趙春萍,李 俊
昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院消化科,云南 昆明 650101
內(nèi)鏡取石術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素的研究進(jìn)展
趙春萍,李 俊
昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院消化科,云南 昆明 650101
內(nèi)鏡下取石術(shù)作為一種治療膽總管結(jié)石的微創(chuàng)方式逐漸被人們接受。術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)是一道難題,雖然目前對(duì)術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素研究已有很多,但膽囊狀態(tài)、十二指腸旁憩室類型、膽管角度等諸多因素對(duì)術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的影響至今仍未達(dá)成共識(shí)。本文就內(nèi)鏡下治療膽總管結(jié)石術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的因素作一概述。
內(nèi)鏡治療;膽總管結(jié)石;復(fù)發(fā)因素
目前膽總管結(jié)石是一種常見疾病,它能引起胰腺炎、急性化膿性膽管炎等。內(nèi)鏡下取石術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快,逐漸成為治療膽總管結(jié)石的首選方法。而術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)是內(nèi)鏡取石的一道難題,本文就內(nèi)鏡在治療膽總管結(jié)石后引起結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)展作一概述。
1974年Classen等[1]提出內(nèi)鏡下十二指腸乳頭切開術(shù)(Endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)應(yīng)用于膽總管結(jié)石治療。隨著其廣泛應(yīng)用,發(fā)現(xiàn)它存在術(shù)后出血、膽管感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高等問(wèn)題。1983年Staritz等[2]等提出內(nèi)鏡下乳頭球囊擴(kuò)張(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD)作為替代EST的治療新方案。隨著研究的深入,2003年Ersoz等[3]提出內(nèi)鏡十二指腸乳頭球囊擴(kuò)張(endoscopic papillary ballon dilation,EPBD)聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡括約肌小切開術(shù)(endoscopic small spincterotomy,EST)。
2.1 乳頭括約肌功能障礙 生理狀態(tài)下,Oddi括約肌具有“開關(guān)”的作用,控制胰液和膽汁排泄及防止腸液反流;當(dāng)乳頭狹窄或功能障礙時(shí),便失去“開關(guān)”的作用,從而引起一系列變化:(1)乳頭狹窄的患者在接受內(nèi)鏡治療時(shí),針刀進(jìn)入乳頭的難度會(huì)增加,并需要反復(fù)電切和探查,局部黏膜損傷嚴(yán)重,瘢痕組織生成增加,術(shù)后乳頭再次狹窄[4]。而乳頭狹窄時(shí),膽汁淤積,不僅膽固醇析出,且有利于細(xì)菌繁殖,因此,利于術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā);(2)當(dāng)Oddi括約肌被切開或行球囊擴(kuò)張時(shí)其功能受損,短時(shí)間內(nèi)不能恢復(fù),此時(shí)抗腸液反流的屏障作用減弱或消失,腸液反流至膽管。因?yàn)槟c液中含有大量的細(xì)菌、消化液、食物殘?jiān)?,?dāng)腸液反流至膽管時(shí),會(huì)改變膽管環(huán)鏡和導(dǎo)致膽管感染[5]。
2.2 解剖結(jié)構(gòu)因素
2.2.1 十二指腸乳頭旁憩室(periampullary diverticula,PAD)類型: 目前PAD導(dǎo)致膽管結(jié)石易復(fù)發(fā)的公認(rèn)原因是:憩室與膽胰管的匯合處毗鄰,大多數(shù)乳頭周圍憩室位于胰頭后方,但也有深入胰腺組織或是包繞膽總管下端,當(dāng)憩室較大時(shí)可以直接壓迫膽總管,造成膽汁排泄不暢。當(dāng)PDA合并十二指腸功能紊亂時(shí),食物、反流的腸液可殘留在憩室內(nèi),對(duì)乳頭括約肌形成長(zhǎng)期炎癥刺激,使其功能紊亂,引起十二指腸乳頭炎性狹窄,出現(xiàn)膽汁淤積。
隨著研究的深入,乳頭憩室的類型與內(nèi)鏡取石術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系得到進(jìn)一步研究。吳麗穎等[4]認(rèn)為術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)還與乳頭位于兩個(gè)相鄰憩室之間的類型相關(guān);Kim等[6]認(rèn)為復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石的大小與乳頭憩室的大小有關(guān)。
2.2.2 膽總管擴(kuò)張后直徑的大?。?膽總管擴(kuò)張是內(nèi)鏡治療膽管結(jié)石術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素目前已達(dá)成共識(shí)。術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的原因是當(dāng)膽總管長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于擴(kuò)張時(shí),膽總管平滑肌回縮力及膽管運(yùn)動(dòng)功能均降低,這將為膽汁淤積創(chuàng)造條件,從而導(dǎo)致結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)[7]。但膽總管直徑擴(kuò)張大小與術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)性目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Kim等[8]認(rèn)為當(dāng)膽總管直徑>22 mm是EPBD-EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素;Paik等[9]經(jīng)研究隨訪調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,認(rèn)為膽總管直徑>20 mm是術(shù)后膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素(RR=2.42);當(dāng)膽總管直徑≤20 mm時(shí)與術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)無(wú)關(guān)(RR=1);有研究[10]認(rèn)為當(dāng)膽總管擴(kuò)張即膽管直徑>15 mm是內(nèi)鏡治療后膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素;顧偉剛等[11]則認(rèn)為膽總管直徑≥10 mm是逆行內(nèi)窺鏡取石術(shù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素。
2.2.3 膽總管角度: 膽總管角度對(duì)膽汁的排泄速度具有直接的影響,角度的大小與膽汁排泄速度成反比,隨著角度的增大,排泄速度減慢,膽汁排空時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),膽汁濃縮,膽管收縮功能減退,飽和的膽固醇排出減少,膽管結(jié)石易復(fù)發(fā)[12]。
2.3 術(shù)后未行膽管沖洗 江帆等[13]通過(guò)對(duì)患者在內(nèi)鏡取石術(shù)后是否給予鼻膽管沖洗處理進(jìn)行定期隨訪,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后未予鼻膽管沖洗的患者結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率升高(RR=1.54,95%CI:1.26~1.61,P<0.01),得出內(nèi)鏡取石術(shù)后未予鼻膽管沖洗是結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素;通過(guò)分析,認(rèn)為未接受鼻膽管沖洗患者術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率升高原因?yàn)椋?1)未接受鼻膽管沖洗患者術(shù)后易發(fā)生膽管壓力失衡,從而膽汁排泄不暢及腸液反流更易發(fā)生,膽管感染幾率增加;(2)未接受鼻膽管沖洗患者原有的膽管炎癥、膽汁淤積及殘留結(jié)石不能很好的消除和排出,膽管平滑肌的功能難以恢復(fù)。
Jang等[14]認(rèn)為膽管結(jié)石直徑較大時(shí)內(nèi)鏡治療后在膽管中會(huì)遺留結(jié)石碎片,使用機(jī)械碎石也會(huì)產(chǎn)生小結(jié)石碎片,若在術(shù)后予生理鹽水沖洗膽管,可減少殘留的結(jié)石碎片(OR=0.28,P=0.037)。因?yàn)樾〗Y(jié)石碎片可能會(huì)成為病灶導(dǎo)致結(jié)石重新聚集在一起,形成復(fù)發(fā)型膽管結(jié)石[15]。
2.4 膽囊狀態(tài) Natsui等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膽囊結(jié)石與內(nèi)鏡治療后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)有相關(guān)性(OR=1.895,P=0.020)。Ando等[17]根據(jù)患者膽囊狀態(tài),分為有膽囊結(jié)石但膽囊未被切除、無(wú)結(jié)石的膽囊、在內(nèi)鏡治療前行膽囊切除術(shù)、在內(nèi)鏡治療后行膽囊切除術(shù)4類,進(jìn)行多因素分析,得出有膽囊結(jié)石膽囊未被切除、在內(nèi)鏡治療前行膽囊切除術(shù)是術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素,并認(rèn)為產(chǎn)生這樣結(jié)果的原因是無(wú)結(jié)石的膽囊儲(chǔ)存的膽汁對(duì)于膽管的沖洗是有利的,可以防止結(jié)石形成。Tsai等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)鏡治療前行膽囊切除術(shù)的患者結(jié)石直徑較大,在內(nèi)鏡治療時(shí)使用機(jī)械碎石的幾率增加。Yasuda等[18]研究認(rèn)為膽囊未被切除、有膽囊結(jié)石但膽囊未被切除是內(nèi)鏡取石術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素。但Kogure等[19]則認(rèn)為EPBD術(shù)后患者復(fù)發(fā)的膽總管結(jié)石主要是在膽管形成,而不是來(lái)自膽囊,所以認(rèn)為術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)與膽囊狀態(tài)無(wú)關(guān)。Kim等[8]、Itokawa等[20]也認(rèn)為這術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)與膽囊是否被切除與內(nèi)鏡治療后膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)無(wú)關(guān)。
2.5 內(nèi)鏡治療的術(shù)式選擇
2.5.1 EPBD與EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)情況: 一部分研究[10,16,18,21-22]認(rèn)為EPBD與EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)具有差異性。Hua等[23]認(rèn)為,EPBD術(shù)后,括約肌的部分功能將緩慢地恢復(fù),在一定程度上能減少腸液反流。內(nèi)鏡下大球囊擴(kuò)張能將石頭完整取出,或者在有結(jié)石碎片時(shí),因經(jīng)球囊擴(kuò)張括約肌開口增大,從而利于膽汁及殘留的小結(jié)石碎片排出[21],因此,術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)減少。Lu等[5]認(rèn)為EPBD 與EST相比,能降低結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā),起到保護(hù)性作用(OR=0.448,P=0.0017)。Yasuda等[18]將EST作為結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,認(rèn)為EST是術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.382,P=0.0304),認(rèn)為這與乳頭肌功能受損,腸液反流致膽管感染有關(guān);但也有研究[9,16,24]認(rèn)為EPBD與EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)無(wú)差異性,但未作出具體解釋。
2.5.2 EPBD聯(lián)合EST及EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)情況:一部分研究認(rèn)為EPBD聯(lián)合EST與EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)之間是有差異的[23,25-26]。原因是:EPBD-EST保護(hù)Oddi括約肌的功能在一定程度上阻止腸液反流至膽管,減少膽管感染發(fā)生的概率[25];EPBD-EST能將乳頭括約肌完全打開,減少使用機(jī)械碎石且能把結(jié)石完全清除干凈[25,27];但也有研究[8,23,29]認(rèn)為EPBD-EST與EST術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)之間無(wú)差異性。Kim等[29]分析認(rèn)為EPBD-EST術(shù)后,患者的乳頭括約肌功能喪失,它同EST術(shù)后出現(xiàn)腸液反流的情況是相似的。
2.5.3 其他:Kogure[19]等經(jīng)過(guò)隨訪研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)EPBD聯(lián)合EST與EPBD之間在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥方面無(wú)顯著性差異,認(rèn)為可以不使用EST這項(xiàng)操作。
2.6 甲狀腺功能減退 任亦星等[29]在研究促甲狀腺水平與膽管結(jié)石形成的關(guān)系,得出患有膽總管結(jié)石的老年人可能伴有促甲狀腺水平升高,但無(wú)任何臨床癥狀者,在控制促甲狀腺水平后膽管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)可減低。Bamashmoos等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有甲狀腺功能減退的患者易合并血清膽固醇升高,從而使膽汁中的膽固醇出現(xiàn)超飽和狀態(tài),易形成結(jié)晶從而析出,形成結(jié)石。
總之,目前膽總管結(jié)石患病率逐漸升高。雖然內(nèi)鏡治療能減輕患者痛苦,但其術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)仍然影響著人們的健康。隨著研究的深入,膽管感染、乳頭旁憩室、膽管擴(kuò)張方面對(duì)術(shù)后結(jié)石的影響已逐漸明確,但具體相關(guān)研究仍需進(jìn)一步深入探討。
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(責(zé)任編輯:陳香宇)
Progress of recurrence factors of stones after stone extraction with endoscopy
ZHAO Chunping, LI Jun
Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
Stone extraction with endoscopy as a minimally invasive method for choledocholithiasis has been gradually accepted. Postoperative recurrence of stone is a difficult problem, although there are a lot of researches on the risk factors for stone recurrence after surgery, the factors of gallbladder ststus, the periampullary diverticula type, bile duct angle and other factors bile duct stone recurrence after surgery have not yet been reached a consensus. In this paper, the recurrence factors of the common bile duct stone after endoscopic treatment was reviewed.
Endoscopic treatment; Choledocholithiasis; Recurrence factors
趙春萍,碩士在讀研究生,研究方向:消化內(nèi)鏡的診斷及治療。E-mail:1094071956@qq.com
李俊,主任醫(yī)師,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:消化內(nèi)鏡的診斷及治療。E-mail:961983787@qq.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.03.032
R575.7
A
1006-5709(2016)03-0348-04
2015-06-12