林露,張猛
腦血管疾病已超過(guò)惡性腫瘤成為中國(guó)第一致死病因,同時(shí)還具有極高的致殘率[1]。急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)是最常見(jiàn)的腦血管疾病。血小板活化在AIS血栓形成中占有重要地位,快速有效地抑制血小板過(guò)度活化一直是針對(duì)缺血性卒中治療的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
1.1 血小板聚集是血栓形成的始動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié) 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是AIS的主要病因之一。AS造成血管內(nèi)膜損傷,膠原和組織因子暴露,血小板膜上的糖蛋白(glycoprotein,GP)Ⅰb/Ⅸ通過(guò)血管假血友病因子(Von Willebrand factor,vWF)與膠原結(jié)合,致血小板黏附、活化,釋放出二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)和血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)等物質(zhì),使血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表達(dá)增加,受體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)暴露,與纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,F(xiàn)g)、vWF、纖維結(jié)合蛋白(fibrinectin,F(xiàn)n)等配體的親合力增強(qiáng),造成血小板聚集。同時(shí)各個(gè)血小板還可以通過(guò)GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體與Fg橋梁結(jié)合而形成血小板微聚集體,導(dǎo)致血小板進(jìn)一步活化,加速血栓形成[2]。
1.2 傳統(tǒng)抗血小板藥物 傳統(tǒng)抗血小板藥物主要包括以下幾種:①TXA2抑制劑(如阿司匹林、乙酰水楊酸),通過(guò)使環(huán)氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)失活,抑制TXA2的合成;②ADP P2Y12受體拮抗劑(如氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛),抑制ADP介導(dǎo)的血小板活化;③磷酸二酯酶抑制劑(如雙嘧達(dá)莫、西洛他唑),主要抑制磷酸二酯酶活性使血小板內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)濃度上升,抑制血小板聚集[3]。
1.3 新型抗血小板藥物——GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑 GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的研究始于1974年,Nurden和Caen發(fā)現(xiàn)由血小板聚集障礙所致的血小板無(wú)力癥,其主要分子機(jī)制為血小板膜缺失GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體[4]。GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體是黏附分子中整合素家族的一種,含兩個(gè)結(jié)合位點(diǎn),一個(gè)識(shí)別RGD序列(即精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸),另一個(gè)識(shí)別KGD序列(半胱氨酸-賴(lài)氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-色氨酸-天冬氨酸-半胱氨酸,賴(lài)氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸是其功能序列)。血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體與Fg等黏附蛋白的結(jié)合,是血小板聚集不可缺少的最終共同途徑,在止血或血栓形成中發(fā)揮重要作用。因此,抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體可直接抑制血小板活性,進(jìn)而達(dá)到有效抑制血栓形成的作用。
目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑包括兩大類(lèi):(1)自然界存在的肽拮抗劑,例如蝮蛇毒素等,主要從蝰蛇和鼓腹巨蝰的毒液中提取,目前尚未應(yīng)用于臨床。(2)人工合成的拮抗劑,主要包括3類(lèi):①單克隆抗體,如阿昔單抗;②肽類(lèi)拮抗劑,如埃替非巴肽;③非肽類(lèi)拮抗劑,如替羅非班、拉米非班等[5]。阿昔單抗是Fab(antigen binding fragments)片段的重組體,半衰期只有10~30 min[6-8],數(shù)分鐘起效,是GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的不可逆結(jié)合劑,停藥后血小板功能不能馬上恢復(fù)[9]。阿昔單抗還可以通過(guò)免疫復(fù)合物激活補(bǔ)體,損傷血小板[10-11],因而使用阿昔單抗的患者易于發(fā)生出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且不能單純通過(guò)停藥而得到改善。埃替非巴肽是一種人工合成的環(huán)狀七肽,活性基團(tuán)為KGD序列,相對(duì)于阿昔單抗,其對(duì)GPⅡb/Ⅲa的結(jié)合更強(qiáng),具有更強(qiáng)的定向性和特異性,但埃替非巴肽具有免疫原性,可以通過(guò)激活補(bǔ)體損傷血小板[12-13]。替羅非班是目前國(guó)內(nèi)唯一可供使用的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑,是一種非肽類(lèi)酪氨酸,由解聚多肽衍生而來(lái)[6],結(jié)構(gòu)與RGD序列相仿。替羅非班作為GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體的高選擇結(jié)合劑,與GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體可逆性結(jié)合,不具有免疫原性,不激活補(bǔ)體損傷血小板,輸注5 min即起效,停藥后4 h出血時(shí)間即恢復(fù)正常。相較于傳統(tǒng)抗血小板藥物,替羅非班并不增加癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)的概率,其引起出血的概率比阿昔單抗和埃替非巴肽少[14-18]。
血小板受體抑制劑在不穩(wěn)定缺血事件的應(yīng)用研究(Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms,PRISM-PLUS),冠脈早期快速治療研究(Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment 2,ISARREACT-2),GPⅡb/Ⅲa在非ST段抬高性急性冠脈綜合征中的早期應(yīng)用研究(Early Glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa Inhibition in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome,EARLY ACS)及一些薈萃研究證實(shí)了GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑在ACS中的有效性及安全性[18-22]。但是AIS中的作用尚不明確,臨床研究主要集中在以下幾方面。
2.1 單獨(dú)用藥 阿昔單抗卒中研究(Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial,ABESTT)Ⅰ中納入385例發(fā)病6 h以?xún)?nèi)的卒中患者,實(shí)驗(yàn)組195例接受阿昔單抗治療,sICH率略高于安慰劑組(3.6%vs1%),3個(gè)月后MRS評(píng)分略?xún)?yōu)于安慰劑組(P=0.33,OR1.2,95%CI0.84~1.70)[23]。ABESTTⅡ研究納入發(fā)病5 h內(nèi)的808例患者,阿昔單抗組與對(duì)照組3個(gè)月良好預(yù)后率無(wú)明顯差異(32%vs33%,P=0.944),且阿昔單抗組發(fā)病5 d內(nèi)致死性顱內(nèi)出血及sICH的發(fā)生率明顯增加(5.5%vs0.5%,P=0.002)[24]。Stead[25]通過(guò)分析相關(guān)研究,納入474個(gè)病例,比較靜脈內(nèi)使用阿昔單抗與安慰劑的差異,得出的數(shù)據(jù)也不支持卒中患者使用阿昔單抗,隨后進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中更多的采用可逆性GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑替羅非班。Torgano[14]的替羅非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性及有效性(Study of Efficacy of Tirofiban in Acute ischemic stroke,SETIS)研究選擇發(fā)病6 h內(nèi),美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評(píng)分5~25分的150例AIS患者,證實(shí)替羅非班相較于阿司匹林并未增加患者顱內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但也未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的有效性,這可能與研究納入的患者癥狀較重且研究包含后循環(huán)梗死的患者有關(guān)。Siebler[26]進(jìn)行的替羅非班在急性缺血性卒中的安全性(Safety of Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke,SATIS)研究納入18~80歲,發(fā)病3~22 h,NIHSS評(píng)分4~18分的260例AIS患者,一組給予替羅非班(0.4 μg·kg-1·min-1,泵注30 min后,0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1維持48 h),另一組給予安慰劑(0.9%生理鹽水1 ml/h,泵注48 h),兩組之間出血率無(wú)明顯差異,替羅非班組在5個(gè)月內(nèi)有更低的死亡率,但發(fā)病2~7 d NIHSS評(píng)分,遠(yuǎn)期MRS評(píng)分兩組間未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著差異。2014年Ciccone[27]通過(guò)納入4個(gè)研究(AbESTTⅠ 2000,Adam 1998,SETIS 2010,AbESTTⅡ study)1365個(gè)患者,除SETIS研究外,其余3個(gè)研究(1215例患者)均為阿昔單抗與安慰劑對(duì)比,結(jié)果顯示阿昔單抗未降低遠(yuǎn)期死亡率及致殘率(OR0.97,95%CI0.77~1.22),且提高了sICH(OR4.6,95%CI2.01~10.54)。
進(jìn)展性卒中(stroke in progression,SIP)是AIS的一種特殊類(lèi)型,其概念和定義尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),多數(shù)學(xué)者將其定義為缺血性卒中發(fā)病6 h至1周,雖經(jīng)積極干預(yù),但神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀和體征仍逐漸進(jìn)展或呈階梯狀加重[28]。Philipps[29]的實(shí)驗(yàn)選取在96 h內(nèi)NIHSS評(píng)分增加大于2分的35例SIP患者給予替羅非班,未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血,用藥后NIHSS評(píng)分較用藥前降低(小血管閉塞vs大血管閉塞,3.4∶0.8,P=0.048)。Martin-Schild[30]納入24例進(jìn)展性皮質(zhì)下卒中患者,使用埃替非巴肽后42%患者NIHSS評(píng)分較用藥前降低,無(wú)sICH發(fā)生。證實(shí)了在進(jìn)展性卒中使用替羅非班的有效性,并且在小血管閉塞時(shí)這種有效性可能更加明顯。
2.2 聯(lián)合溶栓治療 rt-PA靜脈溶栓是目前治療AIS的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但再通率僅46%[31],其中14%~34%發(fā)生再閉塞[32],再閉塞往往發(fā)生在溶栓后65 min左右[33],原因可能是部分再通后遺留的局部栓子、內(nèi)皮損傷,甚至溶栓藥物本身所誘發(fā)的血小板活化聚集等。理論上溶栓后早期抗血小板治療可以降低再閉塞的發(fā)生率,但是2012年溶栓聯(lián)合抗血小板治療缺血性卒中(antiplatelet therapy in combination with rt-PA thrombolysis in ischemic stroke,ARTIS)的隨機(jī)雙盲研究,納入642例接受rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)靜脈溶栓的AIS患者,在溶栓后90 min內(nèi)分別靜脈給予阿司匹林300 mg和安慰劑,實(shí)驗(yàn)組90 d預(yù)后無(wú)明顯改善,出血率顯著增加[34]。而另一些靜脈溶栓后使用新型抗血小板藥物GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑的研究卻得到了相反的結(jié)局。Straub[35]早在2004年就報(bào)道了19例大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞心肌梗死溶栓0~1級(jí)(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI評(píng)分0~1級(jí))的卒中患者,使用低劑量rt-PA溶栓后聯(lián)合替羅非班治療后,68%的患者血管再通(TIMI 2~3級(jí),用藥后MRI顯示缺血區(qū)域較用藥前明顯減?。?,血管再通的患者取得了良好的預(yù)后,并無(wú)sICH的發(fā)生。Seitz[36]納入192例患者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用低劑量rt-PA與替羅非班,48%的患者取得良好的預(yù)后。急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA聯(lián)合埃替非巴肽治療(the combined approach to lysis utilizing eptifibatide and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator rt-PA,CLEAR)的研究是第一個(gè)隨機(jī)雙盲靜脈溶栓聯(lián)合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑治療AIS的研究,納入94例患者,69例患者使用低劑量rt-PA(0.3~0.45 mg/kg)與埃替非巴肽聯(lián)合(75 μg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持續(xù)泵注2 h治療),25例患者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療,聯(lián)合治療組發(fā)生1例sICH,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組發(fā)生2例sICH,雖然此研究未證實(shí)溶栓聯(lián)合GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑的有效性,但證實(shí)了埃替非巴肽與rt-PA聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的安全性[37]。而在隨后進(jìn)行的急性缺血性卒中使用rt-PA聯(lián)合埃替非巴肽增強(qiáng)治療(The Combined Approach to Lysis Utilizing Eptifibatide and rt-PA in Acute Ischemic Stroke-Enhanced Regimen,CLEAR-ER)(2013)研究納入126例患者,實(shí)驗(yàn)組101例在使用減量(0.6 mg/kg)rt-PA靜脈溶栓后早期使用埃替非巴肽(135 μg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 μg·kg-1·min-1持續(xù)泵注2 h),49.5%取得良好預(yù)后,而對(duì)照組25例僅36.0%取得良好預(yù)后[38]。后續(xù)研究通過(guò)將CLEARER研究與國(guó)立神經(jīng)病及中風(fēng)研究所(National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke,NINDS)研究配對(duì),進(jìn)一步證明rt-PA與埃替非巴肽聯(lián)合治療的有效性[39]。2015年發(fā)表的急性缺血性卒中使用足量rt-PA聯(lián)合埃替非巴肽治療(CLEAR-Full Dose Regimen,CLEARFDR)研究納入27例AIS患者,使用足量rt-PA(0.9 mg/kg)靜脈溶栓后聯(lián)合使用埃替非巴肽(135 mcg/kg靜脈推注后,以0.75 mcg·kg-1·min-1持續(xù)泵注2 h),僅1例(3.7%)發(fā)生sICH,17例(63%)患者3個(gè)月后MRS評(píng)分0~1分或回歸入院前MRS評(píng)分,研究證實(shí)足量rt-PA靜脈溶栓后早期聯(lián)合使用埃替非巴肽后,不僅未增加sICH的發(fā)生率,而且還增加了患者臨床良好預(yù)后率[40]。
2.3 動(dòng)脈內(nèi)治療 對(duì)于大血管閉塞性卒中的患者,動(dòng)脈內(nèi)治療的效果遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于單純靜脈溶栓[41-43]。但血管內(nèi)治療對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮或動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的機(jī)械損傷可激活血小板形成血栓,導(dǎo)致再閉塞,發(fā)生率為18%~22%[44-46]。Ries[47]報(bào)道在515例顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的患者中48例有血栓形成,42例運(yùn)用阿昔單抗后,69%患者計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)中沒(méi)有梗死,也無(wú)手術(shù)附近出血或者再次出血。Saedon[48]納入74例頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈剝脫術(shù)后,出現(xiàn)微栓子征象>50 h的患者,利用經(jīng)顱彩色多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler ultrasound,TCD)檢測(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈剝脫術(shù)后微栓子征象消失的時(shí)間來(lái)比較替羅非班與右旋糖酐的效果,替羅非班組僅需23 min就能使50%的微栓塞征象消失,研究證實(shí)替羅非班能有效抑制頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈剝脫術(shù)后微栓塞的形成。Velat[49]報(bào)道在1373例神經(jīng)血管介入的患者中,29例并發(fā)急性腦血管栓塞并且在血管閉塞的1 h內(nèi)運(yùn)用阿昔單抗,其中83%的患者在隨訪(fǎng)中MRS評(píng)分小于或等于3分。Kim[50]報(bào)道了60例AIS患者,在進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈內(nèi)溶栓后動(dòng)脈內(nèi)使用替羅非班(術(shù)中根據(jù)血管造影情況使用0.2~1.0 mg,后給予替羅非班0.12 μg·kg-1·min-1泵注12 h),75.1%患者血管狹窄或閉塞得到改善,43.8%血管完全再通,31.3%血管部分再通,3個(gè)月后良好預(yù)后率達(dá)到56.3%,僅1例發(fā)生sICH。Seo[51]納入18例Solitaire支架機(jī)械取栓失敗的患者給予替羅非班治療,其中17例(94.4%)患者血管再通。2015年《中國(guó)急性缺血性卒中早期血管內(nèi)介入診療指南》中也建議對(duì)溶栓、取栓后再閉塞或者急性支架內(nèi)血栓形成的患者,可選擇動(dòng)脈或靜脈途徑使用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體抑制劑[52]。
綜上所述,新一代GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑(如替羅非班)可與GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體高選擇可逆性結(jié)合,且不具有免疫原性,不激活補(bǔ)體,相較于傳統(tǒng)的抗血小板藥物和早期的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑(如阿昔單抗),具有起效快、作用強(qiáng)、安全性高等特點(diǎn),已廣泛應(yīng)用于ACS等心血管疾病,在AIS中的作用也越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。結(jié)合本中心300余例替羅非班在AIS臨床應(yīng)用中顯示出的安全性與有效性,筆者認(rèn)為替羅非班在AIS的治療中具有良好前景,尤其是對(duì)于小血管病變性卒中、進(jìn)展性卒中及溶栓或取栓后發(fā)生再閉塞的卒中,有待于大樣本多中心隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)的進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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