蔣琪霞,彭 青
·論 著·
罕見非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染傷口的病例研究并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
蔣琪霞,彭 青
目的 探討罕見非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染傷口的臨床特征、診斷和處理方法。方法 對(duì)2例經(jīng)細(xì)菌學(xué)檢測(cè)確診的非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染傷口進(jìn)行評(píng)估和分析,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),總結(jié)臨床特征為復(fù)雜全層傷口、大量膿性滲液、重度疼痛、引流不暢、持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)(≥2個(gè)月)、細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性率低(≤50%),常伴有免疫力低下,治療難度大,抗生素治療和多次手術(shù)治療難以奏效。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)結(jié)果和患者特點(diǎn)制定個(gè)體化身心整體干預(yù)方案,全身干預(yù)重點(diǎn)是心理調(diào)適、口入營(yíng)養(yǎng)、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、確保良好和充足睡眠以提高免疫功能和降低應(yīng)激反應(yīng),局部干預(yù)重點(diǎn)是清創(chuàng)、充分引流、銀敷料抗感染結(jié)合負(fù)壓傷口治療、紅外線和紅光治療。動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)治療效果和調(diào)整方法,直至愈合。愈合后采用電話和微信隨訪3個(gè)月,旨在了解有無復(fù)發(fā)和功能活動(dòng)情況。結(jié)果 2例均治愈,愈合時(shí)間分別為98d和48d。隨訪3個(gè)月時(shí),1例伴有糖尿病的男性患者局部傷口感染復(fù)發(fā),再次治療35d愈合;1例女性患者隨訪期間無復(fù)發(fā),功能活動(dòng)正常。結(jié)論 非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染傷口復(fù)雜難愈,需要綜合干預(yù)。個(gè)體化身心整體干預(yù)結(jié)合局部傷口處理能有效治療此類感染傷口。
傷口感染; 細(xì)菌學(xué); 護(hù)理; 干預(yù)
非結(jié)核性分枝桿菌(nontuberculous mycobacteria,NTM)廣泛分布于環(huán)境中,包括鳥分枝桿菌(mycobacterium avium,MA)和胞內(nèi)分枝桿菌(mycobacterium intracellulare,MIC)及鳥-胞分枝桿菌復(fù)合體(mycobacterium avium complex,MAC),其引起的感染是人獸共患性傳染病,最初對(duì)家禽和鳥類及兔有致病性[1],1943年以來有侵犯人類的報(bào)道,好發(fā)于老年人、免疫功能失調(diào)或使用免疫抑制劑者[2-3],可以侵犯肺、骨髓和淋巴結(jié)等多種組織器官[2,4-5],對(duì)抗生素有多重耐藥性,多種藥物治療方案作用有限且毒副作用大[2,5],治療難度大,成功病例有限[5-6]。筆者2013~2015年成功治愈2例NTM感染的傷口,現(xiàn)將病例研究及文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)報(bào)告如下。
1 一般資料
病例1:男性,68歲,左跟腱創(chuàng)傷性斷裂修復(fù)術(shù)后1月余切口感染不愈,后實(shí)施清創(chuàng)轉(zhuǎn)皮瓣手術(shù)1月余切口再次感染裂開,來筆者醫(yī)院傷口護(hù)理中心就診。初診評(píng)估:傷口面積7cm×3cm,外露壞死的肌腱占傷口面積的75%,腐肉占25%,組織蒼白,紅外線測(cè)溫儀五點(diǎn)法[7]測(cè)得傷口局部溫度29℃;血液供應(yīng)差,足部腫脹明顯,主訴雙下肢麻木已多年,無法準(zhǔn)確感知傷口疼痛;分泌物細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)報(bào)告:快速生長(zhǎng)的NTM。既往治療史:糖尿病史25年,口服降糖藥和注射胰島素后空腹和餐后2h血糖均≥10mmol/L,缺乏飲食控制、血糖監(jiān)控和糖尿病足防護(hù)的相關(guān)知識(shí)。住院治療2月余,抗生素輸注1月以上無效。患者擔(dān)心因感染難以控制而截肢,情緒極度焦慮、急躁。
病例2:女性,47歲,因肩背部疼痛接受中醫(yī)針灸和埋線治療數(shù)月后出現(xiàn)局部紅腫破潰,形成感染性傷口。在當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院治療2月余無效,到筆者醫(yī)院傷口護(hù)理中心就診。初診評(píng)估:右肩胛部有2處傷口,面積均為0.5cm×0.5cm,2處傷口上下相通,四周潛行2~4cm,紅腫范圍4~5cm,疼痛計(jì)分8~10分,主訴因疼痛和久治難愈、擔(dān)心預(yù)后而影響睡眠和日常生活。既往治療史:傷口感染后先后切開引流2次,全身使用抗生素1周和局部使用進(jìn)口藻酸鹽銀敷料抗感染2月余效果均不理想,為明確病原菌,曾取傷口膿液進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果為陰性,同時(shí)檢測(cè)抗酸分枝桿菌結(jié)果為陽(yáng)性,進(jìn)一步采用基因芯片探針檢測(cè)分枝桿菌菌種報(bào)告為“MAC”,接受專家意見口服抗結(jié)核藥物治療,1個(gè)月后出現(xiàn)食欲不振、腹脹,抽血檢查肝功能結(jié)果顯示谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)184u/L(正常5~50u/L),谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)57u/L(正常5~50u/L) ,谷氨酰胺基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GGT)167u/L(正常0~50u/L),堿性磷酸酶(ALP)126u/L(正常34~114u/L),診斷為藥物性肝損害,停用抗結(jié)核藥物。
2 治療方法
2.1 制定個(gè)體化整體干預(yù)方案 病例1請(qǐng)內(nèi)分泌科醫(yī)生調(diào)整血糖,同時(shí)在傷口護(hù)理中心接受傷口治療,針對(duì)患者糖尿病知識(shí)缺乏、飲食控制不良等問題,制定個(gè)體化糖尿病飲食和交替運(yùn)動(dòng)(慢走30min-抬高患肢30min-放平30min-下垂30min)方案,每周監(jiān)測(cè)2次空腹和餐后血糖,使之控制在7~8mmol/L。病例2給予制定個(gè)體化身心護(hù)理方案,包括心理調(diào)適、指導(dǎo)每日慢走2h和保證6~8h良好睡眠,制訂保肝口入營(yíng)養(yǎng)食譜(如清淡飲食、蛋白質(zhì)以牛奶、雞蛋和魚蝦為主,攝取富含維生素B和C族的4~5種蔬菜及水果,飲水1 500mL、保持排泄通暢等),以減輕藥物性肝損害。干預(yù)4周后抽血復(fù)查肝功能指標(biāo)。
2.2 個(gè)體化局部處理方法 2例患者均在告知同意后給予反復(fù)多次非手術(shù)性銳器清創(chuàng)[8],清除壞死組織及腐肉,清創(chuàng)后傷口填充國(guó)產(chǎn)納米銀(南京金地普慧公司)抗感染[9]同時(shí)結(jié)合負(fù)壓封閉治療[10],再按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濕性療法[10]使用濕性愈合敷料,結(jié)合紅外線及紅光照射輔助治療每次10min[11],隔日處理1次,每周采用紅外線測(cè)溫儀五點(diǎn)法[7]測(cè)量傷口局部溫度,同時(shí)采用漢化的壓瘡愈合計(jì)分量表(pressure ulcer scale for healing,PUSH)[12]從傷口面積、滲液量和組織類型三方面評(píng)價(jià)傷口治療效果,最高17分,表明傷情嚴(yán)重,最低0分為愈合。PUSH計(jì)分下降為有效,上升為惡化,計(jì)分無改變?yōu)闊o效,當(dāng)惡化或無效時(shí)需要查找原因?qū)ΠY施策,動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整直至愈合;愈合后每個(gè)月1次微信隨訪,上傳局部照片觀察有無復(fù)發(fā)和瘢痕增生,詢問功能活動(dòng)狀況,隨訪3個(gè)月,有問題及時(shí)干預(yù)。
2.3 整體干預(yù) 病例1干預(yù)前傷口溫度29℃, PUSH計(jì)分16分,干預(yù)14d PUSH計(jì)分14分;干預(yù)28d血糖控制穩(wěn)定在7.8~8.9mmol/L,傷口溫度增加到32℃,PUSH計(jì)分降為12分;干預(yù) 42d肉芽100%覆蓋傷口床,干預(yù) 42~56d觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)肉芽組織水腫、蒼白、生長(zhǎng)緩慢,符合NTM感染[13]和形成細(xì)菌生物膜的表現(xiàn)[14],PUSH為10分,調(diào)整為納米銀+負(fù)壓封閉治療[7,10]14d后PUSH降為6分,至98d愈合。病例2干預(yù)前傷口溫度32℃,PUSH計(jì)分14分;干預(yù)14d傷口溫度34℃,局部紅腫消退,疼痛計(jì)分下降為5~6分(中度疼痛),PUSH計(jì)分下降為11分;21d肉芽生長(zhǎng)100%覆蓋傷口床,28d時(shí)復(fù)查肝功能正常,傷口疼痛減輕為2~3分(輕度疼痛),PUSH計(jì)分8分;42d傷口面積1cm2,PUSH計(jì)分5分,48d愈合。2例PUSH計(jì)分見圖1。
2例傷口均治愈,愈合時(shí)間分別為98d和48d,均完成了3個(gè)月的隨訪。病例1隨訪至3個(gè)月時(shí)傷口感染復(fù)發(fā),測(cè)量空腹和餐后血糖10~17mmol/L,傷口細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)為金黃色葡萄球菌,采用納米銀敷料結(jié)合紅光、紅外線照射10min,隔日1次,再次治療35d愈合。局部無瘢痕增生,能夠正常行走,生活自理。病例2隨訪3個(gè)月,局部無復(fù)發(fā)和瘢痕增生,能夠正常工作。
1 非結(jié)核分支桿菌感染傷口的臨床特征及診斷
NTM主要的傳播途徑是支氣管和胃腸道黏膜,可侵犯肺、骨髓和淋巴結(jié)等多種組織器官[2-3],也可形成囊性纖維化病變[15],迄今為止全球范圍內(nèi)NTM感染大部分文獻(xiàn)為肺部或胸腔感染[14,16-18],引起發(fā)熱、咳嗽、呼吸困難、胸痛和進(jìn)展性肺結(jié)節(jié)[16-18],偶有皮膚多發(fā)性結(jié)節(jié)[19]和顱內(nèi)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染的病例報(bào)道[20]。臨床表現(xiàn)各異,女性多于男性,44~75歲年齡段均可患病[2,21-23],細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性率較低,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道分別為4.95%、23.1%和56.1%[2,20,23],因此,目前全球NTM感染識(shí)別診斷困難,容易被誤診為肺結(jié)核但對(duì)抗結(jié)核治療無效[22-23]。Boyle等[22]報(bào)道,即使采用能夠精確識(shí)別鳥分枝桿菌和胞內(nèi)分枝桿菌的細(xì)菌檢測(cè)技術(shù)仍然會(huì)有27%的誤診率。Chiang等[4]監(jiān)測(cè)了臺(tái)北2007~2010年診斷為結(jié)核的4 216例患者標(biāo)本,發(fā)現(xiàn)NTM誤診為結(jié)核的誤診率為21.2%。Martiniano和Nick[15]研究認(rèn)為由于缺乏實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù),診斷NTM感染是一個(gè)非常大的挑戰(zhàn),需要綜合性評(píng)估和分析判斷。目前診斷NTM感染的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)主要有細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)和基因檢測(cè),韓國(guó)首爾大學(xué)醫(yī)院對(duì)1 373例肺病患者的痰液和支氣管刷取液采用專用培養(yǎng)管進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)分離,再用基因探針對(duì)分離到的菌株進(jìn)行基因檢測(cè),共識(shí)別68例患者為NTM感染,包括MA、MIC及MAC[21]。Boyle等[23]采用回顧性隊(duì)列研究比較了2000~2012年448例患者肺部分泌物培養(yǎng)分離到的NTM菌株,同時(shí)回顧患者的醫(yī)療記錄分析臨床特征,認(rèn)為免疫抑制患者易患NTM感染,MA和MAC的易感性更高,此結(jié)果與日本東京Keio大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院對(duì)235例NTM患者的病原菌進(jìn)行基因檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果相近[2]。通過查閱文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),迄今對(duì)于NTM感染傷口的報(bào)道較少,目前僅見免疫缺陷患者感染NTM引起播散性皮膚損害[6]和皮膚感染MAC表現(xiàn)為快速形成的分枝桿菌屬膿腫[3]的報(bào)道。分析本組2例NTM感染傷口的特征均表現(xiàn)為創(chuàng)傷性全層傷口,外口小,深度深,引流不暢,給NTM生長(zhǎng)繁殖創(chuàng)造了條件,也是2例久治難愈的主要原因。細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)和基因檢測(cè)的作用在2例傷口的診斷中各占50%,因病例數(shù)有限,故無法確定哪種診斷方法更有效。
2 非結(jié)核分支桿菌感染傷口的治療與護(hù)理
目前治療NTM感染包括恢復(fù)免疫功能、拔除導(dǎo)管、采用特異性的抗生素治療[3,24]以及抗結(jié)核治療[25],但對(duì)藥物治療存有爭(zhēng)議,Chiang等[4]報(bào)道79%的NTM感染患者接受了抗結(jié)核治療但無效,且容易復(fù)發(fā)。Egelund等[5]認(rèn)為由于多種藥物作用有限,而且藥物的毒性作用較大,因此要慎用藥物治療并密切監(jiān)測(cè)藥物的不良反應(yīng)。分析本組2例均有抗生素治療史,但2個(gè)月后均發(fā)現(xiàn)了病原菌,說明抗生素治療未能抑制NTM的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,此結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[4-5]。而手術(shù)切開引流或切除病灶被認(rèn)為是一種安全有效的治療方法[24,26],特別是對(duì)藥物治療效果較差的患者[24]。但本組病例1的治療經(jīng)過說明手術(shù)切除壞死感染組織也無法抑制NTM生長(zhǎng),外科醫(yī)生認(rèn)為第三次手術(shù)難度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,如果感染難以控制可能帶來截肢的危險(xiǎn),這是此例傷口治療的難點(diǎn)。病例2的治療經(jīng)過說明局部抗感染引流和全身抗結(jié)核治療未能發(fā)揮作用,并且出現(xiàn)了藥物性肝損害的不良反應(yīng),給治療增加了難度。如何有效干預(yù)是亟待解決的問題。為此,筆者根據(jù)既往對(duì)慢性感染傷口治療護(hù)理的研究結(jié)果[7-11],針對(duì)患者的難點(diǎn)制定個(gè)體化整體干預(yù)方案,2例均治愈。分析結(jié)果,病例1的愈合時(shí)間比病例2延遲 2倍多,且在隨訪期間復(fù)發(fā),主要原因可能與糖尿病血糖控制不良、并已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)糖尿病足病變導(dǎo)致局部缺血改善緩慢有關(guān)[25],后調(diào)整為納米銀敷料+負(fù)壓封閉治療,14d后組織血液供應(yīng)改善和組織生長(zhǎng)加速。從PUSH計(jì)分監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果分析,PUSH計(jì)分由10分下降為6分,說明治療有效,直至愈合。因此對(duì)于糖尿病患者的傷口感染,控制好血糖,改善局部血液供應(yīng)對(duì)控制感染、促進(jìn)愈合非常重要。隨訪至3個(gè)月時(shí)出現(xiàn)再次感染破潰,測(cè)量空腹血糖11.2mmol/L,分析原因與飲食控制不良和糖尿病足潰瘍?nèi)菀讖?fù)發(fā)[27]有關(guān),雖然再次治療也獲得了滿意的愈合效果,但仍然存在再次復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn),所以預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)是該患者愈合后隨訪的重點(diǎn)。病例2愈合時(shí)間較短的原因可能與該患者既往健康狀況良好,無基礎(chǔ)疾病,對(duì)傷口治療依從性好、干預(yù)4周復(fù)查肝功能恢復(fù)正常、局部炎性反應(yīng)消退快、肉芽生長(zhǎng)加速等因素有關(guān)。據(jù)此認(rèn)為個(gè)體化整體干預(yù)方案對(duì)NTM感染傷口患者是有效可行的,實(shí)施過程中要?jiǎng)討B(tài)評(píng)價(jià)效果和問題,動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整,因人而異做好溝通與健康教育,方能獲得理想的效果。
本研究為2例罕見NTM感染傷口的病例研究報(bào)告,雖然均治愈并完成了3個(gè)月的隨訪,但由于病例數(shù)有限,且表現(xiàn)各異,因此尚不能得出此類感染傷口的共性特征和一致性的治療方法,未來要聯(lián)合多學(xué)科開展提高臨床識(shí)別NTM感染傷口和有效治療方法的相關(guān)研究,以獲得更多有益的資料和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
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(本文編輯: 郭 衛(wèi))
Nontuberculous mycobacteria infected wounds: case series study and literature review
JIANGQi-xia,PENGQing
(Outpatient Wound Care Center, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing 210002,China)
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,diagnostic and treatment methods of rare nontuberculous mycobacteria infected wounds. Methods The clinical data of two patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria infected wounds confirmed by bacteriological detection was assessed and analyzed. Through literature review,their clinical features were summarized as follows: complicated full thickness wounds,a large amount of purulent exudates,severe pain,inadequate drainage, long duration(more than 2 months),low positive rate of bacteria culture(less than 50%),being often accompanied with hypoimmunity,and being hard to be cured by antibiotics and surgery. Individualized systemic nursing care protocols were made depending on the results of literature review and each patient’s condition. Systemic intervention focused on psychological care,oral nutrition,aerobic exercise and keeping adequate and good sleep so as to enhance immunologic function and reduce stress reaction. Local intervention focused on debridement,adequate drainage,silver dressing combined with negative pressure wound therapy,infrared and red light therapy. Results of each patient were evaluated and regulated dynamically until healed. After healing, each patient was followed up for three months by telephone and WeChat for investigating recurrence and functional recovery. Results The healing time of two patients with infected wounds was 98d and 48d,respectively. The male patient with diabetes mellitus re-occurred an infected wound during the three-month follow up,who was healed after 35d of the second treatment. The female patient did not reoccur and her activity was normal during follow-up. Conclusion Nontuberculous mycobacteria infected wounds are complicated and hard to be healed,and need systemic intervention. It is effective to use individualized systemic care combined with local wound management for those patients.
wounds infection; nontuberculous mycobacteria; nursing care; systemic intervention
1009-4237(2016)10-0581-04
南京軍區(qū)科技創(chuàng)新課題(14MS103)
210002 江蘇,南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院門診傷口護(hù)理中心
R 633
A 【DOI】 10.3969/j.issn.1009-4237.2016.10.002
2015-05-01;
2016-06-03)