陶 敏, 鄭康超, 肖淼淼, 肖輝雪, 楊向俐, 施 維, 田 磊, 呂家高△
1華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,武漢 4300302廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)影像學(xué)專業(yè),廣州 5101823廣東省順德市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,佛山 528329
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IL-6與冠心病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展
陶 敏1, 鄭康超2, 肖淼淼1, 肖輝雪3, 楊向俐1, 施 維1, 田 磊1, 呂家高1△
1華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,武漢 4300302廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)影像學(xué)專業(yè),廣州 5101823廣東省順德市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,佛山 528329
白細(xì)胞介素-6; 冠心?。?預(yù)測(cè)因子
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病,簡(jiǎn)稱冠心病,是由于冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化使冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄或阻塞,或(和)因冠狀動(dòng)脈痙攣導(dǎo)致心肌缺血缺氧或壞死的心臟病。臨床上將其分為急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和慢性冠脈病(chronic coronary artery disease,CAD)兩大類[1]。目前普遍認(rèn)為血管壁的慢性炎癥貫穿于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的各個(gè)階段,在冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用[2-3]。而白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)作為上游炎癥細(xì)胞因子之一在促發(fā)炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,與冠心病密切相關(guān)[4],其信號(hào)通路與冠心病的關(guān)系也得到人類遺傳學(xué)證據(jù)的支持[5-6]。本文將對(duì)IL-6與冠心病的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 IL-6的分子結(jié)構(gòu)與基因定位
IL-6是一種含212個(gè)氨基酸殘基的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為26 kD的糖肽,其基因定位于染色體7q15-p21上。IL-6具有多種生物活性,其重要的生理作用之一就是作為C反應(yīng)蛋白和纖維蛋白原產(chǎn)生的主要介質(zhì),通過調(diào)節(jié)體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫,激活T淋巴細(xì)胞,并誘導(dǎo)B淋巴細(xì)胞的終末期分化,從而影響炎癥反應(yīng)和組織損傷等[7]。
1.2 IL-6的生成及調(diào)控
IL-6主要由抗原遞呈細(xì)胞(單核巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突細(xì)胞)生成,而其他細(xì)胞,如:血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞等也能分泌IL-6[8-9]。不同組織細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6需要不同刺激因子(包括多種抗原和非抗原性物質(zhì):如DNA或RNA病毒感染、細(xì)菌內(nèi)毒素以及細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-8、血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子、IFN等)的誘導(dǎo)[10]。
機(jī)體IL-6的生成受多種因素和多條途徑共同調(diào)控。IL-6基因的啟動(dòng)子是由眾多調(diào)節(jié)原件組成,包括NF-IL6/CEBP、AP-1、NF-κB結(jié)合位點(diǎn)和cAMP反應(yīng)元件(CRE)等轉(zhuǎn)錄原件。因此,IL-6的產(chǎn)生受多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(如NF-κB、AP-1、C/EBP和CREB等)及多條傳導(dǎo)通路的調(diào)控,其中NF-κB在維持IL-6的基礎(chǔ)表達(dá)起著主要的作用[11-13]。NF-κB可直接激活Lin28的轉(zhuǎn)錄,減少Let-7的表達(dá)[14]。而Let-7既可通過與IL-6基因3’UTR結(jié)合而抑制IL-6的表達(dá),也可間接地通過與Ras基因的相互作用而減少NF-κB的激活來抑制IL-6的表達(dá),最終導(dǎo)致IL-6高表達(dá)。體內(nèi)的I-κB可通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)NF-κB位點(diǎn)而抑制IL-6生成。最近研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)組蛋白甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶Ash1Ⅰ可通過誘導(dǎo)泛素編輯酶A20,促進(jìn)A20介導(dǎo)NF-κB必需調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(NF-κB-essential modulator,NEMO)和腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-assoc iated factor 6,TRAF6)的去泛素化,抑制了NF-κB、MAPK信號(hào)通路而減少IL-6的生成[11]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)生理狀態(tài)下機(jī)體的NF-IL6表達(dá)極少,對(duì)IL-6的轉(zhuǎn)錄無明顯調(diào)控,但在某些細(xì)胞因子(如IL-1、IL-6)或LPS的刺激下,NF-IL6可被大量誘導(dǎo)表達(dá),從而明顯促進(jìn)IL-6的轉(zhuǎn)錄[12]。此外,腫瘤抑制劑JunB亦可通過與啟動(dòng)子區(qū)連接,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平下調(diào)IL-6的表達(dá)[15]。因此,IL-6的生成調(diào)控機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜而精細(xì),涉及其基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄及表達(dá)的各個(gè)方面,受多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及多種細(xì)胞因子影響,NF-κB途徑在IL-6的生成調(diào)控的研究中最為重要。
1.3 IL-6受體及其所介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑
IL-6通過與表達(dá)在多種細(xì)胞表面的IL-6受體(IL-6R)結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生生物活性。IL-6R由2種不同的膜蛋白:即分子量為80 kD的特異性結(jié)合鏈IL-6Rα和分子量為130 kD的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)鏈IL-6Rβ(gp130)組成。前者只表達(dá)于某些特定的組織細(xì)胞,如肝細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞及某些淋巴細(xì)胞等,可直接與IL-6結(jié)合形成IL-6/IL-6Rα復(fù)合物,但不具備信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)功能,需與gp130結(jié)合形成高親和力復(fù)合物才能發(fā)揮信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)功能;而后者則幾乎在所有細(xì)胞表面均有表達(dá),但gp130無法單獨(dú)與IL-6結(jié)合。血清中還存在可溶形式的IL-6R(sIL-6R),其來源于膜結(jié)合型IL-6R的限制性水解或mRNA剪接的改變,與IL-6形成的循環(huán)復(fù)合物結(jié)合到表達(dá)gp130的細(xì)胞膜后亦可發(fā)揮信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)功能。IL-6與膜結(jié)合型IL-6Rα或者sIL-6Rα形成的復(fù)合物與膜結(jié)合型的gp130結(jié)合后均可通過JAK-STAT或Ras-MAPK等胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑調(diào)節(jié)靶細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)以介導(dǎo)相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[16-17]。此外,血清中還存在可溶的gp130(sgp130),可與細(xì)胞膜上的gp130競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合IL-6/sIL-6Rα復(fù)合物,從而發(fā)揮拮抗IL-6/sIL-6Ra生物學(xué)效應(yīng)的作用,是IL-6/sIL-6Rα復(fù)合物的抑制劑[18-19]。
2.1 IL-6在冠心病患者中的表達(dá)情況
IL-6作為重要的前炎癥細(xì)胞因子,是參與機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要介質(zhì)[20-23]。有研究提出:血清中的IL-6水平可作為冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)并且與冠心病的的嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后有關(guān)聯(lián)[24-27]。Seino等[28]在冠脈粥樣硬化斑塊的局部以及粥樣硬化損傷的動(dòng)脈壁上發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-6的表達(dá)是正常組織的10~40倍。有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)在冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊區(qū),特別是富含巨噬細(xì)胞的損傷的動(dòng)脈壁區(qū)域,有大量IL-6,且IL-6的含量在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的管壁里比正常組織高了近200倍[29-30]。
2.2 IL-6預(yù)測(cè)冠心病的相關(guān)研究
首先,研究顯示,IL-6基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的174G/C(IL-6 174G/C)rs1800795和572G/C(IL-6 572G/C)rs1800796等位點(diǎn)存在多態(tài)性,而其多態(tài)性與冠心病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)。攜帶IL-6 174G/C或C/C基因型的個(gè)體比IL-6 174G/G基因型的個(gè)體血漿IL-6濃度及冠心病發(fā)病率高。其中,IL-6 174G/C基因多態(tài)性是中國人冠心病發(fā)病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[31]。IL-6 174C/C多態(tài)性可能與白種人冠心病發(fā)病率有關(guān)。而在國內(nèi)研究中呈IL-6 572G/C多態(tài)性的慢性冠脈病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低[32]。
其次,最新的研究表明,相比下游的炎癥標(biāo)志物——C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)和纖維蛋白原等,“上游”炎癥標(biāo)志物——促炎細(xì)胞因子等由于其控制著炎癥的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),與冠心病心血管事件的聯(lián)系更為緊密。該研究結(jié)果也得到相應(yīng)的遺傳學(xué)證據(jù)支持[6]。IL-6與冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展關(guān)系亦得到大量流行病學(xué)證據(jù)的肯定[4]。更有研究顯示:急性冠脈綜合征患者的血漿中IL-6水平升高,提示體內(nèi)單核、巨噬細(xì)胞激活,局部或全身有炎癥反應(yīng),預(yù)示著斑塊的不穩(wěn)定[33-36]。該指標(biāo)的改變?cè)缬谛募∶缸V,在發(fā)生不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛時(shí)即出現(xiàn)明顯異常,是早期診斷疾病的理想指標(biāo),也可作為預(yù)測(cè)急性冠脈綜合征發(fā)生的血清標(biāo)記物[33,37]。Garcia-Salas等[38]的研究也提出類似的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為IL-6高表達(dá)可以作為心肌梗死發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。由此可見,IL-6作為炎癥反應(yīng)的中樞調(diào)節(jié)因子,其血清濃度是早期診斷急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征發(fā)生的理想指標(biāo)[4]。
2.3 IL-6促冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展的可能機(jī)制
IL-6促冠心病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展的可能機(jī)制為:①促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞表面LDL受體的合成及巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)LDL的攝取以加速脂質(zhì)的沉積,從而促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊的形成;②可活化巨噬細(xì)胞,使其分泌單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白,趨化中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞進(jìn)入血管內(nèi)皮下,從而參與斑塊的形成;③以自分泌的方式刺激血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增生;④IL-6可誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生急性期反應(yīng)蛋白和血漿纖溶酶原激活物抑制物(PAI)從而促進(jìn)冠脈血栓的形成;⑤促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)黏附分子和其他炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá),以促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng);⑥粥樣硬化發(fā)生過程中,血管內(nèi)皮的損傷可使TNF-α釋放增加,而TNF-α又促進(jìn)IL-6的釋放增加,二者協(xié)同可刺激輔助性T細(xì)胞增加,抑制性T細(xì)胞減少,從而產(chǎn)生大量抗體并形成免疫復(fù)合物沉積于血管內(nèi)皮,促進(jìn)血栓形成;⑦可刺激基質(zhì)降解酶的合成,侵蝕斑塊內(nèi)的基質(zhì),導(dǎo)致斑塊不穩(wěn)定和破裂[39-40]。
近年來,我國冠心病的發(fā)病率和死亡率逐年上升,并有年輕化的趨勢(shì)[41]。急性冠脈綜合征,起病突然且預(yù)后差,然而,現(xiàn)有的檢查方法都無法提前預(yù)知其發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。臨床上亟需有效的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)以早期識(shí)別高危人群,進(jìn)而制定有效的防治措施。冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展與血清中的IL-6水平有關(guān),血清IL-6水平有望成為冠心病的預(yù)測(cè)因子和診斷依據(jù)??笽L-6受體的單克隆抗體(tocilizumab,TCZ)臨床上已運(yùn)用于對(duì)類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療,而且各種試驗(yàn)研究和病例報(bào)告開始報(bào)道TCZ在類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎以外的自身免疫性疾病的治療,但其是否可以用于冠心病的治療仍有待進(jìn)一步的臨床研究。IL-6的拮抗劑、IL-6R的抗體及sgp130等藥物的研發(fā)也有望為冠心病的治療開辟新的領(lǐng)域。因此,對(duì)IL-6基因表達(dá)和其信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的研究可為冠心病發(fā)病機(jī)制提供新的理論依據(jù),并為冠心病的診斷及治療開辟新的途徑。
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(2016-05-09 收稿)
R541.4
10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2016.05.024
陶 敏,女,1972年生,主管護(hù)師,E-mail:13971557673tm307619@sina.com
△通訊作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:lujiagao@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn
華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2016年5期