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不同類型干細(xì)胞在缺血性心臟病治療及轉(zhuǎn)化中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2016-03-08 12:42:43涂為民張繼紅
海南醫(yī)學(xué) 2016年22期
關(guān)鍵詞:骨髓心肌細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞

涂為民,張繼紅

(三峽大學(xué)第二人民醫(yī)院 宜昌市第二人民醫(yī)院,湖北 宜昌 443002)

·綜 述·

不同類型干細(xì)胞在缺血性心臟病治療及轉(zhuǎn)化中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

涂為民,張繼紅

(三峽大學(xué)第二人民醫(yī)院 宜昌市第二人民醫(yī)院,湖北 宜昌 443002)

充血性心臟衰竭(CHF)繼發(fā)于慢性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病,是導(dǎo)致心血管疾病死亡率升高的主要原因之一,其患病率并沒(méi)有隨著醫(yī)療設(shè)備發(fā)展和醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步而下降。目前干細(xì)胞療法是一個(gè)有良好前景的治療方法,該療法能夠改善心功化,進(jìn)而阻止CHF形成。目前,從骨髓和心臟分離的祖細(xì)胞療效在臨床前大動(dòng)物模型上已被評(píng)估。一些臨床試驗(yàn)使用自體和同種異體干細(xì)胞和祖細(xì)胞已經(jīng)證明他們運(yùn)用于人體是安全的。本文將討論三種再生能力強(qiáng)的成體干細(xì)胞:骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,心臟肌球衍生細(xì)胞和心臟干細(xì)胞的最新研究進(jìn)展。

充血性心臟衰竭;成體干細(xì)胞;間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;心臟肌球衍生細(xì)胞;心臟干細(xì)胞

盡管現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展和醫(yī)療設(shè)備的開發(fā)能有效延緩疾病的進(jìn)展,但是繼發(fā)于慢性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的充血性心力衰竭(congestive heart failure,CHF)的患病率仍然呈逐年增加趨勢(shì)[1]。目前治療方法主要包含藥物、介入和外科手術(shù)。藥物治療通過(guò)干預(yù)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌(例如腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng),交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等)激活,減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡和間質(zhì)結(jié)締組織增生,進(jìn)而減慢心肌細(xì)胞肥大的進(jìn)展,從而提高心衰患者的生存率;介入治療通過(guò)打通狹窄閉塞血管降低心肌梗死的死亡率;冠脈搭橋術(shù)通過(guò)改善閉塞遠(yuǎn)端血管缺血心肌的供血,進(jìn)而使心肌梗死患者改善癥狀;心臟移植可達(dá)到治療的根本目的,但存在缺乏供體,免疫排斥反應(yīng),費(fèi)用過(guò)高等問(wèn)題。然而,這些療法都不能有效減少心肌細(xì)胞損失和逆轉(zhuǎn)心肌功能受損,不能達(dá)到心臟細(xì)胞水平重建的要求。最近研究顯示,一種來(lái)源于固定心源干細(xì)胞的內(nèi)源性心肌修復(fù)系統(tǒng)可以通過(guò)維持低水平的細(xì)胞增殖、再生和凋亡來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)心臟移植的存活率[2]。即成體干細(xì)胞通過(guò)體外擴(kuò)增能刺激心臟,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性或外源性細(xì)胞修復(fù)。細(xì)胞治療目前已成為一個(gè)很有前途的治療,通過(guò)其潛在的再生能力修復(fù)死亡心肌,改善左心室(left ventricle,LV)功能[3-5]。臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證明在沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重心臟衰竭的心肌梗死患者中使用骨髓來(lái)源干細(xì)胞骨髓單核細(xì)胞(bone marrow mononuclear cells,MNCs)或間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)或心臟來(lái)源的干細(xì)胞[心臟干細(xì)胞(cardiac stem cells,CSCs)]或心臟肌球衍生細(xì)胞(cardiosphere-derived cells,CDCs)的安全性和可行性,臨床長(zhǎng)期觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)其能夠一定程度上改善左心室功能[6-8]。目前成體干細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)的生物學(xué)作用仍有爭(zhēng)議,目前較為公認(rèn)的解釋是其作用機(jī)制可能與旁分泌因子有關(guān),即干細(xì)胞分泌多種生長(zhǎng)因子和細(xì)胞因子而減少瘢痕體積和細(xì)胞凋亡,增加心肌細(xì)胞增殖并激活內(nèi)源性心肌干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生新的細(xì)胞。而不是心肌干細(xì)胞重新直接分化為心肌細(xì)胞[9]。當(dāng)前研究成體干細(xì)胞的使用主要集中于以優(yōu)化細(xì)胞為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)而有效地改善左心室功能并減少疾病進(jìn)展,從而達(dá)到治療的目的。這將對(duì)嚴(yán)重缺血性心臟病患者的生存和生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生重大影響,同時(shí)降低患者醫(yī)療支出與晚期復(fù)發(fā)住院率。本文將介紹三種類型的成人干細(xì)胞:MSCs、CSCs和CDCs的研究進(jìn)展和未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向。

1 MSCs在缺血性心肌病的應(yīng)用

MSCs源自骨髓單核細(xì)胞(0.001%~0.01%的骨髓有核細(xì)胞),研究表明MSCs可以分化成心肌細(xì)胞和血管樣結(jié)構(gòu)[10]。目前MSCs治療缺血性心肌病的主要方法是通過(guò)直接心肌內(nèi)注射和輸液進(jìn)入冠脈,使心肌梗死區(qū)域保留低濃度的干細(xì)胞滯留[11]。其效果主要與旁分泌機(jī)制相關(guān)。MSCs能夠產(chǎn)生多種細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子和生長(zhǎng)因子,如堿性纖維母細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)、肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)、胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子(stromal cell-derived factor,SDF)等,其中許多因子參與恢復(fù)心臟功能或心肌組織再生,抑制左心室重構(gòu)和凋亡[12],刺激內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞增殖和血管生成,激活內(nèi)源性CSCs[4],并動(dòng)員骨髓祖細(xì)胞至心臟進(jìn)而改善心臟功能[13]。重要的是,由于MSCs不表達(dá)MHCII,因此可以避免免疫排斥反應(yīng),釋放免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子,抑制T細(xì)胞增殖,從而減輕自身免疫反應(yīng),這就使同種異體細(xì)胞離體擴(kuò)展并存儲(chǔ)在使用患者的體內(nèi)成為可能。這將被考慮到用于現(xiàn)有的重癥左心室功能障礙的治療,而不需要等待細(xì)胞處理和增殖[14]。

通過(guò)大量的MSCs臨床前試驗(yàn)表明其對(duì)心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能均有著顯著的改善[15]。Williams等[16]對(duì)于心梗動(dòng)物模型后左室重構(gòu)的心臟給予MRI(核磁共振)檢查后發(fā)現(xiàn),接受異體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的動(dòng)物與對(duì)照組相比,梗死后疤痕的大小呈進(jìn)行性減小,射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)改善,左心室(LV)重構(gòu)得到逆轉(zhuǎn)。同種異體MSCs注射到受損心肌從而使瘢痕形成減少,抑制心室重塑。在左前降支新發(fā)的心肌梗死3個(gè)月的豬心內(nèi)膜模型上,通過(guò)異體MSCs注入進(jìn)而研究左心室結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變。3個(gè)月后,注射MSCs的心肌梗死動(dòng)物模型中有(19.62±2.86)%的心臟瘢痕體積減小,3~6個(gè)月后,心臟瘢痕減小的體積增加至(28.09±2.31)%。通過(guò)MSCs治療的動(dòng)物模型舒張期容積(EDV)和收縮末期容積(ESV)沒(méi)有顯著改變,而對(duì)照組的EDV和ESV則明顯增加。心肌注射MSCs后心臟射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)顯著增加。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,注射異體MSCs可以促使瘢痕體積減小,逆轉(zhuǎn)心室重構(gòu)和提高射血分?jǐn)?shù)[17]。

Chen等[10]對(duì)34例患者通過(guò)冠脈內(nèi)注射方式給予480~600億骨髓充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,在3~6個(gè)月的隨訪后發(fā)現(xiàn)EF的增幅相比安慰劑組增加13%[18-19]。利用多層螺旋CT和雙平面左心室造影,顯示異體間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞組瘢痕大小減少32%,自體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞組降低35%;亞組分析表明2 000萬(wàn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞改善EF和LVEDV,此外,自體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對(duì)6 min步行試驗(yàn)有明顯改善,還能減少左室舒張末期容積(LVEDV);同種異體MSCs沒(méi)有刺激患者引起同種異體免疫反應(yīng)。

前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)研究指出在接受心臟手術(shù)患者注入自體MSCs(20~200百萬(wàn)單位)在無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能或運(yùn)動(dòng)功能減退而且不適合冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋(CABG)的區(qū)域[20]。心臟磁共振成像分析表明,在未行手術(shù)再灌注的區(qū)域,MSCs注射使EF增加了9.4%,以及瘢痕減少了48%,收縮功能也有明顯改善[20]。Bartunek等[21]通過(guò)預(yù)處理MSCs生長(zhǎng)因子增強(qiáng)心臟功能,21例2級(jí)或3級(jí)心功能衰竭的患者通過(guò)機(jī)電引導(dǎo)心內(nèi)膜心肌注射接收超過(guò)7億混合的心源性雞尾酒處理的干細(xì)胞,未觀察到不良事件或全身毒性反應(yīng)?,F(xiàn)有多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)患者使用MSCs移植的安全性和有效性。

綜上所述,MSCs是細(xì)胞移植治療良好選擇,其突出的特點(diǎn)是低免疫原性,具有自我更新和多向分化的潛能,通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分子的旁分泌作用進(jìn)而促進(jìn)梗死區(qū)域細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、存活和分化。

2 CDCs在缺血性心肌病的應(yīng)用

Smith等[22]擴(kuò)展經(jīng)皮心肌活檢組織形式將心肌球細(xì)胞作為心臟干細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增的基礎(chǔ),他們選擇了浮動(dòng)心肌球細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)然后在單層中隔離擴(kuò)增被稱為CDCs。心肌球細(xì)胞和CDCs表達(dá)抗原特異性干細(xì)胞(CKIT,CD90,CD105和缺失的CD34、CD45),以及用于心臟收縮蛋白至關(guān)重要的(Nkx2.5,GATA4)和心電功能(Cx43)[23]。心肌球細(xì)胞是干細(xì)胞的異質(zhì)群體,其不僅能分化成人CSCs的心肌球細(xì)胞,還能夠長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)行自我更新同時(shí)促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞的分化,也可以分化成血管細(xì)胞和祖細(xì)胞[24]。Malaria等[25]研究表明,對(duì)豬心肌梗死模型進(jìn)行異體CDCs注射,能顯著減少瘢痕的大小(3.6%)和EF保持不變,而安慰劑組瘢痕的大小減少不明顯(0.4%)同時(shí)EF惡化(約9.9%)。Lee等[24]對(duì)豬心肌梗死模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在動(dòng)物只接受cardiospheres注射和同時(shí)接受CDCs、cardiospheres注射時(shí),對(duì)在保護(hù)心肌梗死方面均有作用,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)、局部功能和左室重構(gòu)(保存所有量化的連續(xù)心臟MRI)等方面均有明顯的改善。

心肌球源性干細(xì)胞用于逆轉(zhuǎn)心功能不全,其中涉及25例患者PCI術(shù)后給予12.5~25.0萬(wàn)自體心肌球源性干細(xì)胞移植[26],這些CDCs于急性心肌梗死后2~4周從右心室心內(nèi)膜心肌活檢采取經(jīng)過(guò)36 d增殖培養(yǎng)后分別注入冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病發(fā)作后6~12周的動(dòng)脈血管。結(jié)果表明,在6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)瘢痕減少率分別為28%和46%,室壁增厚顯著改善的患者達(dá)7.7%[27],室速等嚴(yán)重不良事件發(fā)生率也大大降低。然而由于本實(shí)驗(yàn)患者的數(shù)量相對(duì)較少,不能確定CDCs的安全性。自體心臟干細(xì)胞用于治療缺血性心肌病(ALCADIA)試驗(yàn)研究了從心臟冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)中分離出的心臟(心內(nèi)膜組織)擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)生的CDCs,該試驗(yàn)結(jié)合運(yùn)用了干細(xì)胞與生物工程支架材料及生物制劑來(lái)創(chuàng)建了一種混合療法。CDCs在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射前培養(yǎng)1個(gè)月,然后放置明膠表包含bFGF在注射部位。治療6個(gè)月后,心臟磁共振成像顯示EF增加12.1%,心肌梗死面積減少3.3%,壁運(yùn)動(dòng)和最大有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力有明顯改善。心臟祖細(xì)胞經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈灌注治療單心室生理學(xué)試驗(yàn)由14名患有左心發(fā)育不全綜合征組成,組織由接受第二階段(Glenn手術(shù))或第三階段(Fontan手術(shù))的患者右心房分離[28]。Cardiospheres(心肌球細(xì)胞)由右心房組織擴(kuò)展培養(yǎng)2~3周而來(lái),CDCs(200~300萬(wàn)的自體細(xì)胞,n=7)分別注入3個(gè)主要冠狀動(dòng)脈術(shù)后1個(gè)月[28]。在注射后18個(gè)月,心臟超聲和MRI顯示右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)從46.9%增加到54%(P=0.000 4),EF無(wú)明顯變化(46.7%到48.7%)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明功能失調(diào)的心肌可使用CDCs治療。盡管心肌球源性干細(xì)胞對(duì)心臟病患者有益,但CDCs有許多作用特點(diǎn)與MSCs重疊。因此,在臨床應(yīng)用之前,有必要探明MSCs與CDCs在生物學(xué)反應(yīng)上的異同點(diǎn)。

3 CSCs在缺血性心臟病的應(yīng)用

目前研究表明一類存在于心臟的心房和心尖部的表型為Sca-1+,cKit+或側(cè)群細(xì)胞分化能力強(qiáng)的干細(xì)胞[30],這些細(xì)胞被命名為CSCs,是后天心臟發(fā)育過(guò)程中最豐富的心肌細(xì)胞的表型。CSCs為未分化細(xì)胞,可分泌心臟早期轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Nkx2.5、MEF2、GATA4)[31]。因此CSCs是心臟再生研究的最佳選擇。CSCs具有自我更新能力,可通過(guò)動(dòng)員骨髓來(lái)源的干細(xì)胞來(lái)替代衰老和凋亡的CSCs,并參與維持心臟中的CSC池[32-33]。在細(xì)胞成熟期,細(xì)胞是靜態(tài)的,并駐留在心臟。缺血性損傷后,通過(guò)旁分泌信號(hào)激活誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化。然而,它們的增殖潛力是有限的,心肌損傷的程度如果太大則無(wú)法通過(guò)儲(chǔ)存的CSCs形成新的心肌細(xì)胞進(jìn)行代償[30]。成人心臟內(nèi)存在CSC池,分布于心臟的房間溝和心尖處。在正常機(jī)體心臟CSC池調(diào)節(jié)心臟穩(wěn)態(tài),維持低水平心肌細(xì)胞增殖再生和細(xì)胞死亡[2]。心肌缺血壞死時(shí)心臟內(nèi)的CSC能從CSC池動(dòng)員并聚集到心肌壞死區(qū)周圍,分化為心肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞或平滑肌細(xì)胞,從而修復(fù)壞死心肌和改善血液循環(huán)。

CSCs是在心肌中較為罕見(jiàn)的一種干細(xì)胞,他們的分離和培養(yǎng)困難而且耗時(shí)。有限的動(dòng)物研究表明CSCs可以減緩左室重構(gòu)同時(shí)改善缺血損傷后心臟功能[34-35]。Welt等[36]對(duì)犬心肌梗死模型的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,心肌內(nèi)注射CSCs可以降低左心室重構(gòu)(35%到26%,P<0.05)同時(shí)防止心臟功能惡化。Bolli等[37]實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在豬慢性心肌梗死模型中植入自體CSCs,可以明顯改善心肌梗死區(qū)域和提高心肌收縮功能(45.4%至51.7%,P<0.05)。在缺血性心肌病患者干細(xì)胞輸注試驗(yàn)中,在CABG(冠脈搭橋術(shù))治療過(guò)程中,未進(jìn)行自體CSCS移植[38]。前期4個(gè)月的體外培養(yǎng)后,將0.5~1.0百萬(wàn)的CDCs通過(guò)冠脈移植至缺血心肌內(nèi),隨后通過(guò)心臟超聲和MRI對(duì)患者的心功能進(jìn)行持續(xù)評(píng)估。治療后12個(gè)月,梗塞面積下降了30.2%,局部室壁厚度增加18%,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)增加8.2%。左心室EF 2年后增加12%,表明CDCs可持續(xù)改善心臟功能[39]。雖然研究表明CSCs對(duì)心肌梗塞有治療效果,但其在心臟生物學(xué)方面的作用尚有爭(zhēng)議[40]。所以對(duì)于CSCs的進(jìn)一步研究在臨床應(yīng)用方面具有積極的意義。

4 展 望

目前對(duì)于干細(xì)胞治療CHF已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn),但干細(xì)胞療法在規(guī)模性運(yùn)用于臨床患者前可能還需要更多臨床前期和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),以下方案可能克服基于細(xì)胞療法的當(dāng)前限制,并解決現(xiàn)在所面臨的問(wèn)題。①預(yù)處理MSC提高植入和移植細(xì)胞的存活率;②CSC和MSC干細(xì)胞聯(lián)合移植目前已證實(shí)其對(duì)心臟收縮和舒張功能的效果增強(qiáng),故聯(lián)合移植可能是未來(lái)方向;③CDC早期再灌注后可能會(huì)降低炎癥反應(yīng),保護(hù)心臟免受再灌注損傷引起的功能惡化;④自體/異體CDC反復(fù)輸注可以克服單注有限的功能恢復(fù);⑤成體干細(xì)胞的治療效果主要與旁分泌因子的分泌有關(guān)而不是心肌細(xì)胞的直接分化。CDC分泌外泌體,這些外泌體對(duì)于抑制細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和促進(jìn)血管生成均有良好的作用。因此,治療的新方法可能集中在如何有效地從干細(xì)胞刺激外泌體的分泌,或直接注入外泌體至心肌梗死處??深A(yù)見(jiàn)在不久的將來(lái),隨著研究進(jìn)一步深入,干細(xì)胞療法將可能成為主要治療心血管疾病的手段之一。本文回顧了近年來(lái)三種干細(xì)胞在缺血性心肌病方面的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)化研究,隨著缺血性心肌病導(dǎo)致的心衰患者數(shù)量日益增大,使得人們?cè)絹?lái)越急迫地渴望尋找一種治療缺血性心肌病的有效方法,干細(xì)胞治療在未來(lái)或?qū)⒊蔀榻鉀Q問(wèn)題的一種可能性。

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Progress in the clinical application and transformation of the different types of stem cells in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

TU Wei-min,ZHANG Ji-hong.The Second Hospital of Three Gorges University and the Second Hospital of Yichang,Yichang 443002,Hubei,CHINA

Congestive heart failure(CHF)secondary to chronic coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease mortality.Its prevalence has not declined with the development of medical equipment and medical technology.For now,cell based therapies generating new cardiomyocytes and vessels have emerged as a promising treatment to reverse functional deterioration and prevent the progression of CHF.Functional efficacy of progenitor cells isolated from the bone marrow and the heart have been evaluated in preclinical large animal models.Several clinical trials have used autologous and allogeneic stem cells,and have been shown to be safe in humans.In this paper, we will discuss the latest research progress of three adult stem cells that have shown particularly promising regenerative ability:bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,cardiac myocyte derived cell and cardiac stem cell.

Congestive heart failure(CHF);Adult stem cells;Mesenchymal stem cell;Cardiac myocyte derived cell;Cardiac stem cell

R541

A

1003—6350(2016)22—3712—04

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2016.22.034

2016-05-05)

湖北省自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):2015CFC814)

張繼紅。E-mail:2397075377@qq.com

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