陳 翔,魏世輝,張卯年
中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100853
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·綜述·
脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎相關(guān)生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物的研究現(xiàn)狀及展望
陳翔,魏世輝,張卯年
中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100853
摘要:視神經(jīng)炎指發(fā)生于視神經(jīng)的一切炎性病變,是最常見(jiàn)的視神經(jīng)疾病之一,其中以脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎最常見(jiàn)。生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物能夠提示疾病的病理生理過(guò)程,對(duì)于判斷疾病的發(fā)展具有指示性作用。本文總結(jié)了目前脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎相關(guān)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物研究現(xiàn)狀,并對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)展提出了展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:視神經(jīng)炎;脫髓鞘;生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):122-127
視神經(jīng)炎是中青年最主要的致盲性眼病,可嚴(yán)重影響患者及其家庭的生活質(zhì)量,給社會(huì)帶來(lái)巨大負(fù)擔(dān)。視神經(jīng)炎主要包括脫髓鞘性、感染性及自身免疫性視神經(jīng)炎,目前臨床上所指的視神經(jīng)炎主要為脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎。由于視神經(jīng)炎是涉及交叉學(xué)科的疾病,其研究在全球范圍內(nèi)尚處于起步階段。
脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎可獨(dú)立發(fā)病,也可作為多發(fā)性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)或視神經(jīng)脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica,NMO)的一部分。根據(jù)美國(guó)視神經(jīng)炎治療試驗(yàn)(Opticneuritis Treatment Trial,ONTT)報(bào)道,單次脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎發(fā)作后,約38%的患者在10年隨訪中進(jìn)展為MS[1],約50%的患者在15年隨訪中進(jìn)展為MS[2]。Rodriguez等[3]研究則發(fā)現(xiàn),視神經(jīng)炎患者15年進(jìn)展為MS的幾率為53%。2006年Wingerhuck等[4]公布的NMO診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,將視神經(jīng)炎列為診斷NMO的必要條件,目前該診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已被廣泛接受。有研究表明,約半數(shù)NMO患者以視神經(jīng)炎為首發(fā)臨床表現(xiàn)[5- 8]。
美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院將生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物定義為:一類(lèi)可以作為生理和病理進(jìn)程或?qū)δ撤N治療干預(yù)藥物有反應(yīng)的指示劑[9]。理想的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物應(yīng)具備以下特點(diǎn):(1)與潛在病變的關(guān)鍵特征相關(guān)聯(lián);(2)可通過(guò)確切的神經(jīng)病理改變加以驗(yàn)證;(3)可于病程早期檢出;(4)可鑒別與之相似的疾病;(5)非侵襲性方法;(6)應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)便且費(fèi)用可以接受。
MS相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)炎和NMO相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)炎在臨床表現(xiàn)和治療手段上存在區(qū)別,因此早期識(shí)別意義重大。目前針對(duì)脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物還鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道,由于其與MS及NMO的高度相關(guān)性,故推測(cè)可將MS及NMO的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物應(yīng)用于脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎的早期診斷和病程預(yù)測(cè),指導(dǎo)視神經(jīng)炎的臨床治療。本文總結(jié)了MS和NMO的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,以期為脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎的早期診斷工作提供一些新思路。
髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)糖蛋白
髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG)定位于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘的最表面,是一種針對(duì)T細(xì)胞的自身抗原和產(chǎn)生脫髓鞘的自身抗體[10],只占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓磷脂的很少一部分(占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘蛋白的0.05%),但由于其定位于髓磷脂最表面[11- 13],因此可成為抗體被抗原識(shí)別。目前盡管已進(jìn)行了大量研究,但MOG的確切功能仍不清楚,根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和定位提示其可能作為黏附分子,使中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘纖維膠黏在一起[14]。此外,MOG可結(jié)合補(bǔ)體成分C1q,故能夠調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)典補(bǔ)體途徑[15]。最近研究顯示,MOG也可作為風(fēng)疹病毒識(shí)別宿主細(xì)胞的受體[16]。MOG可通過(guò)兩種不同的方式參與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的自身免疫性疾?。?1)由MOG特異性T細(xì)胞引起中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥;(2)由抗MOG抗體誘發(fā)脫髓鞘過(guò)程——軸突的髓鞘丟失是MS病理學(xué)改變存在的一個(gè)典型特征[17]。
抗MOG抗體可以出現(xiàn)在不同的脫髓鞘性疾病,如:兒童MS、急性播散性腦脊髓炎(acute disseminated encephalomyeliti,ADEM)、抗水通道蛋白4陰性的視神經(jīng)脊髓炎以及視神經(jīng)炎,但在成人MS中最常見(jiàn)[18]。近來(lái)研究表明,在實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)模型中,只有識(shí)別MOG的非連續(xù)表位抗體才具有脫髓鞘潛力[19]。通過(guò)提取和純化技術(shù),使用全長(zhǎng)小鼠MOG片段轉(zhuǎn)染哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,可以檢測(cè)MS患者和健康對(duì)照組的抗MOG抗體。該研究結(jié)果表明,IgM抗體水平在首次脫髓鞘的患者中較高,而復(fù)發(fā)型MS組和健康對(duì)照組的抗MOG抗體濃度較低。此外,在小兒MS和急性播散性腦脊髓炎患者中可以找到正確折疊MOG抗體,而在成年MS患者中則很少檢測(cè)到抗MOG抗體,其原因尚不明了,可能與這兩種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病(急性播散性腦脊髓炎和MS)的發(fā)病機(jī)制不同有關(guān)[20]。
髓鞘堿性蛋白
由于髓鞘堿性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)可以成功誘導(dǎo)EAE,因此被懷疑是一種可疑的自身抗原。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,MBP可在病毒感染后的腦脊髓炎中發(fā)揮作用,在MS患者血液中能檢測(cè)到MBP的活化T細(xì)胞[21]??刹捎么吸S嘌呤鳥(niǎo)嘌呤磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶得到MBP特異性T細(xì)胞克隆[22]。研究表明,基因多態(tài)性與MBP相關(guān),MS患者的HLA-DR2a和DR2b分子產(chǎn)生的HLA-DR2Dw2單倍體可作為髓鞘自身抗原h(huán)MBP的限制元件。HLA-DR2a分子存在至少5種不同的針對(duì)T淋巴細(xì)胞的特異性hMBP表位,從供體獲得的抗-hMBP T細(xì)胞具有不同的抗原特異性和HLA特異性[23]。然而,目前針對(duì)該抗原為基礎(chǔ)的誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞耐受的治療方法效果尚有限[24]。
有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,目前至少存在兩種不同免疫形式的MS:(1)在腦脊液和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中具有抗MBP抗體和更典型的炎癥特征,此種較為常見(jiàn);(2)與腦脊液和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的抗-PLP抗體相關(guān),炎癥反應(yīng)較為輕微,此種較為少見(jiàn)[25]。這些自身抗體可以特異性結(jié)合MS患者和狨猴變應(yīng)性腦脊髓膜炎模型中崩解的髓鞘組織[26],并參與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的脫髓鞘過(guò)程。Reindl等[27]將早期和晚期MS患者血清抗-MBP抗體的出現(xiàn)頻率進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者具有差異性,急性期MS抗-MBP抗體頻率最低(12%),而在此期間復(fù)發(fā)-緩解型(32%)和慢性進(jìn)展型MS(40%)血清抗-MBP抗體出現(xiàn)頻率增加,提示抗MBP的反應(yīng)具有時(shí)間積累效應(yīng)。
髓鞘蛋白脂蛋白
髓鞘蛋白脂蛋白(proteolipid protein,PLP)為哺乳動(dòng)物中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘和PLP基因家族成員的主要蛋白質(zhì),是一種進(jìn)化上保守的膜鑲嵌蛋白,也是MS潛在自身抗原[28]。PLP參與少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成神經(jīng)元髓鞘的過(guò)程[29],在MS發(fā)病過(guò)程中,針對(duì)PLP的T細(xì)胞反應(yīng)發(fā)揮了重要作用,該作用與HLA-DR2和HLA-W15相關(guān)[30- 31]。此外有研究顯示,在MS患者和正常對(duì)照組中,識(shí)別MBP和PLP的CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)目相等[32]。PLP和特異性T細(xì)胞在HLA-DR2陽(yáng)性MS比非HLA-DR2 MS更常被檢出,表明HLA-DR2限制性T細(xì)胞識(shí)別參與了MS的病理過(guò)程[33]。升高的抗PLP抗體滴度顯示其在MS患者的潛在病理生理機(jī)制,與脫髓鞘相關(guān)的抗PLP抗體可以同時(shí)識(shí)別PLP基因家族在神經(jīng)元的表位,進(jìn)而影響其功能[34]。
水通道蛋白4
水通道蛋白4已被定義為參與NMO自身免疫反應(yīng)的特定靶分子,也是第1個(gè)在自身免疫性疾病中被認(rèn)為是攻擊靶點(diǎn)的水通道蛋白,該分子集中在NMO患者的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞膜上表達(dá),位于血腦屏障星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的足突[35]。NMO是一種炎癥性脫髓鞘性疾病,可選擇性影響視神經(jīng)和脊髓[36- 37],以往被認(rèn)為是MS的一種變異亞型,并經(jīng)常被誤診為MS,但其預(yù)后和治療與MS截然不同,故可被視為一類(lèi)新的自身免疫性通道疾病[38]。NMO疾病發(fā)作優(yōu)先累及視神經(jīng)和脊髓,并因此而得名。除了NMO,水通道蛋白引起的自身免疫在兒童中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)也很常見(jiàn)。但在水通道蛋白產(chǎn)生自身免疫的兒童,初始攻擊神經(jīng)癥狀通常包括大腦。目前在NMO發(fā)病過(guò)程中,水通道蛋白4的致病作用仍不十分明確[39- 40]。然而,高特異性抗水通道蛋白4(NMO-IgG)抗體的發(fā)現(xiàn)使NMO能夠更早被識(shí)別[41]。NMO-IgG抗體是NMO疾病特異性的抗體,其靶抗原是水通道蛋白4[42]。初步實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,NMO-IgG抗體可以調(diào)節(jié)水通道蛋白的功能和補(bǔ)體特性,這意味著它有可能成為NMO的致病因素[43]。NMO-IgG抗體陽(yáng)性的NMO患者有特征性臨床表現(xiàn),此類(lèi)患者常合并其他自身免疫性反應(yīng)[44]。一項(xiàng)評(píng)估日本MS患者NMO-IgG抗體水平的研究顯示,合并長(zhǎng)脊髓病變的視神經(jīng)脊髓型MS患者的NMO-IgG抗體陽(yáng)性檢出率較高[45]。
理想的脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物
理想的脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物應(yīng)該具有二元性,在脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎中表達(dá),但在健康人或其他疾病人群中不表達(dá),并且其表達(dá)水平隨著疾病的進(jìn)展或消退而改變。因?yàn)槊撍枨始膊〉漠愘|(zhì)性,理想的生物標(biāo)記物可被細(xì)分為不同的種類(lèi)。診斷性生物標(biāo)志物應(yīng)與疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),與疾病活動(dòng)相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物應(yīng)該與病理生理過(guò)程的變化相關(guān)。由于對(duì)脫髓鞘疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制的理解尚不完全明了,與神經(jīng)變性和修復(fù)相關(guān)的診斷學(xué)生物標(biāo)志物目前最受青睞,因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)標(biāo)志物有望成為控制疾病進(jìn)展的治療學(xué)標(biāo)志,或應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)保護(hù)性藥物的臨床試驗(yàn)。療效監(jiān)測(cè)生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物應(yīng)與治療后的臨床反應(yīng)相關(guān)。生物標(biāo)志物可以包括以下幾個(gè)類(lèi)型:DNA、RNA或蛋白質(zhì)[46]。選擇一個(gè)類(lèi)型的生物標(biāo)志物依賴于其檢測(cè)技術(shù)。以MS為例,在檢測(cè)MS的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物中,絕大多數(shù)是蛋白,其中抗體居多,這提示以檢測(cè)體液免疫反應(yīng)為目的的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志蛋白能夠更方便地融入臨床實(shí)踐。由于腦脊液靠近靶器官,腦脊液中生物學(xué)標(biāo)志蛋白可較好地反映MS時(shí)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的病理生理過(guò)程,因此是MS最真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。但是,由于抽取腦脊液為有創(chuàng)檢查,故其臨床應(yīng)用存在一定的局限性。由于外周血采集相對(duì)于腦脊液采集損傷性較小,因此在臨床工作中更容易開(kāi)展。而使用其他體液,如尿液、淚液或唾液進(jìn)行生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)則較為少見(jiàn)。在某些情況下,腦脊液與體內(nèi)其他體液的變化不具有一致性(例如在淚液中檢測(cè)到的IgG寡克隆區(qū)帶)[47- 48],因此對(duì)其他體液的研究有待進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。對(duì)生物標(biāo)志物的發(fā)現(xiàn)往往需要利用基因組和蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)[49- 50],以PCR或基因陣列為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)可用于DNA或RNA的生物標(biāo)志物檢測(cè),ELISA則用于蛋白質(zhì)生物標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)[51]。可根據(jù)臨床工作需要,設(shè)計(jì)出不同的蛋白質(zhì)、DNA或RNA 生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)手段。盡管DNA作為生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但其在臨床實(shí)踐中應(yīng)用較少。用于測(cè)量生物標(biāo)志物的理想測(cè)試應(yīng)具有良好的可分析性和臨床精度[52- 53],而最重要的是對(duì)患者療效進(jìn)行評(píng)估。
生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物發(fā)展的方向
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物操作流程的制定和生物樣本庫(kù)的建立使得多中心體液樣本采集和檢測(cè)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)[54]。MS基因研究就是通過(guò)對(duì)MS患者和對(duì)照組DNA樣本的收集,完成了對(duì)候選基因的驗(yàn)證[55- 56]。而在基于蛋白質(zhì)或細(xì)胞的生物標(biāo)記物研究中,樣品的采集、處理和存儲(chǔ)將更加重要[57]。
臨床醫(yī)生希望生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物能夠敏感地體現(xiàn)出疾病病程,這就要求生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物能夠診斷疾病,并對(duì)疾病的預(yù)后和療效進(jìn)行反饋。此外,即使回顧性研究和橫斷面研究已提示生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物與疾病具有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,但仍需進(jìn)行前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證其臨床應(yīng)用前景。在此背景下,第2和第3階段的臨床試驗(yàn)尤為重要[58]。
脫髓鞘疾病患者的個(gè)體化治療具有多樣性的特點(diǎn),因此對(duì)于診斷明確的MS或NMO患者,應(yīng)給予適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煟@就需要開(kāi)發(fā)出治療反應(yīng)相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)患者的療效,并確定發(fā)生藥物不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),藥物基因組學(xué)技術(shù)有望達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)[59- 60]。β干擾素常常用來(lái)緩解MS的病情,但是在疾病的療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上并不包括評(píng)價(jià)β干擾素治療效果這一項(xiàng)[61]。對(duì)β干擾素的不同研究使用的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)不一致的研究結(jié)果。同樣,藥物基因組學(xué)研究需要一個(gè)更好的設(shè)計(jì),比如安慰劑組的選擇。目前研究還不能夠分辨疾病的病程改變來(lái)自于自然病程的改變還是真正的治療反應(yīng)。
對(duì)脫髓鞘性疾病認(rèn)識(shí)的迅速增長(zhǎng)為各亞專業(yè)之間的整合提供了契機(jī),整合不同類(lèi)型的數(shù)據(jù),如將臨床、放射學(xué)和生物學(xué)引入疾病預(yù)測(cè)模型,有望預(yù)測(cè)疾病病程的發(fā)展和預(yù)后。理想情況下,這些模型應(yīng)該能夠使MS生物標(biāo)志物的預(yù)測(cè)更加容易,可通過(guò)單一或聯(lián)合方式預(yù)測(cè)疾病結(jié)局。例如,對(duì)于一個(gè)以脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎為表現(xiàn)的臨床孤立綜合征患者,可結(jié)合其影像學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)和已知相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物建立預(yù)測(cè)模型,評(píng)估視神經(jīng)炎向MS或NMO轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[62]。
展望
越來(lái)越多的生物標(biāo)記物被證實(shí)在MS與NMO的研究中,對(duì)疾病的診斷、治療及預(yù)后有著重大意義。然而作為與MS和NMO關(guān)系極為密切的視神經(jīng)炎生物標(biāo)記物卻少有研究。根據(jù)最新頒布的中國(guó)視神經(jīng)炎診斷和治療專家共識(shí),視神經(jīng)炎可分為:(1)特發(fā)性視神經(jīng)炎,包括特發(fā)性脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎(即MS相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)炎)、NMO相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)炎和其他脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎;(2)自身免疫性視神經(jīng)炎;(3)感染性或感染相關(guān)性視神經(jīng)炎;(4)其他無(wú)法分類(lèi)的視神經(jīng)炎[63]。由于脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎在發(fā)病之初臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,難以準(zhǔn)確對(duì)疾病轉(zhuǎn)歸進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。因此,關(guān)于視神經(jīng)炎生物標(biāo)記物的研究有待于進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展,從而可以使脫髓鞘性視神經(jīng)炎的患者在早期就得到最有效的診斷,進(jìn)而開(kāi)展針對(duì)性治療。
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Research Advances in Biomarkers for Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
CHEN Xiang,WEI Shi-hui,ZHANG Mao-nian
Department of Ophthalmology,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100853,China Corresponding author:WEI Shi-huiTel:010- 66938175,E-mail:chenxianghoo@163.com
ABSTRACT:Optic neuritis refers to all inflammatory diseases in the optic nerve. The most common type is demyelinating optic neuritis. Biomarkers can indicate its pathophysiological process and thus are useful in disease diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the known biomarkers for demyelinating optic neuritis.
Key words:optic neuritis;demyelinating;biological markers
(收稿日期:2014- 08- 05)
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.023
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R774.6
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000- 503X(2016)01- 0122- 06
通信作者:魏世輝電話:010- 66938175,電子郵件:chenxianghoo@163.com
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2016年1期