李 路, 劉冰熔
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150086
急性闌尾炎的影像檢查和治療進(jìn)展
李 路, 劉冰熔
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150086
急性闌尾炎是急腹癥最常見(jiàn)的原因之一。除了臨床表現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,合理選用影像學(xué)檢查也能夠迅速、準(zhǔn)確地診斷急性闌尾炎。作為治療急性闌尾炎的經(jīng)典術(shù)式,開(kāi)腹手術(shù)在臨床被廣泛使用。腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)作為一種微創(chuàng)手術(shù),已逐漸被人們接受。近期,內(nèi)鏡下逆行闌尾炎治療術(shù)作為一種創(chuàng)新性手術(shù)引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注,有望成為治療急性單純性闌尾炎的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。本文就急性闌尾炎的影像檢查和治療進(jìn)展作一概述。
急性闌尾炎;影像檢查;治療
急性闌尾炎是全球最常見(jiàn)需要緊急手術(shù)的疾病之一,通常發(fā)生在年輕人、青少年和兒童[1]。該病發(fā)病較急、發(fā)展較快,若不及時(shí)診治將會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,甚至危及患者生命。為了避免穿孔、腹膜炎等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥及不必要的手術(shù),臨床醫(yī)師所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是能夠迅速、準(zhǔn)確地診斷急性闌尾炎。臨床上診斷急性闌尾炎主要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移性右下腹痛、麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)壓痛及反跳痛等體征,也可有發(fā)熱、惡心、嘔吐等胃腸道癥狀,并結(jié)合白細(xì)胞增高尤以中性粒細(xì)胞增高為主[2]、C-反應(yīng)蛋白增高[3]等實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果。但仍有20%~33%的患者具有非典型的臨床表現(xiàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果,易造成臨床上的漏診及誤診。近年來(lái),影像檢查越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用于急性闌尾炎的臨床診斷,并發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用。疑似急性闌尾炎患者術(shù)前使用影像檢查能減少陰性闌尾切除并節(jié)約成本[4]。近百年來(lái),急性闌尾炎的治療仍以闌尾炎切除術(shù)為主,術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥仍是人們關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,急性闌尾炎的治療方案不斷得到改進(jìn),本文就急性闌尾炎的影像檢查和治療進(jìn)展作一概述。
1.1 超聲檢查(ultrasound,US) 1986年,Puylaert[5]第一次使用超聲波技術(shù)檢查闌尾炎,并描述了使用“分級(jí)壓縮”技術(shù)能夠更好地觀察到發(fā)炎的闌尾。急性闌尾炎的超聲掃描結(jié)果示:闌尾增粗,直徑>6 mm,管壁增厚,呈不可壓縮性,周?chē)仔灾净芈曉鰪?qiáng),闌尾壁血流增加。Pinto等[6]對(duì)使用超聲波技術(shù)診斷成人患者急性闌尾炎的準(zhǔn)確性的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行搜索和分析,結(jié)果顯示由于缺乏操作技能、腸道氣體含量增加、肥胖、解剖變異和剖腹術(shù)后等,超聲檢查診斷急性闌尾炎的靈敏度為44%~100%,特異度為47%~99%。Pastore等[7]研究進(jìn)一步表明,針對(duì)疑似闌尾炎的兒童患者,常規(guī)使用US檢查有助于降低陰性闌尾切除率和穿孔率,若超聲檢查示陰性,并不立即行CT檢查,而應(yīng)根據(jù)臨床情況再次進(jìn)行US檢查。與CT相比,US檢查具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性、無(wú)放射性損害、費(fèi)用低、前期準(zhǔn)備簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)時(shí)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。臨床診斷疑似急性闌尾炎患者時(shí),使用分級(jí)壓縮的US檢查仍是我們的一線方法。臨床上常常采用低頻聯(lián)合高頻US檢查方法以提高急性闌尾炎的診斷確診率,但若要排除其他診斷,CT較US檢查更敏感。
1.2 CT檢查 與US檢查相比,CT檢查簡(jiǎn)單易操作,較少受操作技能的影響,且更容易看到盲腸后的闌尾,其圖像質(zhì)量不受腸脹氣、肥胖、患者疼痛的影響。在US檢查結(jié)果不明確時(shí)推薦CT檢查。常規(guī)使用CT評(píng)估闌尾炎能夠使陰性闌尾切除率從24%降到3%[8]。螺旋CT具有高靈敏度、特異性、診斷準(zhǔn)確性(分別為87%~100%、83%~99%和94%~98%)。CT檢查表現(xiàn)為陽(yáng)性可診斷為急性闌尾炎,但CT檢查表現(xiàn)為陰性則不能排除急性闌尾炎,也不應(yīng)該取代臨床判斷[9]。若CT檢查結(jié)果不明確,根據(jù)CT掃描的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)(闌尾直徑≥6.0 mm、闌尾壁增厚≥2.0 mm、闌尾周?chē)緱l紋征、管腔內(nèi)沒(méi)有氣體)可以將闌尾炎的診斷準(zhǔn)確性提高6.8倍[10]。CT檢查的主要缺點(diǎn)是有輻射和使用對(duì)比劑,因此兒童、孕婦使用CT檢查有一定的局限性。使用低劑量的CT評(píng)估疑似闌尾炎患者能夠減少輻射[11]。此外,CT掃描的診斷依賴(lài)于有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射科醫(yī)師,約1%的上級(jí)醫(yī)師會(huì)修改之前的診斷,不準(zhǔn)確的診斷可能會(huì)延誤治療。
1.3 磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI) 檢查 MRI也可用于腹部成像,其優(yōu)勢(shì)是避免患者完全暴露于輻射,但因其成本高和缺乏普遍性限制了其應(yīng)用[12]。MRI已被證明診斷孕婦闌尾炎具有良好的敏感性和特異性,同時(shí)也可評(píng)估其他原因造成的腹痛[13-15]。疑似闌尾炎的孕婦患者使用MRI檢查是安全的,在US檢查結(jié)果不明確時(shí)應(yīng)使用MRI檢查[16]。Aggenbach等[17]研究進(jìn)一步表明,疑似闌尾炎的孕婦患者應(yīng)當(dāng)把MRI當(dāng)做第一輔助檢查,以提高診斷準(zhǔn)確性和減少陰性闌尾切除率。Aspelund等[18]認(rèn)為MRI結(jié)合US檢查對(duì)成人闌尾炎的診斷具有高靈敏度和特異性,并對(duì)陰性闌尾切除率或穿孔率無(wú)影響。此外,MRI已被證明能夠有效地診斷兒童急性闌尾炎,但缺乏大量臨床數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)道。
1.4 內(nèi)鏡逆行性闌尾造影術(shù)(endoscopic retrograde appendicography, ERA) 為了提高急性闌尾炎的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,劉冰熔團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行了ERA操作[19],即在闌尾插管成功后,在放射線下向闌尾腔內(nèi)注入造影劑,可觀察到闌尾的形狀、長(zhǎng)度、位置及腔內(nèi)情況,若觀察到有造影劑外溢則可判斷為闌尾穿孔。ERA能夠迅速、有效地區(qū)分急性闌尾炎的類(lèi)型,并排除陰性闌尾炎,有助于臨床醫(yī)師及時(shí)、有效地制定治療方案。但ERA屬于一種侵入性檢查,可能存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);同時(shí)放射線對(duì)人體有一定的危害,這可能會(huì)限制ERA在臨床中的應(yīng)用。
2.1 開(kāi)腹闌尾切除術(shù)(open appendectomy, OA) 1894年,McBurney首次描述了經(jīng)右下象限切口進(jìn)行開(kāi)腹闌尾切除術(shù)。由于其安全有效,100年來(lái)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)已成為治療急性闌尾炎的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,并在臨床上廣泛使用。雖然一些研究表明相比開(kāi)腹手術(shù),腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)(laparoscopic appendectomy, LA) 具有痛苦少、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、無(wú)手術(shù)疤痕等優(yōu)勢(shì),但是其他研究并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)這些優(yōu)勢(shì),甚至更青睞于傳統(tǒng)的開(kāi)腹手術(shù)[20]。Casarotto等[21]對(duì)進(jìn)行闌尾切除術(shù)(OA或LA)的6~91歲女性的術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、30 d后再住院、住院費(fèi)用、手術(shù)操作時(shí)間、陰性闌尾切除等分析結(jié)果表明:LA的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率并不比OA低,最重要的是LA比OA費(fèi)用更高,因此研究人員認(rèn)為腹腔鏡應(yīng)該只適用于不明腹痛的情況,而不適用明確的急性單純性闌尾炎。也有研究[22]認(rèn)為兩者術(shù)后結(jié)果差異較小,手術(shù)方式的選擇應(yīng)取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐那闆r、外科醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和患者的偏好。一項(xiàng)有關(guān)兒童闌尾炎切除術(shù)所需費(fèi)用的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明與OA相比,LA相關(guān)成本和費(fèi)用明顯增高,且術(shù)后效果無(wú)明顯改善[23]。此外,開(kāi)腹手術(shù)也可作為腹腔鏡手術(shù)的一種保證,當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)腹腔鏡手術(shù)操作困難時(shí),可中轉(zhuǎn)為開(kāi)腹手術(shù)。
2.2 LA LA使外科醫(yī)師避免了傳統(tǒng)的麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)的肌切開(kāi)切口。由于不受切口大小的限制,腹腔鏡的視野更為廣闊,不易造成急性闌尾炎的誤診、漏診。對(duì)于疑似急性闌尾炎患者,腹腔鏡技術(shù)既可用于診斷又可用于治療,還可以避免患者二次手術(shù)的損害。使用腹腔鏡技術(shù)早期確診急性闌尾炎,能夠減少闌尾穿孔,并減少年輕女性腹部和骨盆的輻射[24]。與腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)治療膽囊結(jié)石不同的是,LA不是一個(gè)治療急性闌尾炎的首選方法。相關(guān)研究比較了OA和LA治療闌尾炎的方法,并注意到了腹腔鏡檢查的優(yōu)勢(shì),如止痛劑使用減少、住院時(shí)間縮短、傷口和腹內(nèi)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)病率低等。Oravsky等[25]研究表明,兩者治療急性闌尾炎具有相同的結(jié)果。OA治療急性闌尾炎容易導(dǎo)致彌漫性腹膜炎,而LA具有更多優(yōu)點(diǎn),尤其對(duì)肥胖的患者更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Dimitriou等[26]研究進(jìn)一步表明,LA不僅適用于急性單純性闌尾炎,也適用于復(fù)雜性闌尾炎。另外,相關(guān)研究結(jié)果示:對(duì)于疑似闌尾炎的孕婦患者,LA比OA術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少且安全有效[27-28]。因此,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)A應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為急性闌尾炎外科治療的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[29]。然而,這種微創(chuàng)手術(shù)也有一定的缺陷,如手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)且成本偏高;術(shù)后腹腔內(nèi)膿腫仍然是關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)[30],尤其是在復(fù)雜的闌尾炎病例中,可能需要再次干預(yù)和再住院;患者如果出現(xiàn)闌尾粘連癥狀反而加大了治療難度;對(duì)于闌尾穿孔患者,腹腔鏡轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)將大大增加患者術(shù)后感染發(fā)生率。
2.3 內(nèi)鏡下逆行闌尾炎治療(endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy, ERAT) 雖然有研究[31]表明,不管術(shù)中所見(jiàn)如何,對(duì)于臨床疑似闌尾炎患者仍應(yīng)進(jìn)行闌尾切除術(shù),但是闌尾現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為具有分泌和免疫功能,對(duì)腸道黏膜免疫和腸道菌群的調(diào)整起著不可替代的作用。早先就有報(bào)道,當(dāng)闌尾炎切除術(shù)不可避免時(shí),可以采用內(nèi)鏡暫時(shí)治療急性闌尾炎[32-33]。受內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)技術(shù)治療急性化膿性梗阻性膽管炎的啟發(fā),Liu等[34]創(chuàng)新性地提出了ERAT,即在結(jié)腸鏡和X線配合下,對(duì)急性闌尾炎的闌尾腔進(jìn)行闌尾插管、闌尾減壓、內(nèi)鏡逆行性闌尾造影術(shù)、支架引流、清洗闌尾腔等操作。ERAT技術(shù)主要針對(duì)急性單純性闌尾炎的患者,然而對(duì)疑似患有闌尾穿孔、壞疽等復(fù)雜性闌尾炎的患者仍建議其采用手術(shù)切除治療。在急性闌尾炎的臨床治療方面,ERAT已表現(xiàn)出明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì):(1)內(nèi)鏡下闌尾插管進(jìn)行闌尾腔減壓后,能夠迅速緩解疼痛;(2)ERAT術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、無(wú)疤痕,手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥少,手術(shù)操作時(shí)間短;(3)避免了陰性闌尾切除,并保留了其潛在的生理功能;(4)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用較低,可以減輕患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。最近的臨床治療結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明,ERAT能夠迅速緩解患者腹痛,患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,且能夠減少陰性闌尾切除等[35]。因?yàn)楸A袅岁@尾,ERAT術(shù)后最大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是闌尾炎復(fù)發(fā)。目前仍需大量的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究ERAT技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),以便進(jìn)一步完善ERAT技術(shù)。
總之,面對(duì)一個(gè)急性腹痛的患者,如何及時(shí)、正確地識(shí)別急性闌尾炎是臨床醫(yī)生面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。合理地使用影像檢查有助于提高急性闌尾炎的確診率,并降低陰性闌尾切除。在治療急性闌尾炎方面,OA仍在臨床上廣泛使用,然而LA也在臨床上表現(xiàn)了不容小覷的優(yōu)勢(shì)。作為一種新興術(shù)式,ERAT 技術(shù)越來(lái)越受到人們的關(guān)注,且在全國(guó)多家醫(yī)院大范圍開(kāi)展。ERAT術(shù)有可能成為治療急性單純性闌尾炎的首選方法。
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(責(zé)任編輯:陳香宇)
Progress of imaging checking and treatment for acute appendicitis
LI Lu, LIU Bingrong
Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain. In addition to the clinical presentation, laboratory examinations, reasonable selection of imaging modalities can quickly and accurately diagnose acute appendicitis. As a classical operation of acute appendicitis, laparotomy is widely used in clinic. As a kind of minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic appendectomy has been gradually accepted. Recently, endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy, an innovative operation attracting widespread attention, is expected to become the "gold standard" for the treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis. The progress of imaging checking and treatment for acute appendicitis will be clarified in this essay.
Acute appendicitis; Imaging checking; Treatment
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.03.033
李路,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向:ALDH在人結(jié)腸癌組織中的表達(dá)及臨床意義。E-mail: shdill@163.com
劉冰熔,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:消化系統(tǒng)疾病的內(nèi)鏡下診斷及治療。E-mail:liubingrong@medmail.com.cn
R574.6
A
1006-5709(2016)03-0352-04
2015-04-02