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高考動詞時態(tài)考查熱點講練

2016-04-09 07:10湖北
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2016年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:時態(tài)狀語短文

湖北 楊 武

高考動詞時態(tài)考查熱點講練

湖北 楊 武

動詞時態(tài)(形式)是近年來高考的熱點、必考點,是高考備考時要掌握的重點內(nèi)容。它涉及的知識面廣,語境變化多樣,對考生分析問題的能力要求較高。不過,高考還是有其規(guī)律和重點的,常考的知識點和語境形式有以下幾種。

一、一般現(xiàn)在時

【講解】一般現(xiàn)在時表示人的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,人或物(現(xiàn)在)的特征或狀態(tài)或是一種客觀現(xiàn)實。常使用sometimes,often,usually,always,every time,now and then,never,seldom等副詞為其時間狀語。

【例1】(改編自2014全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)We ________(not)need to do so much homework.

【分析】don’t。全文向讀者介紹的是自己的Dream School,屬于現(xiàn)在時間范疇的事情,且全文都是一般現(xiàn)在時,故此空也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。

【例2】(改編自2015全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空)This cycle________(go)day after day:The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.

【分析】goes。本文是一篇介紹土坯房的說明文,此類文章一般使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時。從后文中“warm”和“cool”的使用也可得到印證。故go應(yīng)用其“三單現(xiàn)”形式goes。

值得注意的是,與此同時,高考還??寂c一般現(xiàn)在時近似的“動詞正確形式”。如:

【例1】(改編自2015全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)We must_______(find) ways to protect our environment.

【分析】find。must是情態(tài)動詞,其后的動詞應(yīng)用動詞原形。

準(zhǔn)確地講,這種考查不屬于“時態(tài)”的范疇,它是考查動詞的正確形式,以檢驗考生是否有動詞變形“泛化”的問題。又如:

【例2】(改編自2014 全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯) We can lie on the grass for a rest,or_______(sit)by the lake listening to music.

【分析】sit。本句中,we有兩個并列的動作,其一是lie,其二是sit,但它們都在情態(tài)動詞can之后,故都要用動詞原形。

二、一般過去時

【講解】一般過去時表示過去某一時刻所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)或過去某一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常使用in 1998,40 years ago,last year,the other day,at that time,just now,then 等表示過去的時間狀語。但高考試題經(jīng)常不用時間狀語,因此,我們應(yīng)從具體的句子中去分析,明白語意,才能正確作答。

【例1】(改編自2015廣東卷,語法填空,21)While making great efforts to run away,she________(fall)over the hill and died.

【分析】fell。根據(jù)全文意思可知,這是一個故事,短文使用的是一般過去時態(tài)。fall意為“摔倒”,根據(jù)文意可知,這里應(yīng)填過去式fell,與后面的“died”同為一個時間范疇。

【例2】(改編自2015湖北卷,完成句子)Into the complete silence of the waiting class_______(come)the teacher’s sweet voice,“Good morning,children.”

【分析】came。此句從結(jié)構(gòu)上看是一個倒裝句,句子的謂語動詞是“come”,從句意來看,這是在描述過去的一個場景,所以動詞應(yīng)該用過去時。

【例3】(改編自2015四川卷,短文改錯)As I ________(tell)you last time,I made three new friends here.

【分析】told。此句中有明顯的過去時間狀語“l(fā)ast time”,故動詞“告訴”應(yīng)為過去時。

【例4】(改編自2015浙江卷,短文改錯)The view from the back of the classroom___ ____(be)also splendid.

【分析】was。根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容可知,這是一個講述自己原來讀書時的老教室的故事,明顯屬于過去的時間范疇,所以be動詞應(yīng)該用一般過去時。

三、一般將來時

【講解】一般將來時表示的是未來要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示將來時間的方式比較多樣,有will(shall)+v.結(jié)構(gòu),be going to+v.,be+v.-ing,be to+v.,以及上面提到的一般現(xiàn)在時等結(jié)構(gòu)。

【例1】(改編自2015北京卷,30)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

—All right. I________(call) him later.

【分析】will call。由“l(fā)ater”可知,表示的是將來要執(zhí)行的動作,故用一般將來時will call。

【例2】(改編自2015四川卷,4) More expressways_______(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.

【分析】will be built。根據(jù)時間狀語“soon”可知,本句中的“build”是未來要發(fā)生的動作,且為被動,故填will be built。

四、現(xiàn)在進行時

【講解】現(xiàn)在進行時表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。常與now,at present,this week( month,year)等時間狀語連用。

【例1】(北京市2016高考預(yù)測金卷,29) I’ve heard that preparations ________(make)for the coming festival. Let’s give them a hand.

【分析】are being made。根據(jù)句意“讓我們?nèi)兔Π伞笨芍?,?zhǔn)備是正在被進行,所以應(yīng)填are being made。

【例2】(改編自2016北京市東城區(qū)4月一模,21)Kimberly________(write)an article,so don’t disturb her.

【分析】is writing。從“don’t disturb her”的意義可知,Kimberly是“(現(xiàn)在)正在寫”,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進行時。

五、過去進行時

【講解】過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。常以when(as,while)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語或一個過去時間點為狀語。

【例1】(改編自2015湖南卷,28 )He must have sensed that I________(look)at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly,“Why are you staring at me like that?”

【分析】was looking。根據(jù)句子語境可知,是說“我正在注視著他”,又根據(jù)此句中的“must have sensed”和“glanced at”可知是過去進行時。

—Oh,I_______(read) in the library.

【分析】was reading。對話上句中的“called,were”都是過去的行為,下句是對上句在此時間中正在發(fā)生的動作的解釋,故應(yīng)用過去進行時。

六、現(xiàn)在完成時

【講解】現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在所造成的影響或過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能繼續(xù)下去。常與for,since等表示一段時間的狀語連用。

【例1】(改編自2015北京卷,26)In the last few years,China ________(make)great achievements in environmental protection.

【分析】has made。句意為:在過去的這些年里,中國在環(huán)境保護中取得了很大的成就。由時間狀語“in the last few years”可推知,動作是從過去一段時間持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并對現(xiàn)在造成影響,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。

【例2】(改編自2015天津卷,9)Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreemen____t____(reach)so far by the two sides.

【分析】has been reached。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語“so far(到目前為止)”可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。主語“agreement”與“reach”之間為被動關(guān)系,根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)填has been reached。

【例3】(改編自2014江蘇卷,23 )—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?

—Well,the media ________(cover) it in a variety of forms.

采用價值觀作為效標(biāo)進行相關(guān)分析。結(jié)果顯示,純粹能動行為傾向與社群行為傾向與各自對應(yīng)的價值觀顯著正相關(guān)。刪減題目之后,12題版本的純粹能動與社群行為傾向與各自對應(yīng)的能動和社群價值觀的相關(guān)系數(shù)有所提高,與未刪減題版本的相關(guān)系數(shù)達到0.95以上,表明了刪題損失的信息較少。這些結(jié)果支持中文版的有效性。

【分析】have covered。根據(jù)本句中的“well”可知,后者對青奧會很了解,這主要是因為媒體多種形式的報道,本句使用現(xiàn)在完成時,體現(xiàn)出過去所發(fā)生的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響。

七、過去完成時

【講解】過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或某一動作發(fā)生之前已發(fā)生另一動作,即“過去的過去”。這個時間既可以用相關(guān)的副詞(by,before,after)來表示,也可以通過上下文的語境來表示。

【例1】(改編自2015北京卷,27)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?

—Not really. She_______(give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

【分析】had given。根據(jù)題干可知,Ann告訴他們方向的事是發(fā)生在他們找到她家之前,因此“給”是發(fā)生在過去動作(were able to find)之前,要用過去完成時。

【例2】(改編自2015安徽卷,24 )Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I________(leave)my bank in the cafe.

【分析】had left。realized后省略了that,這里是一個賓語從句,從句時態(tài)與主句保持一致,“落下”的動作發(fā)生在“意識到”之前,應(yīng)該用過去完成時。

八、過去將來時

【講解】過去將來時表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的某個動作或存在的某種狀態(tài)。但這個“將來”時間絕不會延伸到“現(xiàn)在”,而僅限于“過去時間區(qū)域內(nèi)”。由此可以看出,含這個時態(tài)的句子常帶一個表示“過去某個時間點”的狀語。

【例1】(改編自2015陜西卷,24)At college,Barack Obama didn’t know that he________(become) the first black president of the United States of America.

【分析】was to become?!安恢馈笔沁^去曾經(jīng)的事,“將要當(dāng)總統(tǒng)”是那時的將來。用過去將來時表示過去某個時間將要發(fā)生的事情。

【例2】(改編自2015浙江卷,8 )Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child,few people guessed that he ________(be)a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.

【分析】was going to be。根據(jù)句意,此處應(yīng)該是表示過去的將來,故時態(tài)為“過去將來時”。

【即時練習(xí)】

1. The real reason why prices____ ____(be),and still are,too high is complex,and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

2. In my hometown,there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat_______(cut).

3. I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I_______(ask),“What do you wish me to do now?”

4. As you go through this book,you ________(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.

5. To my delight,I_______(choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

6. It is reported that a space station_______(build) on the moon in years to come.

7. James has just arrived,but I didn’t know he________(come)until yesterday.

8. Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she_______(see)most of the guests before.

9. We_______(tell)that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week,but for the week after.

10. Be patient! Tai Ch____i____(call)“shadow boxing” in English.

11. I___t____(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.

12. A boy on a bike_______(catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.

13. It was raining lightly when I________(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.

14. Yangshuo_______(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

15. We won’t start the work until all the preparations ________(make).

16. She ________(phone) someone,so I nodded to her and went away.

17. We would rather our daughter_______(stay)at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.

18. Writing out all the invitations by hand was more timeconsuming than we________(expect).

19. They made up their mind that they_______(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.

20. Unless extra money_______(find),the theatre will close.

【參考答案】

1. were 2. has been cut 3. asked 4. will find 5. was chosen 6. will be built 7. was coming/would come 8. had seen 9. were told 10. is called 11. was 12. caught 13. arrived 14. is 15. have been made 16. was phoning 17. stayed 18. had expected 19. would buy 20. is found

(作者單位:湖北省麻城市教科院)

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