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抗生素利福平對(duì)Q 煙粉虱防御基因表達(dá)水平的影響

2015-12-09 09:12劉凌云方藝偉張友軍
關(guān)鍵詞:煙粉利福平共生

劉凌云,蘇 奇,方藝偉,張友軍,褚 棟*

(1.青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,山東省植物病蟲(chóng)害綜合防控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東青島 266109;2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081)

煙粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)屬半翅目Hemiptera 粉虱科Aleyrodidae,是一個(gè)由至少31 個(gè)隱種組成的物種復(fù)合體(Dinsdale et al.,2010;Xu et al.,2010;De Barro et al.,2011;Wang et al.,2013)。煙粉虱寄主十分廣泛,它可通過(guò)直接取食韌皮部汁液,或分泌蜜露誘發(fā)煤污病及傳播許多植物病毒來(lái)危害作物(Brown et al.,1995,2002;Inbar and Gerling,2008)。尤其是B 煙粉虱(即MEAM1 隱種)與Q 煙粉虱(即MED 隱種)在過(guò)去的近30年間傳入世界各地,給各國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成了嚴(yán)重的損失 (Brown et al.,1995;Liu et al.,2007;Chu et al.,2006,2010)。煙粉虱的入侵機(jī)制成為了世界各國(guó)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)和害蟲(chóng)防治領(lǐng)域研究的重要科學(xué)問(wèn)題,而共生菌對(duì)煙粉虱物種形成、生物學(xué)的影響引起了世界各國(guó)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注(Chiel et al.,2009;Himler et al.,2011)。

利用抗生素去除煙粉虱共生菌是研究共生菌的功能的重要途徑(周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾等,2012;Zhong and Li,2013)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)許多抗生素(如青霉素、卡那霉素、四環(huán)素和利福平)能降低煙粉虱共生菌的含量,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致煙粉虱宿主種群適合度下降 (Costa et al.,1997;Ruan et al.,2012;Su et al.,2013;Zhong and Li,2013)。其中,利福平是一種常用于去除昆蟲(chóng)共生菌的抗生素。例如,Ruan 等(2012)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利福平能延遲B 煙粉虱和ZHJ-1 生物型煙粉虱的發(fā)育歷期,并且能減少ZHJ-1 后代的存活率,但不影響B(tài) 煙粉虱后代存活率。一般認(rèn)為,抗生素對(duì)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物沒(méi)有直接影響 (Dedeine et al.,2000;Jeanne et al.,2012)。

利福平能夠抑制細(xì)菌的RNA 聚合酶與DNA 結(jié)合,也可抑制一些動(dòng)物病毒的生長(zhǎng)以及致癌病毒的DNA 聚合酶與RNA 結(jié)合(Wehrli et al.,1968;Subak-Sharpe et al.,1969;Gallo et al.,1970;Scolnick et al.,1971)。然而,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗生素如利福平能夠誘導(dǎo)各種基因的表達(dá) (Chang et al.,1997;Bowen et al.,2000;Rodrigues-Antona et al.,2000;LeCluyse et al.,2000;Meunier et al.,2000;Runge et al.,2000)。例如,應(yīng)用熒光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)技術(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高濃度的利福平能改變?nèi)祟?lèi)LS180 細(xì)胞系(Weiss et al.,2012)和HepG2 細(xì)胞內(nèi)內(nèi)參基因的表達(dá)(Weiss et al.,2012),選擇性地誘導(dǎo)人類(lèi)肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)若干基因(如CYP2C8、FMO4 和MAO-B 等)或誘導(dǎo)人類(lèi)細(xì)胞內(nèi)CYP2C8 和CYP2C9 表達(dá)(Gerbal-Chaloin et al.,2001;Rae et al.,2001)。抗生素(例如利福平)是否影響昆蟲(chóng)(如煙粉虱)功能基因的表達(dá),還不得而知。

煙粉虱體內(nèi)具有許多與防御相關(guān)的基因,如乙醇脫氫酶adhIII、抗菌肽knottin、絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑serpin、四次跨膜蛋白tetraspanin-3、TCP1-delta (Mahadav et al.,2008)。為了揭示抗生素對(duì)煙粉虱功能基因的影響,本研究利用qRT-PCR 方法比較了取食不同濃度利福平處理的棉花葉片的Q煙粉虱與對(duì)照種群體內(nèi)上述5 個(gè)防御基因的表達(dá)量,探討了抗生素對(duì)Q 煙粉虱體內(nèi)防御基因的影響。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試?yán)ハx(chóng)

本實(shí)驗(yàn)所用的Q 煙粉虱飼養(yǎng)在溫度為27℃±1℃、RH 60%±5%,光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h 的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)室中,種群每代隨機(jī)抽取20 頭采用限制性內(nèi)切酶Vsp I 酶切擴(kuò)增多態(tài)序列的方法來(lái)鑒定(Khasdan et al.,2005)。

1.2 抗生素處理棉花葉片飼喂煙粉虱

所用抗生素為利福平(北京博奧拓達(dá)科技有限公司,中國(guó))。將25 g 蔗糖用0.005 mol/L 磷酸緩沖液(PB,PH=7.0)定容于100 mL,得到含25.0% 蔗糖的0.005 mol/L 的PB。分別溶解5.0 mg和10.0 mg 抗生素于PB 緩沖液中,得到50.0 μg/mL 和100.0 μg/mL 的抗生素,即為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,而25.0%的PB 緩沖液為對(duì)照種群。將棉花葉片浸泡在對(duì)照種群和實(shí)驗(yàn)組的液體中12 h 后,將棉花葉片晾干,放在底部含1%瓊脂的玻璃瓶中,分別讓煙粉虱取食棉花葉片。20 頭煙粉虱作為一個(gè)重復(fù),每一個(gè)處理3 個(gè)重復(fù)。

1.3 煙粉虱取食抗生素處理葉片后防御基因的表達(dá)量變化

煙粉虱取食不同濃度的抗生素處理和未處理的棉花葉片后,使用Trizol 試劑(Invitrogen 公司,美國(guó))提取煙粉虱RNA,后用PrimeScriptTMRT regent 試劑盒(Takala 公司,中國(guó))合成cDNA,cDNA 被用來(lái)定量防御基因 (adhIII、knottin、serpin、tetraspanin-3 與 TCP1-delta) (Mahadav et al.,2008)的表達(dá)量。反應(yīng)體系為5 μL 2×SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa Biotechnology),1 μL DNA,3.6 μL ddH2O,0.2 μL 引物。基因的引物如表1。反應(yīng)程序?yàn)?95℃ 15 min;95℃10 s,60℃20 s,72℃25 s,共45 個(gè)循環(huán)。基因的表達(dá)量用2-ΔΔCt方法計(jì)算。

表1 本研究中煙粉虱體內(nèi)基因的引物序列Table 1 Primer sequences of genes in Bemisia tabaci used in this study

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析和處理

使用SPSS 軟件對(duì)煙粉虱飼喂抗生素處理葉片與未處理葉片的防御基因adhIII、knottin、serpin、tetraspanin-3 與TCP1-delta 分別利用T-test 方法進(jìn)行顯著性分析,在0.05 顯著性水平進(jìn)行比較。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 取食50.0 μg/mL 利福平處理棉花葉片煙粉虱防御基因變化

用50.0 μg/mL 抗生素處理過(guò)的煙粉虱的adh-classIII、knottin、tetraspanin-3 的基因表達(dá)量顯著高于未處理的煙粉虱對(duì)照組(P<0.05),其中adh-classIII 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的1.76 倍[圖1 (A)],knottin 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的1.70 倍[圖2 (A)],tetraspanin-3 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的1.68 倍[圖4 (A)],而serpin 和TCP1-delta 的基因表達(dá)量沒(méi)有顯著差異 (P >0.05)[圖3 (A)和圖5 (A)]。

圖1 不同濃度利福平處理后adh-classIII 基因的表達(dá)量Fig.1 The expression of adh-classIII gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖2 不同濃度利福平處理后knottin 基因的表達(dá)量Fig.2 The expression of knottin gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖3 不同濃度利福平處理后serpin 基因的表達(dá)量Fig.3 The expression of serpin gene under different concentration of rifampicin

圖4 不同濃度利福平處理后tetraspanin-3 基因的表達(dá)量Fig.4 The expression of tetraspanin-3 gene under different concentration of rifampicin

2.2 取食100.0 μg/mL 利福平處理棉花葉片煙粉虱防御基因變化

用100.0 μg/mL 抗生素處理過(guò)的煙粉虱其5 個(gè)基因表達(dá)量顯著高于未處理的煙粉虱(對(duì)照種群)的基因表達(dá)量(P<0.05),其中adh-classIII 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的2.54 倍[圖1 (B)],knottin 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的3.38 倍[圖2(B)],serpin 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的5.37 倍[圖3 (B)],tetraspanin-3 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的3.48 倍[圖4 (B)],TCP1-delta 的基因表達(dá)量是對(duì)照種群的2.90 倍[圖5 (B)]。

圖5 不同濃度利福平處理后TCP1-delta 基因的表達(dá)量Fig.5 The expression of TCP1-delta gene under different concentration of rifampicin

3 結(jié)論與討論

前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗生素處理往往會(huì)對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)適合度具有一定的負(fù)面影響。例如,昆蟲(chóng)通過(guò)不同途徑取食四環(huán)素、青霉素或卡那霉素后,其生殖受到阻礙、死亡率增加(Mittler,1971;Griffiths and Beck,1974;Nogge and Gerresheim,1982)。用四環(huán)素處理的麗蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa 壽命縮短,產(chǎn)卵量降低,進(jìn)而種群適合度下降(Stouthamer et al.,1994,2002;周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾,2012)。一般認(rèn)為,抗生素對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)適合度的影響與其能減少共生菌密度或去除共生菌密切相關(guān)。如四環(huán)素能去除松毛蟲(chóng)赤眼蜂體Trichogramma dendrolimi 內(nèi)的Wolbachia,并改變其生殖方式(張海燕等,2009)。四環(huán)素處理煙粉虱B 隱種,Wolbachia 含量降低,導(dǎo)致煙粉虱后代發(fā)育遲緩(Zhong and Li,2013)。用利福平處理共生麥二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum,胞內(nèi)共生菌含量降低,種群適合度下降(胡祖慶等,2012)。

用利福平處理B 煙粉虱、ZHJ-1 型煙粉虱和Q煙粉虱,煙粉虱生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育受到影響,后代發(fā)育緩慢等(Costa et al.,1997;Ruan et al.,2006;Su et al.,2013)。同樣地,用利福平處理能降低Q 煙粉虱寄生能力(Xue et al.,2012)。這與某些共生菌被抗生素抑制或去除密切相關(guān) (Stouthamer et al.,1994,2002;張海燕等,2009;周淑香等,2009;童蕾蕾,2012;Zhong and Li,2013)。本研究結(jié)果表明,煙粉虱體內(nèi)防御基因在抗生素利福平的影響下,其表達(dá)量上升。這些防御基因在昆蟲(chóng)生殖發(fā)育等過(guò)程中起著重要作用 (Ligoxygakis et al.,2002;Tarrant et al.,2003;Chiche et al.,2004;Abraham et al.,2005;Levy and Shoham,2005;Zou and Jiang,2005;Ferrandon et al.,2007;Colinet et al.,2009)。如:adh-classIII 屬于氧化還原酶類(lèi),在昆蟲(chóng)代謝、蛻皮及變態(tài)發(fā)育中起著重要的作用,并能對(duì)外界壓力產(chǎn)生抗性(Oudman et al.,1992;Mahadav et al.,2008);TCP1-delta 存在于昆蟲(chóng)的血淋巴中,能引起紅血球凝聚,并與血淋巴溶菌酶協(xié)同作用,參與昆蟲(chóng)防御反應(yīng) (Limura et al.,1998;Halwani et al.,1999;Blitvich et al.,2001)。昆蟲(chóng)防御能力與其存活率及繁殖能力平衡 (Sheldon and Verhulst,1996;Rolff and Siva,2003)。煙粉虱防御基因的上升是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致其適合度的降低(如存活率等)有待于進(jìn)一步的研究。

當(dāng)前,利福平對(duì)煙粉虱防御基因表達(dá)量的影響機(jī)理尚不清楚。利福平是通過(guò)和依賴于DNA 的RNA 多聚酶的β 亞基結(jié)合,抑制細(xì)菌RNA 的合成,防止RNA 多聚酶與DNA 連接,從而阻斷RNA 的轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程,使DNA 和蛋白質(zhì)的合成停止(Campbell et al.,2001)。高濃度利福平也可影響真核生物的RNA 聚合酶,例如能抑制人類(lèi)淋巴細(xì)胞RNA 聚合酶II (Pogo,1972),或結(jié)合線粒體真核RNA 聚合酶,或抑制蛋白質(zhì)合成(Buss et al.,1978;Hartmann et al.,1985)。利福平能夠誘導(dǎo)人類(lèi)肝細(xì)胞CYP1A1、CYP2B6、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、EROD、T6H 等基因的表達(dá),并能促進(jìn)環(huán)磷酰胺、異環(huán)磷酰胺、GST 和UGT 的表達(dá) (Chang et al.,1997;Bowen et al.,2000;Rodriguez-Antona et al.,2000;Rung et al.,2000、Rae et al.,2001)。高濃度利福平能夠抑制人類(lèi)LS180 細(xì)胞和HepG2 細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),并且能影響內(nèi)參基因的表達(dá),如增加G6PDH 的表達(dá),減少RPL13、GU、villin、hPRT 等基因的表達(dá)等(Rae et al.,2001;Weiss et al.,2012)。利福平對(duì)煙粉虱防御基因表達(dá)量的影響可能與其直接阻斷RNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄相關(guān);這種影響是否與煙粉虱體內(nèi)共生菌的間接影響相關(guān),目前不得而知。利福平對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)功能基因的影響機(jī)理尚需進(jìn)一步的研究。

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