王玉玨,高展,楊進(jìn)剛,袁晉青,徐波,楊躍進(jìn),陳玨,陳紀(jì)林,喬樹賓,吳永健,顏紅兵,高潤霖
臨床研究
75歲及以上老年患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的性別差異
王玉玨,高展,楊進(jìn)剛,袁晉青,徐波,楊躍進(jìn),陳玨,陳紀(jì)林,喬樹賓,吳永健,顏紅兵,高潤霖
目的:評價(jià)75歲及以上老年患者在經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后是否存在性別差異。
方法:連續(xù)入選2004-04至2010-11期間在我院行PCI的29 211例冠心病患者,分為:≥75歲女性組(521例)、<75歲女性組(5 666例)、≥75歲男性組(1 098例)和<75歲男性組(21 926例)。比較各組患者PCI術(shù)后住院期和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。
結(jié)果:住院期間,≥75歲女性組心原性死亡發(fā)生率明顯高于其他三組。COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型分析顯示:與<75歲女性及<75歲男性比,≥75歲女性是心原性死亡(HR=2.53,95% CI:1.15~5.59;HR=2.22,95% CI:1.26~3.91)和心原性死亡/心肌梗死(HR=2.26,95% CI:1.27~4.03;HR=2.25,95% CI:1.44~3.51)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。但與≥75歲男性相比,≥75歲女性不是心原性死亡(HR=1.30)和心原性死亡/心肌梗死(HR=1.21)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
結(jié)論:與其他人群相比,75歲及以上老年女性PCI術(shù)后住院期和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后較差,但其不是PCI術(shù)后預(yù)后不佳的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;老年女性;隨訪
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:438.)
與男性冠心病患者相比,導(dǎo)致女性患者預(yù)后不良的危險(xiǎn)因素更多,例如:體型小、動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑小、激素水平不同、冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)反應(yīng)異常(內(nèi)皮功能障礙)[1]、微血管障礙[2]、斑塊形態(tài)不同[3,4],這些因素在理論上可導(dǎo)致女性患者預(yù)后較差,但既往大量關(guān)于女性是否為經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)后獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素的研究未得出一致的結(jié)論[5-16],而有研究證實(shí)年齡為一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[17]。因此,或許是老年女性,而非女性作為一個(gè)整體,是PCI預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究旨在通過比較75歲及以上老年女性與其他人群PCI后住院期和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后,分析75歲及以上老年患者PCI術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后是否存在性別差異。
研究對象:連續(xù)入選2004-04至2010-11在我院行PCI的29 211例冠心病患者。≥75歲女性組521例、<75歲女性組5 666例、≥75歲男性組1 098例和<75歲男性組21 926例。
PCI及術(shù)后用藥:PCI治療策略和支架類型選用由術(shù)者決定?!?5歲女性組患者共848個(gè)病變, <75歲女性組患者共9 476個(gè)病變, ≥75歲男性組患者共1 892個(gè)病變,<75歲男性組共38 442個(gè)病變。對于沒有禁忌的患者,術(shù)前至少24 h口服阿司匹林 300 mg/d,同時(shí)服用氯吡格雷300 mg負(fù)荷量。術(shù)中經(jīng)動(dòng)脈鞘管根據(jù)體重給予肝素100 U/kg,由術(shù)者決定是否使用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑。術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服阿司匹林100 mg/d,氯吡格雷75 mg/d:置入裸金屬支架患者至少口服3個(gè)月、藥物洗脫支架患者至少服用1年。
隨訪:住院期間及出院1、3、6個(gè)月和1、2、3年進(jìn)行門診和電話隨訪,記錄心原性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血運(yùn)重建(TVR)和主要不良心血管事件(MACE)。如患者有心肌缺血癥狀或臨床證據(jù),建議其復(fù)查冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,用定量冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(QCA)進(jìn)行評價(jià)。
相關(guān)定義:(1)介入成功:手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí),血管內(nèi)殘余狹窄小于30%,前向血流心肌梗死溶栓治療臨床試驗(yàn)(TIMI)3級。(2)心肌梗死:缺血性癥狀合并心電圖變化和(或)肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的動(dòng)態(tài)演變(CK-MB升高大于正常高限的3倍及以上)。(3)TVR:對曾行支架治療的血管再次行PCI或冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)治療。(4)心原性死亡:不能找到非心原性病因的死亡。(5)MACE:包括心原性死亡、心肌梗死和TVR。(6)參照血管:病變近端或遠(yuǎn)端的正常血管。
患者基線特點(diǎn)(表1、2):基線臨床特點(diǎn)方面,與其他三組患者相比,≥75歲女性組糖尿病、高血壓患者的比例較高,吸煙者的比例較低。在病變特點(diǎn)方面,≥75歲女性組多支血管病變、鈣化和閉塞病變的比例較高,而參照血管直徑小于其他三組。在介入操作特點(diǎn)上,≥75歲女性組急診PCI的比例較高,而經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈路徑雙球囊對吻技術(shù)、分叉病變雙支架技術(shù)的比例較低。
隨訪期間臨床療效:本研究平均隨訪時(shí)間15個(gè)月,失訪共4 323例,失訪率14.8%,其中3 308例多次打電話未通,981例拒絕或無法提供患者情況,34例死亡,但家屬拒絕說明死亡原因。
住院期間,≥75歲女性組的MACE發(fā)生率明顯高于<75歲女性組和<75歲男性組(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而與≥75歲男性組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。其中≥75歲女性組的心原性死亡發(fā)生率明顯高于其他三組患者(P<0.05)。≥75歲女性組的心肌梗死發(fā)生率明顯高于<75歲女性組和<75歲男性組(P<0.05),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而與≥75歲男性組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義?!?5歲女性組的TVR與其他三組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表3)。
COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型分析在調(diào)整潛在的混雜因素(包括陳舊性心肌梗死、既往PCI、既往冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)、糖尿病、高血壓、不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛、左主干病變、支架數(shù)量、病變數(shù)量、藥物洗脫支架比例、支架直徑、支架長度、后擴(kuò)張和血管內(nèi)超聲)后顯示:與<75歲女性和<75歲男性比,≥75歲女性是心原性死亡(HR=2.53,95% CI:1.15~5.59;HR=2.22,95% CI:1.26~3.91)和心原性死亡/心肌梗死(HR=2.26,95% CI:1.27~4.03;HR=2.25,95% CI:1.44~3.51)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。但與≥75歲男性相比,≥75歲女性不是心原性死亡(HR=1.30,95%CI:0.97~1.71)和心原性死亡/心肌梗死(HR=1.21,95%CI:0.94~1.55)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
表1 4組患者基線資料比較[例(%)]
表2 4組患者基線病變特點(diǎn)和介入操作參數(shù)
表3 住院期間4組臨床事件的發(fā)生情況[例(%)]
與男性冠心病患者相比,引起女性冠心病患者預(yù)后不良的危險(xiǎn)因素更多,且這些危險(xiǎn)因素隨著年齡增長變得更加明顯。與既往有關(guān)女性患者的報(bào)道一致[5-16],本研究中≥75歲女性組糖尿病、高血壓的比例更高,一些研究顯示糖尿病患者更易發(fā)生三支病變[18],高血壓患者更易發(fā)生分叉病變[19],這些均可導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良。此外,本研究中≥75歲女性組急診PCI 、多支血管病變、鈣化病變和完全閉塞病變的比例較高,參照血管直徑較小,這些因素均可導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良。
本研究中≥75歲女性組MACE發(fā)生率高于<75歲男性組和<75歲女性組,其中心原性死亡發(fā)生率明顯高于其他三組,心肌梗死發(fā)生率高于<75歲男性組和<75歲女性組,TVR發(fā)生率與其他三組相比無明顯差異。但調(diào)整混雜因素后,雖然≥75歲女性的心原性死亡和心肌梗死的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍明顯高于<75歲男性和<75歲女性,卻與≥75歲男性相比無明顯差異。因此,≥75歲女性不是PCI術(shù)后預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
研究顯示,女性患者預(yù)后不良只是暫時(shí)的,女性PCI術(shù)后30天內(nèi)MACE的發(fā)生率比男性高,但1年時(shí)臨床結(jié)局卻與男性相當(dāng)或優(yōu)于男性[20-25]。而本研究中,老年女性不良事件的發(fā)生情況并未隨時(shí)間推移而有所好轉(zhuǎn),長期隨訪及住院期的結(jié)局均較差。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)75歲及以上老年女性PCI術(shù)后住院期和長期結(jié)局較差,但75歲及以上老年女性不是預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。由于本研究樣本量大、隨訪時(shí)間長且來源于臨床“真實(shí)世界”,也許能為臨床選擇治療策略和預(yù)測此類患者預(yù)后提供一定的指導(dǎo)作用。本研究的不足之處在于為單中心、非隨機(jī)對照研究,存在一定的選擇偏倚和混雜性偏倚,需要開展進(jìn)一步的研究來證實(shí)。另外,本研究失訪率較高,且對失訪中出現(xiàn)的34例原因不明的死亡事件未能進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析,這些因素可能對研究結(jié)果造成一定的影響。
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Gender Difference of Long-term Clinical Outcomes in Patients at 75 Years or Elder After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Treatment
WANG Yu-jue, GAO Zhan, YANG Jin-gang, YUAN Jin-qing, XU Bo, YANG Yue-jin, CHEN Jue, CHEN Ji-lin, QIAO Shu-bin, WU Yong-jian, YAN Hong-bing, GAO Run-lin.
Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China
Objective: To explore the gender differences of long term outcomes in patients at 75 years or elder after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment.Methods: A total of 29211 consecutive patients who received PCI in our hospital from 2004-04 to 2010-11 were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 4 group: Group① Female ≥ 75 years of age, n=521, Group②Female < 7 5 years, n=5666 and Group③ Male ≥75 years, n=1098, Group④ Male < 75 years group, n= 21926. The inhospital and long-term clinical outcomes after PCI treatment were compared among different groups.Results: The in-hospital cardiac death in Group① was higher than the other 3 groups, P<0.05. Cox proportional hazard model analysis indicated that compared with Group② and Group④, the female ≥ 75 years was the independent risk factor for cardiac death (HR=2.53, 95% CI 1.15-5.59; HR=2.22, 95% CI 1.26-3.91) and cardiac death/MI (HR=2.26, 95% CI 1.27-4.03; HR=2.25, 95% CI 1.44-3.51). While compared with the male ≥75 years, the female ≥ 75 years was not an independent risk factor for cardiac death (HR=1.30) and cardiac death/MI (HR=1.21).Conclusion: Compared with other age groups, female patients at the age ≥ 75 years could have worse in-hospital and long-term outcomes after PCI, while it was not the independent risk factor for cardiac death and cardiac death/MI in patients after PCI treatment.
Percutaneous coronary intervention ; Elder female; Follow-up
2014-12-12)
(編輯:許 菁)
國家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會公益性行業(yè)專項(xiàng)(201402001)
100037 北京市,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 國家心血管病中心 阜外心血管病醫(yī)院 冠心病診治中心
王玉玨 碩士研究生 研究方向:冠心病學(xué)研究 Email:805573802@qq.com 通訊作者:高展 Emai1:gaowangjia@163.com
R54
A
1000-3614(2015)05-0438-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.05.007