、附和、糾正、擴(kuò)充”等等。擁有了這樣的話輪交流能力,學(xué)生課堂上的語(yǔ)言交際才更真實(shí)、更精彩。對(duì)比下面對(duì)話就會(huì)非常明顯地看出來(lái)。
A:What does your father do?
B:He is a police officer.
A: Where does your father work?
B:He works in a police station.
A:How does he go to work?
B:He goes to work by car.
A:What does your father do?
B:He is a police officer.
A:Wow,cool!Is he tall and strong?
B:Yes,he is tall,but thin.What about your father?
A:My father is a teacher.He is short,but strong.He wants to be thin.So,he goes to work on foot every day.
B:Oh, that’s good exercise.My father goes to work by car.
在一般的語(yǔ)言交際中,交流雙方會(huì)因?yàn)槟撤矫娴脑蚨D(zhuǎn)移話題,這是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。因此,這樣的交際更顯得真實(shí)、自然。改編后的新版PEP教材Let’s talk板塊的內(nèi)容很多時(shí)候就是這樣設(shè)計(jì)的。如五(下)Unit 2 What’s your favourite season? Let’s talk板塊的內(nèi)容:
倆人一開(kāi)始談?wù)撘魳?lè)(因這曲子是關(guān)于四個(gè)季節(jié)的),后來(lái)話題開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)為詢問(wèn)對(duì)方最喜歡的季節(jié),銜接巧妙、過(guò)渡自然。因此,教師也可以順勢(shì)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在對(duì)話過(guò)程中轉(zhuǎn)移話題。
教材中對(duì)話課的主要句型一般都是問(wèn)答的形式,因?yàn)闆](méi)有問(wèn)答,交流就不能進(jìn)行。隨著年級(jí)的升高,學(xué)生不僅會(huì)用一般疑問(wèn)句進(jìn)行問(wèn)答,六年級(jí)教材中還特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了疑問(wèn)代詞what,when,where,how等詞的運(yùn)用。讓學(xué)生在特定情境交際中多設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,就能讓對(duì)話進(jìn)行得更長(zhǎng)。
筆者在六(上)Unit 3 What are you going to do?這一單元的對(duì)話教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)了一段時(shí)間的對(duì)話策略指導(dǎo)后,自編的對(duì)話已經(jīng)超出意料:
S1:Hello...!
S2:Hi!Look at the picture on the wall.What day is it?
S1:It’s our National Day.We are going to have a long holiday.
S2:Yes,cool!What are you going to do on your holiday?
S1:I’m going to take a trip to Hengdian.
S2:Are you going with your father and mother?
S1:Yes.And my cousin’s family are going together,too.
S2:How are you going there?By bus?
S1:No,we are going by car.My father is going to drive the car.Whataboutyou?Where are you going?
...
顯然,如果問(wèn)句不斷,交流就可以一直延續(xù),不會(huì)出現(xiàn)學(xué)生的對(duì)話只說(shuō)一兩句就沒(méi)話說(shuō)的情況。因此,教師在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中也必須潛意識(shí)地訓(xùn)練學(xué)生多提問(wèn),改變教學(xué)中常見(jiàn)的教師問(wèn)、學(xué)生答的現(xiàn)象。只有這樣,學(xué)生的交流能力才能得到更大程度的提高。
對(duì)話除了需要主要的句型作為骨架外,還需要很多內(nèi)容來(lái)填充。這些內(nèi)容使對(duì)話不顯單調(diào),讓對(duì)話變得豐滿而有味道。
比如,增加一些用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)方語(yǔ)言輸出內(nèi)容的句子:That’s interesting/wonderful!Sounds great!Good idea!Have a good time!...
多用形容詞充實(shí)句子。如:There is a big blue sofa in the living room.There is fresh and clean air in the village.
多用Because從句。Because從句在對(duì)話中的運(yùn)用更能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的思維敏捷度,鍛煉他們的語(yǔ)言輸出能力,同時(shí)也增加了對(duì)話所包含的信息。如:(1)Do you like the village?Yes,I do.Because there are not many cars or buses in the village.The air is fresh.The water is clean.I can hear the birds in the morning.(2)Which season do you like best?I like spring best.Because the weather is warm.I can fly kites and go hiking with my friends.
此外,增加副詞、介詞、連詞等,都能讓學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出信息量有所增加。
在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生盡可能使用完整的句子來(lái)回答或表達(dá)。這樣,不僅可以使表述的語(yǔ)義更加精確、清楚,而且還豐富了整個(gè)對(duì)話的內(nèi)容。
A:How can I get to the post office?
B:Go straight.Then turn left.
A:Thank you!
B:You’re welcome!
A:Excuse me,sir?How can I get to the post office?
B:You can go straight along Dongfang Street.Then turn left at the first crossing.Walk about 5 minutes.Then you can see the post office on your left.
A:Oh,I see.Thank you!
B:You’re welcome.
簡(jiǎn)單的回答雖然也是正確的,但如果事情發(fā)生在實(shí)際生活中,第二種指路的方式才能起到真正的作用。因此,完整表達(dá),增加語(yǔ)言的信息量,也是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的需要。