裴曉黎 程蕾蕾 宋飛艷 張楚婕 史靜 郭曄 舒先紅
200032上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(裴曉黎、程蕾蕾、宋飛艷、張楚婕、史靜、舒先紅);844000新疆喀什地區(qū)第二人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(裴曉黎);200032上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科(郭曄)
蒽環(huán)類藥物早期所致右心系統(tǒng)形態(tài)學(xué)改變的研究
裴曉黎 程蕾蕾 宋飛艷 張楚婕 史靜 郭曄 舒先紅
200032上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(裴曉黎、程蕾蕾、宋飛艷、張楚婕、史靜、舒先紅);844000新疆喀什地區(qū)第二人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(裴曉黎);200032上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科(郭曄)
目的蒽環(huán)類藥物(ATC)對(duì)左右心功能均有損傷。本研究旨在應(yīng)用超聲心動(dòng)圖綜合評(píng)價(jià)淋巴瘤患者經(jīng)ATC化療后右心系統(tǒng)亞臨床功能的改變。方法74例采用ATC治療的淋巴瘤患者分別于化療前及化療2、4、6周期后行常規(guī)經(jīng)胸二維超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,獲得右心房(RA)及右心室(RV)舒張末面積(EDA)、收縮末面積(ESA)和RV舒張末容積(EDV)、收縮末容積(ESV)及RV射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF);應(yīng)用組織多普勒顯像(TDI)獲得三尖瓣環(huán)收縮期峰值速度和舒張?jiān)纭⑼砥诜逯邓俣?;?yīng)用二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤顯像(2DSTE)技術(shù)分析右心室游離壁收縮期峰值應(yīng)變及峰值應(yīng)變率。結(jié)果與化療前相比,淋巴瘤患者化療2、4周期后所有參數(shù)變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)?;?周期后,應(yīng)用TDI及2DSTE所得的各項(xiàng)參數(shù)變化差異仍均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而RAEDA((6.6±1.9)cm2vs(7.7±2.4)cm2)、RAESA((8.8±2.5)cm2vs(10.8±2.8)cm2)、RVEDA((14.1±3.4)cm2vs(16.2±3.7)cm2)、RVESA((7.9±1.9)cm2vs(9.0±2.2)cm2)在化療6周期后顯著增大,其差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=4.574,P=0.004;F=7.515,P=0.000;F=4.955,P=0.002;F=4.228,P=0.006);與此同時(shí),RVEDV((29.8±10.5)ml vs(37.0±12.7)ml)、RVESV((12.7±4.4)ml vs(15.0±5.2)ml)明顯增大,RVEF((59.4±5.8)%vs(56.4±5.8)%)顯著下降,但仍維持在正常范圍內(nèi),其差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=5.168,P=0.002;F=2.829,P=0.039;F=3.961,P=0.009)?;熎陂g左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論超聲心動(dòng)圖可用于早期無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)估ATC所致右心系統(tǒng)亞臨床功能損害。ATC致右心系統(tǒng)損傷首先表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)學(xué)改變;此外,RVEF有望成為評(píng)估ATC所致右心功能損傷的有價(jià)值指標(biāo)。
蒽環(huán)類藥物;淋巴瘤;右心房功能;右心室功能;超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù)
Fund program:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81201095);Excellent Backbone Plan of Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University(2015ZSYXGG04)
蒽環(huán)類藥物(anthracycline,ATC)顯著提高了淋巴瘤患者的長(zhǎng)期生存率[1],但其不可逆的劑量累積性心臟毒性限制了其在臨床工作中的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用[2]。迄今為止,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)ATC所致左心室早期功能損傷及中晚期心血管事件的發(fā)生均有研究,但ATC是否同時(shí)對(duì)右心功能造成影響,以及如何早期發(fā)現(xiàn)ATC對(duì)右心系統(tǒng)的亞臨床損傷目前尚無(wú)定論。為此,本研究旨在應(yīng)用超聲心動(dòng)圖無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)淋巴瘤患者經(jīng)ATC治療后右心功能的改變,為臨床早期發(fā)現(xiàn)高?;颊咭约皶r(shí)調(diào)整治療方案、預(yù)防ATC的不良心血管事件提供參考。
1.1 臨床資料
選擇2013年4月至2015年4月在上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科接受ATC治療的淋巴瘤初診患者74例,其中男性41例(30~74歲),女性33例(24~69歲),平均年齡(48.9±11.8)歲。所有患者均采用含ATC在內(nèi)的R-CHOP方案(利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2,環(huán)磷酰胺750 mg/m2,多柔比星50mg/m2,長(zhǎng)春新堿1.4 mg/m2(最大2 mg/m2),強(qiáng)的松50 mg BID)進(jìn)行6療程化療,且所有患者化療前均未接受涉及胸腔部位的放療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往有心肌炎、心肌病、冠心病、心臟瓣膜病、風(fēng)濕性心臟病及先天性心臟病病史,曾行心臟或心包手術(shù),心律失常,控制欠佳的高血壓病、糖尿病,既往有心力衰竭病史,認(rèn)知功能障礙,無(wú)法獲得清晰超聲影像者等。淋巴瘤患者分別于化療前、化療2周期后(累積劑量100 mg/m2)、4周期后(累積劑量200 mg/m2)、6周期后(累積劑量300 mg/m2)行常規(guī)超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。事先向所有受試者講明研究目的及方法,遵循知情、同意及自愿的原則,并簽署知情同意書(shū)(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院倫理審批號(hào)為:1212117-6,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院倫理審批號(hào)為:2011-117)。
1.2 方法
患者取左側(cè)臥位,連接心電監(jiān)測(cè),采用Philips iE33多功能超聲診斷儀、S5-1探頭(探頭頻率1~5 MHz)(荷蘭Philips公司)完成常規(guī)經(jīng)胸二維超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查并將圖像拷貝到光盤后脫機(jī)分析。分別于化療前及化療2、4、6周期后于心尖四腔心切面測(cè)量右心房左右徑和上下徑、右心室基底段橫徑和中間段橫徑、右心房收縮末面積(rightatrialend-systolicarea,RAESA)和舒張末面積(right atrial end-diastolic area,RAEDA)、右心室收縮末面積(right ventricular endsystolic area,RVESA)和舒張末面積(right ventricular end-diastolic area,RVEDA),并計(jì)算右心室面積變化率(right ventricular fractional area change,RVFAC);同時(shí)測(cè)量右心室舒張末容積(right ventricular enddiastolic volume,RVEDV)和收縮末容積(right ventricular end-systolic volume,RVESV)以及右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(right ventricular ejection fraction,RVEF)。于心尖四腔心切面行M型超聲心動(dòng)圖以測(cè)量三尖瓣環(huán)收縮期位移(tricuspidannularplanesystolicexcursion,TAPSE),于心尖四腔心切面行脈沖多普勒檢測(cè)三尖瓣口血流圖,并測(cè)量三尖瓣舒張?jiān)?、晚期血流峰值速度E峰、A峰;應(yīng)用組織多普勒顯像(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)于心尖四腔心切面測(cè)量三尖瓣環(huán)收縮期峰值速度(Sm)和舒張?jiān)缙凇⑼砥诜逯邓俣龋‥m、Am)并計(jì)算E/Em比值(三尖瓣血流圖E峰值/三尖瓣環(huán)組織多普勒Em值);應(yīng)用二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤顯像(two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, 2DSTE)采用QLAB軟件(版本號(hào)10.3.1)(美國(guó)Philips Healthcare公司)脫機(jī)分析右心室游離壁收縮期峰值應(yīng)變(right ventricular free wall strain,RVFWS)及右心室游離壁收縮期峰值應(yīng)變率(right ventricular free wall strain rate,RVFWSr)。所有測(cè)值均取6個(gè)心動(dòng)周期平均值,由同一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師對(duì)所有受試者圖像進(jìn)行分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0分析軟件,所有計(jì)量資料均以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組計(jì)量資料組間比較采用單因素方差分析,方差分析后的兩兩比較采用Bonferroni檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 淋巴瘤患者一般情況比較
本研究共納入80例經(jīng)ATC治療后的淋巴瘤患者,其中6例患者由于圖像質(zhì)量欠佳導(dǎo)致不能進(jìn)行脫機(jī)分析而出組。實(shí)際入組74例,其中男性41例,女性33例,平均年齡(48.9±11.8)歲,化療前及不同化療階段淋巴瘤患者的一般情況差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查結(jié)果比較
2.2.1 常規(guī)經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖比較
化療前和化療2、4、6周期后淋巴瘤患者右心房左右徑、上下徑,右心室基底段橫徑、中間段橫徑,RVFAC、RVEF、TAPSE及三尖瓣血流圖參數(shù)E峰、A峰的變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.911、0.598、1.687、1.527、1.523、3.961、1.445、0.666、1.588,P>0.05);與化療前相比,RAEDA、RAESA、RVEDA、RVESA、RVEDV、RVESV在化療2、4周期后差異亦均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但在化療6周期后均顯著增大(圖1),RVEF明顯降低,但仍維持在正常范圍,其差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=4.574、7.515、4.955、4.228、5.168、2.829、3.961,P=0.004、0.000、0.002、0.006、0.002、0.039、0.009)。化療期間左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。(表2)
表1 淋巴瘤患者化療前后一般情況的比較(x±s,n=74)
2.2.2 組織多譜勒顯像及二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤顯像結(jié)果比較
圖1 化療前與化療6周期后右心室舒張末面積和收縮末面積變化情況
化療前及化療2、4、6周期后淋巴瘤患者TDI參數(shù)(Sm、Em、Am、E/Em)及2DSTE參數(shù)(RVFWS、RVFWSr)的變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.564、1.982、0.519、1.194、0.525、1.263,P>0.05)。(表2)
化療是淋巴瘤患者的首選治療措施,以ATC為主的R-CHOP化療方案顯著提高了淋巴瘤患者的生存率,據(jù)最新報(bào)道,約81%的霍奇金淋巴瘤患者和57%的非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者僅通過(guò)化療即可獲得治愈,使得霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的5年生存率分別達(dá)87.6%和69.0%[1]。然而,ATC不可逆的劑量累積性心肌毒性已成為大多數(shù)患者非腫瘤相關(guān)性心源性死亡的首要原因[3-4]。因此,早期監(jiān)測(cè)ATC心臟毒性至關(guān)重要。
國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)應(yīng)用超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè)ATC心臟毒性的研究均有報(bào)導(dǎo),特別是近幾年迅猛發(fā)展的超聲心動(dòng)圖新技術(shù)對(duì)早期甄別左心室亞臨床功能的改變發(fā)揮了重要作用[5-7]。然而,由于右心室?guī)缀涡螒B(tài)不規(guī)則,給測(cè)量帶來(lái)一定困難,加之既往臨床對(duì)右心功能關(guān)注較少,因此ATC對(duì)右心功能的損害尚缺乏深入研究。心臟磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)顯像雖然被認(rèn)為是評(píng)估右心功能的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但因其耗時(shí)久、價(jià)格昂貴及臨床應(yīng)用有限。相比較而言,超聲心動(dòng)圖簡(jiǎn)單易行,在早期檢測(cè)ATC心肌毒性方面的價(jià)值不可低估。因此,本研究應(yīng)用常規(guī)二維超聲心動(dòng)圖及超聲新技術(shù)TDI和2DSTE綜合評(píng)價(jià)ATC化療后淋巴瘤患者右心功能的改變。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與化療前相比較,ATC化療6周期后淋巴瘤患者RAEDA、RAESA、RVEDA、RVESA、RVEDV及RVESV均明顯增大(圖1),RVEF雖顯著降低,但仍在正常范圍內(nèi),LVEF亦維持在正常水平。已有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在多柔比星所致的心肌病動(dòng)物模型中右心房面積明顯增大,晚期進(jìn)一步纖維化[8]。關(guān)于ATC所致右心室損傷的分子動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)亦有報(bào)道[9-11],Yl?nen等[12]應(yīng)用CMR顯像評(píng)估ATC化療后兒童生存者的心肌毒性,發(fā)現(xiàn)約27%的患者出現(xiàn)右心室功能受損。結(jié)合本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),ATC所致右心系統(tǒng)亞臨床損傷同時(shí)累及收縮功能和舒張功能,且直至化療6周期后才呈現(xiàn)顯著變化。盡管RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF在6周期后亦呈顯著變化,但鑒于二維經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖測(cè)量右心室容積存在一定的技術(shù)局限性,本研究認(rèn)為右房室面積參數(shù)在評(píng)估早期右心功能減退方面更具有參考價(jià)值。不同化療階段,右心房左右徑、上下徑、右心室基底段橫徑、中間段橫徑、RVFAC、TAPSE、E峰、A峰、TDI及2DSTE的各項(xiàng)參數(shù)變化差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。劉琪等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)接受ATC化療的乳腺癌患者與對(duì)照組相比,右房室內(nèi)徑差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),與本研究結(jié)果類似。這進(jìn)一步提示測(cè)量右房室的面積變化較之內(nèi)徑變化更能客觀地反映右心早期形態(tài)學(xué)改變。Tanindi等[14]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與化療前相比,ATC化療1、2個(gè)療程后TAPSE均顯著下降,其差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與本研究結(jié)果相悖;但考慮到TAPSE測(cè)量角度依賴性大,且易受觀察者間差異性影響,因此尚有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。TDI可檢測(cè)局部室壁節(jié)段運(yùn)動(dòng)。Kocaba?等[15]對(duì)72例行阿霉素或柔紅霉素化療1周至1年的兒童患者和正常對(duì)照組進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)ATC累計(jì)計(jì)量≤120 mg/m2時(shí),其三尖瓣環(huán)Em((18.7±2.5)cm/s vs(14.9±5.2)cm/s)顯著下降,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),而本研究中各項(xiàng)TDI參數(shù)在化療期間均無(wú)明顯變化,可能與兒童對(duì)ATC敏感性較高且劑量累積時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)有關(guān)[16]。雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為2DSTE是敏感檢測(cè)心肌活動(dòng)的手段,但本研究中2DSTE參數(shù)(RVFWS、RVFWSr)在化療后直至6周期差異仍無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。筆者分析,可能與右心室室壁較薄、肌肉組織含量較少以及本研究入組病例數(shù)量不多且僅僅隨訪至化療6周期就結(jié)束等因素有關(guān)。
表2 淋巴瘤患者化療前后超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)的比較(x±s,n=74)
總而言之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蒽環(huán)類藥物(ATC)化療后盡管左右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)維持在正常水平,但右心系統(tǒng)的收縮功能和舒張功能均呈減弱趨勢(shì),且就ATC所致亞臨床右心功能的影響,形態(tài)學(xué)改變先于組織多普勒顯像(TDI)及二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤顯像(2DSTE)等新技術(shù)的相關(guān)參數(shù)。因此,超聲心動(dòng)圖可早期檢測(cè)ATC對(duì)右心功能造成的隱匿性損傷,臨床上對(duì)于ATC化療的患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行雙心室評(píng)估,采取積極措施進(jìn)一步改善患者預(yù)后。然而,本研究尚存在隨訪時(shí)間較短、未進(jìn)行重復(fù)性評(píng)估等不足,期待在今后的深入研究中予以彌補(bǔ)。
利益沖突無(wú)
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Early subclinical dysfunction of right cardiac system induced by anthracycline manifested as morphological changes
Pei Xiaoli,Cheng Leilei,Song Feiyan,Zhang Chujie,Shi Jing,Guo Ye,Shu Xianhong
Department of Echocardiography,Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging,Shanghai 200032,China(Pei XL,Cheng LL,Song FY,Zhang CJ, Shi J,Shu XH);Department of Cardiology,the Second People's Hospital of Kashgar Prefecture,Kashgar 844000, China(Pei XL);Department of Oncology,Cancer Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,China(Guo Y)
Cheng Leilei,Email:cheng.leilei@zs-hospital.sh.cn
ObjectiveBoth right and left ventricular function should be taken into account in the assessment of anthracycline(ATC)-induced cardiotoxicity.The aim of this study was to assess the subclinical dysfunction of right cardiac system in patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma who received ATC treatment by echocardiography.MethodsA total of 74 patients with lymphoma who received ATC treatment were enrolled.Each patient underwent transthoracic echocardiographic examination before chemotherapy as well as after two,four and six cycles of ATC remedy.Right atrial(RA)and right ventricular(RV)end-diastolic area(EDA)and end-systolic area (ESA)were calculated.RV end-diastolic volume(EDV)and end-systolic volume(ESV),as well as RV ejection fraction(EF)were measured simultaneously.Tissue Doppler imaging(TDI)measurements of systolic and early or late diastolic myocardial velocities of RV free wall at tricuspid annuals were also analyzed.Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography(2DSTE)was conducted to evaluate RV free wall strain along with strain rate.Results None of the echocardiographic parameters showed significant alteration after two and four cycles of chemotherapy compared with those at baseline(P>0.05).At the end of the therapy(i.e.after six cycles of ATC treatment),there wasstill no statistical difference on TDI data as well as 2DSTE measurements(P>0.05).An unexpected finding was that the RAEDA((6.6±1.9)cm2vs(7.7±2.4)cm2)and RAESA((8.8±2.5)cm2vs(10.8±2.8)cm2)revealed obvious dilatation after six cures of the regimen compared with those at baseline(P<0.01).Similar morphologic characteristics displayed on the RVEDA((14.1±3.4)cm2vs(16.2±3.7)cm2)and RVESA((7.9±1.9)cm2vs(9.0±2.2)cm2)(P<0.01) simultaneously.Furthermore,RVEDV((29.8±10.5)ml vs(37.0±12.7)ml)and RVESV((12.7±4.4)ml vs(15.0±5.2)ml), as well as RVEF((59.4±5.8)%vs(56.4±5.8)%),in patients with lymphoma presented statistically significant difference between basic state and the level after six cycles of chemotherapy(P<0.01).Meanwhile,no marked change was detected on left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)throughout the follow-up period(P>0.05).Conclusions Echocardiography can be used easily and noninvasively to assess right cardiac system subclinical dysfunction.ATC-induced cardiotoxicity of right cardiac system is firstly manifested as morphological changes than the measurements with novel echocardiographic techniques.In addition,RVEF expresses as a valuable parameter for assessing subtle RV impaired performance in patients with lymphoma received ATC therapy.
Anthracycline;Lymphoma;Rightatrialfunction;Rightventricularfunction; Echocardiography
程蕾蕾,Email:cheng.leilei@zs-hospital.sh.cn
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4181.2016.03.006
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81201095);復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃(2015ZSYXGG04)
2016-02-10)