張 路,李 劍
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院血液科,北京 100730
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·綜述·
Castleman病發(fā)病機制研究進展
張路,李劍
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院血液科,北京 100730
摘要:Castleman病是一種較少見的淋巴增生性疾病,臨床上分為單中心型和多中心型,組織病理學(xué)上可分為透明血管型、漿細胞型和混合型。研究顯示,除了較為明確的白細胞介素- 6和人類皰疹病毒- 8外,可能尚有其他細胞因子和病毒感染參與Castleman病的發(fā)病。本文總結(jié)了近年來Castleman病發(fā)病機制的研究進展,以期為新的治療方法提供依據(jù),幫助改變現(xiàn)有診療策略,進而改善患者預(yù)后。
關(guān)鍵詞:Castleman??;發(fā)病機制;細胞因子
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):118-121
Castleman病(Castleman’s disease,CD)又稱巨大淋巴結(jié)病或血管濾泡性淋巴結(jié)增生癥,是一種較為少見的淋巴增生性疾病。近年來隨著對該病認(rèn)識的深入和診斷水平的提高,報道的病例數(shù)呈明顯升高趨勢。尤其是近5年,國內(nèi)外大宗的病例報道集中出現(xiàn)[1- 5],反映了醫(yī)學(xué)界對該病重視程度的提升。與此相平行的是,該病發(fā)病機制相關(guān)研究近年來也取得了較大進展,并優(yōu)化了該病的診療,例如生物制劑的使用與成功[6- 7],已有顛覆該病治療策略的趨勢。本文總結(jié)了近年來Castleman病發(fā)病機制的研究進展,以期為新的治療方法提供依據(jù),幫助改變現(xiàn)有診療策略,進而改善患者預(yù)后。
CD的分類
臨床上根據(jù)腫大淋巴結(jié)分布和器官受累的情況不同,將CD分為單中心型(unicentric CD,UCD)和多中心型(multicentric CD,MCD),前者往往僅累及單個淋巴結(jié)區(qū)域,相關(guān)癥狀較輕,外科治療效果良好;后者則累及多個淋巴結(jié)區(qū)域,有較為明顯的系統(tǒng)性癥狀,預(yù)后較單中心型病例差,也是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生更加關(guān)注的臨床類型。
Castleman病的診斷依賴病理,主要病理類型包括透明血管型、漿細胞型和混合型。近年來隨著研究的深入,有學(xué)者建議根據(jù)人類皰疹病毒- 8(human herpes virus- 8,HHV- 8)的感染情況將漿細胞型進一步分為HHV- 8陽性和陰性的亞型,但目前仍以前一種分類方法更為常用。
已公認(rèn)的發(fā)病機制
白細胞介素- 6研究表明,無論是UCD還是MCD,其發(fā)病都與白細胞介素(interleukin,IL)- 6或相關(guān)多肽(例如HHV- 8基因組編碼的一段IL- 6類似物)有明確關(guān)系。早在20世紀(jì)90年代,研究人員就已發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者血清標(biāo)本和淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本中IL- 6表達上調(diào)[8]。而對于UCD患者,切除腫大淋巴結(jié)后,可觀察到IL- 6水平的顯著下降[9]。近來研究顯示,針對IL- 6的治療能夠有效改善MCD患者的癥狀[6- 7]。不僅如此,更深入的機制研究表明,CD患者存在IL- 6受體的多態(tài)性,且血清中可溶性IL- 6受體表達上調(diào)[10]。基于以上證據(jù),目前認(rèn)為IL- 6是與CD發(fā)病最為密切相關(guān)的細胞因子,也是未來治療的重要靶點。
HHV- 8HHV- 8又稱卡波西肉瘤皰疹病毒[11],最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于合并有人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染的卡波西肉瘤患者體內(nèi)。早期研究人員觀察到卡波西肉瘤與MCD的臨床相關(guān)性,經(jīng)過深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了HHV- 8與CD的相關(guān)關(guān)系。有研究顯示,在14例合并HIV感染的MCD患者淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本中均檢出了HHV- 8的基因序列;而在17例未合并HIV感染的MCD患者中,亦有相當(dāng)比例(7/17)檢出了HHV- 8的基因序列[12]。此后更多的研究也陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的相關(guān)關(guān)系,但目前認(rèn)為,HHV- 8不僅影響B(tài)淋巴細胞,也會影響T淋巴細胞[13]。HHV- 8感染與CD相關(guān)的可能機制為:病毒編碼IL- 6類似物,繼而刺激B細胞增殖并抑制凋亡,同時誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表達,促進新生血管形成。而B細胞增殖后,可進一步增加IL- 6的表達,促進疾病發(fā)展。
待深入研究的發(fā)病機制
目前研究認(rèn)為,在合并HIV感染的MCD患者中,HHV- 8感染是重要的病因。但對于HIV陰性的MCD患者,HHV- 8僅能解釋部分患者的發(fā)病[12]。2014年,F(xiàn)ajgenbaum等[9]提出了特發(fā)性MCD(idiopathic MCD,iMCD)的概念,即將未合并HIV感染且無HHV- 8感染證據(jù)的MCD歸類于iMCD,并希望找到此亞群患者發(fā)病的原因。他們根據(jù)目前研究進展推測iMCD的病因可能為以下3種:(1)系統(tǒng)性炎癥性疾病相關(guān);(2)除IL- 6外的其他細胞因子作用;(3)除HHV- 8外的其他病毒感染。
系統(tǒng)性炎癥性疾病相關(guān)雖然已有文獻發(fā)現(xiàn)MCD與某些系統(tǒng)性炎癥性疾病,如系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡有關(guān),但報道例數(shù)相對較少,且均為臨床相關(guān)性,尚未深入至機制層面[13- 14]。
IL- 6以外的其他細胞因子近年來多項研究提出,除IL- 6外,尚有多種細胞因子的表達水平在CD患者中出現(xiàn)異常。
VEGF:已發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本中VEGF表達上調(diào),且血清中VEGF水平升高[15]。不過基于目前的證據(jù),VEGF可能是IL- 6表達上調(diào)后激活的下游通路,即IL- 6能夠誘導(dǎo)VEGF的表達;而研究亦已證實,CD患者接受針對IL- 6治療后血清VEGF水平下調(diào)[16]。
IL- 1/IL- 5/IL- 10:除IL- 6外,亦有研究表明其他IL在CD的發(fā)病中起到一定作用。已有證據(jù)表明,CD患者血清中IL- 1[17]、IL- 5[18]和IL- 10[19]水平升高,且CD患者淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本中IL- 1 mRNA[17]和IL- 5 mRNA[20]水平上調(diào)。提示上述細胞因子與CD的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
腫瘤壞死因子:有零星報道發(fā)現(xiàn),CD患者經(jīng)治療后血清腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)水平下降[21],且CD患者淋巴結(jié)中TNF mRNA水平升高[22]。不過上述發(fā)現(xiàn)尚缺乏較大宗樣本驗證。
巨噬細胞集落刺激因子:巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony-stimulating factor,MCSF)與CD的關(guān)系尚不明確,目前僅有一項研究認(rèn)為CD患者血清中MCSF水平升高,但意義不明[23]。
表皮生長因子受體:研究表明,不同病理類型(透明血管型與漿細胞型對比)CD患者淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本中,表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)分布存在差異,提示EGFR可能與CD發(fā)病有關(guān)[24]。
綜上,除了IL- 6外,目前研究也積累了一些其他細胞因子與CD發(fā)病相關(guān)的證據(jù),但這些證據(jù)多來自于少量樣本,且各因子間存在復(fù)雜的相互關(guān)系,故尚需后續(xù)研究進一步明確。
HHV- 8以外其他病毒感染考慮到巨細胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)與Epstein-Barr 病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)和HHV- 8同屬皰疹病毒科,而皰疹病毒與淋巴增殖性疾病存在較明確的相關(guān)關(guān)系,且目前有較為成熟的CMV與EBV檢測手段,有研究者嘗試探索了CMV和EBV與CD發(fā)病機制之間的關(guān)聯(lián)[25- 26]。但就現(xiàn)階段而言,尚缺乏有說服力的證據(jù)支持上述兩種病毒與CD發(fā)病的相關(guān)性。但仍存在某種未知病毒感染導(dǎo)致CD發(fā)病的可能性[12]。
未來展望
疾病的發(fā)病機制研究是治療的基石。作為病因不明的罕見疾病,以往尚無治療CD的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案,包括激素、化學(xué)治療、抗CD- 20單抗等多種療法都曾被嘗試于該病的治療[3]。而隨著發(fā)病機制相關(guān)研究的進展,已有證據(jù)表明新型的靶向治療方案能夠有效改善患者預(yù)后[6- 7]。這些新型療法的成功,又進一步成為推動基礎(chǔ)研究的動力。隨著機制研究的深入,一方面能夠提高醫(yī)務(wù)工作者對于該病的認(rèn)識;另一方面能夠為新的治療方法提供依據(jù),改變現(xiàn)有的診療策略,進而改善患者預(yù)后。
參考文獻
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Pathogenesis of Castleman’s Disease
ZHANG Lu,LI Jian
Department of Hematology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China Corresponding author:LI JianTel:010- 69155549,E-mail:LiJian@pumch.cn
ABSTRACT:Castleman’s disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that comprises at least two distinct clinical subtypes (unicentric and multicentric). Three pathologic variants (hyaline vascular variant,plasma cell variant,and mixed variant) have been recognized. In addition to interleukin- 6 and human herpes virus 8,some other cytokines and viruses may also be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. This review summarizes the recent advances in the underlying pathogenesis of CD,with an attempt to provide evidence for new treatment options that may change the current treatment strategies and improve patients’ outcomes.
Key words:Castleman’s disease;pathogenesis;cytokine
(收稿日期:2015- 04- 13)
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.022
中圖分類號:R552
文獻標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1000- 503X(2016)01- 0118- 04
通信作者:李劍電話:010- 69155549,電子郵件:LiJian@pumch.cn
基金項目:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院杰出青年基金(JQ201508)Supported by the PUMCH Outstanding Youth Funding Project(JQ201508)