術(shù)前外周血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值與結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者臨床預(yù)后研究
崔瑩珊陳小林周航亮
【摘要】目的探討術(shù)前外周血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)判斷結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者臨床預(yù)后的價(jià)值。方法收集822例結(jié)直腸癌患者的術(shù)前血常規(guī)結(jié)果,并對(duì)上述納入患者進(jìn)行為期5年的隨訪;用Kaplan-Meier曲線和多因素Cox回歸評(píng)估術(shù)前PLR對(duì)其臨床預(yù)后的影響,同時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)其臨床預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)列線圖的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果高PLR與TNM-Ⅲ期、低/未分化、腫瘤浸潤(rùn)深度(T3/T4)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1/N2)相關(guān)。 Kaplan-Meier曲線結(jié)果表明術(shù)前PLR與術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者的無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存期(RFS)、總生存期(OS)相關(guān)(P均<0.001),高PLR是判斷結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者臨床不良預(yù)后(RFS: P<0.001, HR=2.61, 95%CI=1.69~4.88; OS: P<0.001, HR=2.79, 95%CI= 1.63~4.28)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子;以PLR為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建的復(fù)發(fā)預(yù)測(cè)列線圖和死亡預(yù)測(cè)列線圖的C-index分別為0.849和0.821,未含PLR因子構(gòu)建的復(fù)發(fā)和死亡列線圖的C-index分別0.792和0.775。結(jié)論術(shù)前高PLR與結(jié)直腸癌患者的術(shù)后RFS、OS呈負(fù)相關(guān),術(shù)前PLR是結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后RFS、OS的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子,由其構(gòu)建的復(fù)發(fā)和死亡預(yù)測(cè)列線圖可明顯提高術(shù)后患者臨床預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)效能。
【關(guān)鍵詞】結(jié)直腸癌;外周血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;列線圖
收稿日期:(2015-05-06)
DOI:10.3969/g.issn.0253-9802.2015.10.011
通訊作者,王子蓮,E-mail:wangzilian2005@aliyun.com
Preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancerCuiYingshan,ChenXiaolin,ZhouHangliang.DepartmentofRadiotherapy,JinhuaCentralHospital,Jinhua321037,China
Abstract【】ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical significance of preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients after surgery. MethodsPreoperative blood routine test results were collected from 822 CRC cases. All enrolled patients were subject to 5-year follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curve and multiple Cox regression were utilized to evaluate the influence of preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR) on clinical outcomes of CRC patients and the value of predictive nomograms based on PLR was also analyzed. ResultsHigh PLR was associated with TNM-Ⅲ, low/non-differentiation, depth of tumor invasion (T3/T4) and lymph node metastasis (N1/N2). Preoperative PLR was significantly associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) (both P<0.001). High preoperative PLR was an independent prognostic factor for poor RFS (P<0.001, HR=2.52, 95%CI=1.69-4.88) and OS (P<0.001, HR=2.79, 95%CI=1.63-4.28). The C-indexes of RFS and OS predictive nomograms based on PLR were 0.849 and 0.821, and 0.792 and 0.775 for the C-indexes without PLR. ConclusionsHigh preoperative PLR is negatively correlated with RFS and OS in CRC patients, and it serves as an independent prognostic factor for clinical prognosis. PLR-based nomogram could significantly improve the accuracy in predicting the clinical prognosis in CRC individuals.
【Key words】Colorectal cancer; Platelet-lymphocyte ratio; Nomogram
結(jié)直腸癌是全球發(fā)病率和死亡率分別位列第三和第四位的嚴(yán)重影響人類(lèi)健康的全球性疾病[1]。2011年我國(guó)共有310 244例患者被新診斷為結(jié)直腸癌, 149 722例此病患者死亡,新發(fā)和死亡的結(jié)直腸癌例數(shù)分別占全球的20%和25%[2]。雖然結(jié)直腸癌的臨床診治水平不斷提高,但部分手術(shù)患者容易出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移,其5年總生存期有待提高。大量研究表明炎癥參與的腫瘤微環(huán)境在結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[3]。外周血血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)可反映體內(nèi)炎癥狀態(tài),部分研究結(jié)果顯示PLR與卵巢癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌和胃癌等惡性腫瘤的臨床預(yù)后相關(guān)[4-5]。然而PLR在結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者中的臨床預(yù)后價(jià)值尚無(wú)一致結(jié)論[6-7]。為此,我們收集進(jìn)行結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)切除患者臨床資料,并對(duì)上述納入患者進(jìn)行為期5年的隨訪,分析術(shù)前PLR用于術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者臨床預(yù)后評(píng)估的臨床價(jià)值。
對(duì)象和方法
一、研究對(duì)象
收集2007年1月至2011年12月在金華市中心醫(yī)院和萍鄉(xiāng)市人民醫(yī)院行手術(shù)切除的結(jié)直腸癌患者臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)組織病理確診為病理分期為Ⅰ~Ⅲ期存在手術(shù)切除指征結(jié)直腸癌患者,均經(jīng)歷結(jié)直腸癌切除手術(shù);具有完整的病例資料檔案,可提供術(shù)前上午8~10點(diǎn)的血常規(guī)檢測(cè)結(jié)果和完整的病理診斷資料以及電話聯(lián)系方式;無(wú)臨床感染、高燒體征、腸穿孔和梗阻臨床表現(xiàn);未曾患血液系統(tǒng)疾病。
二、方法
同時(shí)收集納入本研究結(jié)直腸癌患者的臨床病理資料和術(shù)前上午8~10點(diǎn)的血常規(guī)檢測(cè)結(jié)果, 并分別計(jì)算PLR(PLR等于外周血血小板計(jì)數(shù)除以淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù))。查閱納入患者病歷,并通過(guò)電話對(duì)上述人群進(jìn)行為期5年的隨訪工作,其中前3年每一季度隨訪1次,4~5年每半年隨訪1次,隨訪截止日期為2015年1月。根據(jù)上述隨訪結(jié)果依次計(jì)算納入患者的無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存期(RFS)和總生存期(OS)。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 17.0和R軟件進(jìn)行分析。用ROC曲線確定PLR最佳Cut-off值,通過(guò)χ2檢驗(yàn)分析PLR與納入人群臨床病理參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。Kaplan-Meier曲線和多因素Cox回歸分析術(shù)前PLR與術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者的RFS和OS關(guān)系。使用R軟件繪制結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)列線圖,并采用C-index評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后列線圖的預(yù)測(cè)效率[7]。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、納入人群基本特征分析
本研究共納入822例結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)患者,男491例,女331例,年齡為(56.2±8.8)歲;564例為結(jié)腸癌患者(Ⅰ期97例、Ⅱ期278例、Ⅲ期189例),258例為直腸癌患者(Ⅰ期39例、Ⅱ期131例、Ⅲ期88例);細(xì)胞分化:高分化150例,中分化435例,低或未分化237例;腫瘤浸潤(rùn)深度:T1/T2為324例,T3/T4為498例;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移:N0為149例,N1/N2為673例。上述患者都行結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)切除,其中590例和141例患者分別接受了化學(xué)治療和放射治療。598例患者出現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,473例死亡。RFS和OS分別為19.5(6.1~43.9)個(gè)月和33.4(11.7~60.0)個(gè)月。
二、PLR與臨床病理參數(shù)分析
以結(jié)直腸癌患者的OS為終點(diǎn),ROC曲線計(jì)算PLR的最佳Cut-off值分別為194.0, 其靈敏度、特異度和曲線下面積分別是0.518、0.829和0.670 (圖1)。依據(jù)PLR的Cut-off值,將結(jié)直腸癌患者分為高PLR組和低PLR組,PLR與TNM-Ⅲ期、低/未分化、腫瘤浸潤(rùn)深度(T3/T4)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1/N2)相關(guān)(表1)。
圖1 PLR的ROC曲線
3.PLR和臨床病理參數(shù)與術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后分析
Kaplan-Meier曲線分析結(jié)果顯示高PLR與術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌的RFS和OS(P均<0.001)明顯相關(guān)。多因素Cox回歸分析結(jié)果顯示TNM-Ⅲ期、低/未分化、腫瘤浸潤(rùn)深度(T3/T4)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1/N2)、
表1 納入的822例結(jié)直腸癌患者的PLR與臨床參數(shù)的關(guān)系 例(%)
化學(xué)治療、高PLR與術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者的RFS和OS顯著相關(guān)(表2)。以上述因子構(gòu)建結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)測(cè)RFS和OS列線圖C-index分別為0.849和0.821, 而未含PLR的RFS和OS預(yù)測(cè)列線圖的C-index分別為0.792和0.775(圖3)。
圖2 結(jié)直腸癌患者PLR評(píng)估RFS和OS的Kaplan-Meier曲線
表2 結(jié)直腸癌患者RFS和OS影響因素的Cox回歸分析
圖3結(jié)直腸癌患者RFS和OS評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)列線圖
A:RFS評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)列線圖;B:OS評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)列線圖
討論
據(jù)Ulich等(1987年)報(bào)道,全世界范圍內(nèi)高達(dá)15%的惡性腫瘤由慢性感染誘發(fā)的,因此感染是腫瘤發(fā)生過(guò)程中的一個(gè)重要誘導(dǎo)因子。而持續(xù)慢性感染引起體內(nèi)慢性炎癥反應(yīng),與炎癥相關(guān)的中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、血小板和單核細(xì)胞及其上述細(xì)胞釋放的細(xì)胞炎癥因子構(gòu)成腫瘤發(fā)生和進(jìn)展的微環(huán)境以促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸上皮細(xì)胞的癌變、結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖、血管生成和轉(zhuǎn)移[3,8]。而嚴(yán)重的炎癥反應(yīng)可誘發(fā)外周血中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、血小板以及淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量改變,影響其機(jī)體獲得性免疫功能以進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸癌的進(jìn)展[9]。上述外周血炎癥細(xì)胞的數(shù)量或比值可以反映患者體內(nèi)炎癥水平,因此PLR是評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌患者臨床預(yù)后的潛在預(yù)測(cè)因子。
本研究結(jié)果顯示高PLR組中TNM-Ⅲ期、低/未分化、腫瘤浸潤(rùn)深度(T3/T4)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1/N2)患者頻率分布相比低PLR組明顯增高,說(shuō)明高PLR與TNM-Ⅲ、低/未分化、T3/T4、N1/N2相關(guān),提示高水平PLR患者的結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞分化較差,腫瘤浸潤(rùn)較深、也易出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;Kaplan-Meier曲線結(jié)果表明術(shù)前低PLR結(jié)直腸癌患者的RFS和OS明顯優(yōu)于高PLR患者,提示術(shù)前PLR與結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者的RFS和OS呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)。多因素校正結(jié)果進(jìn)一步提示PLR可作為結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后患者臨床預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。含和未含PLR的結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后預(yù)測(cè)列線圖預(yù)測(cè)RFS和OS的預(yù)后列線圖的C-index分別為0.849、0.821和0.792、0.775,提示含PLR的RFS和OS預(yù)測(cè)列線圖都可提高結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后臨床預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)效能。上述結(jié)果與乳腺癌、胃癌和前列腺癌中的報(bào)道結(jié)果一致,與結(jié)直腸癌中報(bào)道結(jié)果一致[10-12]。本研究上述結(jié)果可能與以下因素相關(guān),機(jī)體持續(xù)的慢性感染與個(gè)體自身免疫系統(tǒng)的相互作用形成腫瘤發(fā)生的系統(tǒng)性炎癥微環(huán)境,其可以顯著抑制淋巴細(xì)胞的免疫監(jiān)視功能,最終導(dǎo)致CD4+T細(xì)胞顯著降低而CD8+抑制性T細(xì)胞顯著升高[13]。結(jié)直腸組織發(fā)生癌變的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生大量的炎癥介質(zhì)和血小板生成樣激素以刺激外周血中血小板的升高,同時(shí)在臨床結(jié)直腸癌患者的外周血檢測(cè)過(guò)程中也觀察到外周血淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量降低、中性粒細(xì)胞和血小板升高現(xiàn)象,持續(xù)增高的中性粒細(xì)胞可進(jìn)一步抑制淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量、NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的活性[14]。腫瘤組織血管中的血小板可通過(guò)脫顆粒形式釋放血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子等細(xì)胞因子進(jìn)一步刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與分化,血小板還可與癌細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞或內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞基底膜形成黏連橋以及與癌細(xì)胞相互作用形成血小板-癌細(xì)胞復(fù)合體,促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[15-16]。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果提示術(shù)前高PLR比值是術(shù)后結(jié)直腸癌患者評(píng)估臨床預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子,其構(gòu)建的結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)測(cè)列線圖可進(jìn)一步提高術(shù)后患者臨床預(yù)后評(píng)估效能。
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(本文編輯:楊江瑜)
臨床研究論著
作者單位:510080 廣州,中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科(李珠玉,陳海天,王子蓮,游澤山),超聲科(彭軟)