国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2015-12-09 09:14:22高桂珍呂昭智
環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報(bào) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:棉蚜仲夏天敵

高桂珍,呂昭智

(1.中國科學(xué)院新疆生態(tài)與地理研究所,生物地理與生物資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,烏魯木齊830011 2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)林學(xué)與園藝學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052)

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover 是世界性分布的棉花害蟲,也是我國長江、黃河和西北棉區(qū)的重要害蟲。棉蚜主要以刺吸葉片汁液和分泌蜜露的方式影響棉花的生長和品質(zhì),由于棉蚜危害時(shí)間長、危害重、繁殖加強(qiáng)、種群蔓延速度快等特點(diǎn)(馬祁,2002),給棉花生產(chǎn)帶來了巨大的損失。每年的7月中旬左右棉蚜種群數(shù)量迅速下降,這為棉蚜的預(yù)測和防治工作提供了切入點(diǎn),生產(chǎn)中若能預(yù)知棉蚜種群崩潰現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,可有效減少不必要的農(nóng)藥使用,有效降低成本投入和環(huán)境損害,但何種因素導(dǎo)致棉蚜種群崩潰迄今尚不清楚。本文對可能導(dǎo)致仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰的主要影響因素:植物次生代謝物、暴風(fēng)雨、高溫、種內(nèi)競爭和天敵分別進(jìn)行論述,探討其對棉蚜存活、繁殖和有翅蚜形成的影響,旨在為探明仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰機(jī)制提供參考。

1 棉蚜種群過程及其崩潰

棉蚜種群經(jīng)歷快速增長到達(dá)高峰期,然后在5-10 d 內(nèi)棉蚜種群從高峰值迅速消亡,這在不同國家不同地區(qū)均有發(fā)生,是普遍存在的現(xiàn)象(見表1)。由表1 可見,不同寄主、不同地區(qū)的棉蚜種群崩潰時(shí)間不同,這是由于不同寄主植物的物候、營養(yǎng)以及不同地區(qū)的氣候不同所致。新疆屬于西北內(nèi)陸棉區(qū),播種時(shí)間較黃河流域、長江流域棉區(qū)早,且光照熱量充足,棉蚜始發(fā)期和高峰期提前,因此新疆棉區(qū)較中國其他地區(qū)棉蚜種群崩潰時(shí)間早。

表1 不同寄主不同地區(qū)棉蚜種群崩潰參數(shù)Tab.1 The parameters of population crash of Aphis gossypii on different host plants and different areas

2 棉蚜種群崩潰影響因素分析

蚜蟲種群崩潰的研究主要涉及生物因素(植物營養(yǎng)惡化、天敵數(shù)量增加以及蚜蟲種內(nèi)競爭)和非生物因素(劇烈天氣變化),這些因素引起蚜蟲繁殖率降低、死亡率升高和有翅蚜遷飛,從而導(dǎo)致蚜蟲種群崩潰 (Jones,1979;Ba-Angood and Stewart,1980;Karley et al.,2004)。桃 蚜、麥蚜等多種蚜蟲均存在種群崩潰的現(xiàn)象。植物營養(yǎng)惡化和天敵增加導(dǎo)致桃蚜種群繁殖率降低、死亡率增加,使其種群崩潰 (Kift et al.,1998;Karley et al.,2003);高溫引起麥雙尾蚜死亡和遷移從而導(dǎo)致其種群崩潰(Basky,1993);小麥營養(yǎng)惡化降低麥長管蚜繁殖率(Watt,1979)、促進(jìn)有翅蚜形成并遷移(Watt and Dixon,1981)導(dǎo)致其種群崩潰。由此可見,為害不同作物的不同蚜蟲種類,其種群崩潰的影響因素和種群崩潰過程均存在差異,而關(guān)于棉蚜種群崩潰的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其作用機(jī)制未見系統(tǒng)報(bào)道。

2.1 植物次生代謝物

害蟲的取食為害能引起植物的生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),大量產(chǎn)生并累積對昆蟲有防御效應(yīng)的次生性抗蟲物質(zhì)。植物次生代謝物在一定程度上影響蚜蟲的行為和數(shù)量(Douglas,2003),植物組織中可溶性糖和氨基酸的種類和含量明顯影響植物對昆蟲的抗性或防御能力(Slosser et al.,2004)。單寧是廣譜的防御物質(zhì),兼有拒蟲和抗生的雙重性質(zhì)。劉旭明研究表明,蚜蟲為害棉花后誘導(dǎo)棉株單寧的加快合成并積累 (劉旭明,1989);劉澤輝等(2008)研究表明棉酚含量與抗蟲性呈正相關(guān);陸宴輝等(2005)研究表明單寧和棉酚對棉蚜種群增長有抑制作用。棉花在棉蚜為害脅迫條件下,體內(nèi)棉酚、單寧、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及抗蚜性相關(guān)酶類如苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、過氧化氫酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性都有不同程度的上升(劉旭明和楊奇華,1991,1993;董應(yīng)才等,1996;李進(jìn)步等,2008);棉蚜為害后的棉株使得棉蚜種群數(shù)量下降,增長率降低,發(fā)育歷期延長(董應(yīng)才等,1996)。

但棉花體內(nèi)單寧、棉酚等次生代謝物含量很低(平均0.2%左右),其對棉蚜的抑制作用不足以導(dǎo)致棉蚜種群數(shù)量的迅速下降 (陸宴輝等,2005),且7月中旬是棉花生長的旺盛期,營養(yǎng)豐富充足。所以植物次生代謝物在一定程度上抑制棉蚜的種群數(shù)量,但其不是仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰的關(guān)鍵影響因子。

2.2 暴風(fēng)雨

劇烈的天氣變化尤其是強(qiáng)烈的暴雨和強(qiáng)風(fēng),會導(dǎo)致蚜蟲的快速大量死亡(Walker et al.,1984;Legg and Brewer,1995;Jas'kiewicz,1997),但是這些異常的事件無法解釋連續(xù)多年和多個(gè)地點(diǎn)發(fā)生的種群崩潰現(xiàn)象(Parker et al.,2000)。新疆棉區(qū)幾乎每年的7月中旬均發(fā)生棉蚜種群崩潰現(xiàn)象,并連續(xù)發(fā)生于南北疆多個(gè)地點(diǎn),且新疆干燥少雨,年平均降水量僅147 mm,南疆地區(qū)甚至不到60 mm (鄭鴻雁等,1999),因此暴風(fēng)雨不能成為仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰的主要原因。

2.3 溫度

溫度是影響昆蟲生長、發(fā)育、繁殖及存活等生命活動最重要的因素(Hoffmann,1985)。棉蚜在高溫條件下比培養(yǎng)在適宜條件下發(fā)育速率慢(Stinner et al.,1974;Curry et al.,1978;Kersting et al.,1999)、存活率低(Ma et al.,2004)。在30℃時(shí)棉蚜繁殖力普遍明顯下降 (趙靜雅等,2001)。在26℃-30℃范圍內(nèi),棉蚜第二代產(chǎn)仔量明顯低于第一代(吳孔明和劉芹軒,1992)。在35℃時(shí),棉蚜不能夠完成生命循環(huán),也不能產(chǎn)仔(Zamani et al.,2006),35℃的持續(xù)高溫對若蚜是致命的 (Aldyhim and Khalil,1993;Satar et al.,2005)。但中國南部蚜蟲在35℃下能夠生存并且產(chǎn)仔(Xia et al.,1999b),即不同地理區(qū)域的棉蚜種群之間耐高溫能力存在一定差異 (劉健等,2003;Parajulee,2007)。同時(shí)值得注意的是,恒溫試驗(yàn)環(huán)境與田間正午的高溫相差甚遠(yuǎn),潘飛等(2014)提出了開展日變溫模式下昆蟲生物學(xué)特性研究的重要性,且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)變溫與恒溫對麥蚜(Ma et al.,2004a,b)、桃 蚜 (Davis et al.,2006)、棉蚜(李晶晶等,2011)等存活和繁殖的影響存在差異,高桂珍等(2012)研究表明波動性高溫脅迫顯著降低棉蚜的存活和繁殖,38℃是棉蚜耐高溫能力的拐點(diǎn)。而仲夏季節(jié)正午的溫度往往到達(dá)35℃甚至40℃以上,因此極端高溫很可能是仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰的關(guān)鍵影響因素。

溫度高低對有翅蚜形成的影響存在爭論,許多試驗(yàn)表明,較低溫度適合有翅蚜產(chǎn)生,較高溫度抑制其產(chǎn)生 (Johnson,1966;Schaefers and Judge,1971;王佩玲,2014),但 Muller(2001)認(rèn)為高溫增加了蚜蟲個(gè)體的活性,相對增加了種群擁擠度,促使有翅蚜形成。溫度對有翅蚜形成的影響有待進(jìn)一步研究,從而明確促使和抑制有翅蚜形成的溫度范圍。

2.4 種內(nèi)競爭

由于蚜蟲主要營孤雌繁殖并且世代重疊,蚜蟲種群很可能是密度制約調(diào)節(jié)過程(Sequeira and Dixon,1997)。目前國內(nèi)外已報(bào)道了在許多蚜蟲種類上存在著密度制約效應(yīng)(Maudsley et al.,1996;Alyokhin et al.,2005;Rhainds and Messing,2005;Bommarco et al.,2007)。Mashanova 等(2008)報(bào)道密度制約分布也許可以解釋仲夏蚜蟲種群崩潰的現(xiàn)象,并認(rèn)為母代效應(yīng)是仲夏蚜蟲種群崩潰的關(guān)鍵因子。蚜蟲的種內(nèi)競爭可引起其死亡率升高、繁殖力降低和擴(kuò)散加快 (Dixon,1971;Day,1986;Kindlmann and Dixon,1996)。種內(nèi)競爭對有翅蚜的形成具有重要作用,密度越大,蚜蟲間接觸越多,有翅蚜比例越高 (Lees,1961;Johnson,1965)。孟玲和李保平(2000)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)棉蚜有翅蚜的數(shù)量隨棉蚜種群密度的增大而增加。有翅蚜遷飛在一定程度上加速了棉蚜種群的崩潰(Hughes and Gilbert,1968)。高桂珍等 (2009)研究結(jié)果表明,隨著種群密度增加,棉蚜種群增長率降低;初始密度越大,棉蚜種群崩潰越提前。同時(shí),種內(nèi)密度效應(yīng)受到溫度影響,溫度較高時(shí)蚜蟲種內(nèi)密度效應(yīng)顯著(Agrawal et al.,2004)。高桂珍等(2013)研究表明在不同的溫度區(qū)間和密度范圍內(nèi),溫度和密度對棉蚜的作用大小、主次發(fā)生了改變。因此,種內(nèi)競爭顯著影響棉蚜存活、繁殖和有翅蚜比例,且暴發(fā)年份高峰期單葉蚜量甚至可以達(dá)千頭以上,激烈的種內(nèi)競爭是否啟動了棉蚜種群的崩潰需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。同時(shí),溫度和密度效應(yīng)對棉蚜種群的聯(lián)合作用需要更多關(guān)注。

2.5 天敵

天敵是生態(tài)控制蚜蟲種群數(shù)量的重要因素(Steenis,1992;Zhang,1992;Rutledge et al.,2004;呂昭智等,2005;馮宏祖等,2007)。高孝華等(2001)和朱三榮等(2006)研究了龜紋瓢蟲對棉蚜的捕食功能作用和搜索行為,結(jié)果表明其捕食量隨獵物的密度增加而上升,當(dāng)獵物增加到一定水平,捕食量趨向穩(wěn)定。丁瑞豐等(2015)研究表明人工釋放草蛉對棉蚜具有一定的防治效果。然而,種內(nèi)干擾、空間大小和異質(zhì)性對捕食過程產(chǎn)生了重要影響,天敵在田間捕食量遠(yuǎn)不及室內(nèi)較小空間的捕食量(Butler and May,1971;蘇建偉等,2000)。天敵對棉蚜的作用同時(shí)受到溫度的影響(Romo and Tylianakis,2013)。夏敬源等(1999a)研究表明七星瓢蟲對棉蚜的搜索率隨溫度增加直線上升,而處置率則呈曲線上升;Yu等(2013)研究表明小十三星瓢蟲對棉蚜的捕食率隨著溫度的升高呈先上升后下降的趨勢。

天敵對蚜蟲的影響除了直接的捕食或寄生外,還具有間接的非致死作用(Andrew et al.,2012;李姣等,2014),從而影響蚜蟲的發(fā)育、繁殖(李姣等,2013)和有翅蚜形成 (Swapna et al.,2014)。Byers (2005)研究表明天敵的存在影響若蚜的生長發(fā)育;Mondor 等(2005)研究表明增加捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn),棉蚜將產(chǎn)生更多有翅蚜后代。因此,評估天敵作用時(shí),除了研究天敵對害蟲的直接捕食或寄生的效率,還應(yīng)考慮到天敵存在對害蟲的非直接致死效應(yīng)。

天敵對棉蚜具有控制作用,棉蚜發(fā)生早期,天敵可以控制棉蚜,但棉蚜數(shù)量快速增長及高峰期階段,天敵不足以控制棉蚜 (Slosser et al.,1998)。這同時(shí)在馬鈴薯蚜蟲 (Walker et al.,1984)、麥蚜(Kindlmann et al.,2010)上均有報(bào)道。棉蚜和瓢蟲的種群數(shù)量具有明顯的跟隨效應(yīng)(朱世華等,2000;王林霞等,2004),棉蚜種群下降期,瓢蟲種群數(shù)量剛好達(dá)到高峰期,所以天敵很可能在棉蚜種群崩潰后期發(fā)揮重要作用。

3 總結(jié)與展望

仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰是自然控制棉蚜的重要途徑,高溫、種內(nèi)競爭以及天敵均對棉蚜存活、繁殖和有翅蚜形成產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。溫度在棉蚜種群崩潰甚至整個(gè)種群過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用;初始密度影響棉蚜種群崩潰發(fā)生的早晚,即初始密度越大,崩潰發(fā)生越提前;天敵對加速棉蚜種群后期崩潰發(fā)揮了重要作用。但仍存在以下問題尚待明確:極端高溫以及高溫出現(xiàn)的頻率對棉蚜如何影響?其對種群崩潰發(fā)生的早晚及下降速率如何影響?溫度對有翅蚜的形成存在爭論,溫度脅迫刺激棉蚜產(chǎn)生有翅蚜的閾值范圍有待明確。同時(shí),各因素之間對棉蚜的影響不是獨(dú)立存在的,溫度、種內(nèi)競爭以及天敵對棉蚜的聯(lián)合作用是未來研究的重點(diǎn)。

數(shù)學(xué)模型是研究種群動態(tài)的有力手段,它在蚜蟲自然種群研究中具有巨大的潛力。由于影響因素眾多,對棉蚜整個(gè)種群過程的預(yù)測其準(zhǔn)確性、有效性和推廣性較差。種群崩潰現(xiàn)象為棉蚜預(yù)測和防治提供了新思路與切入點(diǎn),目標(biāo)性強(qiáng),重要影響因素范圍縮小,提高了預(yù)測可行性。Mashanova 等(2008)首次用模型解決蚜蟲種群崩潰問題,通過假設(shè)模型得出密度制約可以解釋仲夏蚜蟲種群崩潰現(xiàn)象,但缺乏有力的室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)和田間實(shí)際種群動態(tài)的支持。在明確以上因素對棉蚜影響的基礎(chǔ)上,需進(jìn)一步結(jié)合田間實(shí)際棉蚜、天敵及氣象監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù),建立仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰數(shù)學(xué)模型,從而有效預(yù)測仲夏棉蚜種群崩潰發(fā)生時(shí)間,減少農(nóng)藥盲目使用,有效降低成本投入和環(huán)境損害,對開發(fā)防治新策略具有重要意義。

References)

Afshari A,Soleiman NE,Shishebor P.Population density and spatial distribution of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera:Aphididae)on cotton in Gorgan,Iran[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2009,11 (1):27-38.

Agrawal AA,Underwood N,Stinchcombe JR.Intraspecific variation in the strength of density dependence in aphid populations [J].Ecological Entomology,2004,29 (5):521-526.

Aldyhim YN,Khalil AF.Influence of temperature and daylength on population development of Aphis gossypii on Cucurbita pepo[J].Entomology Experiment and Application,1993,67 (2):167-172.

Alyokhin A,Drummond FA,Sewell G.Density-dependent regulation in populations of potato-colonizing aphids [J].Population Ecology,2005,47 (3):257-266.

Andrew F,Elizabeth YL,Deborah LF.Non-consumptive effects of a natural enemy on a non-prey herbivore population[J].Ecological Entomology,2012,37 (1):43-50.

Ba-Angood SA,Stewart RK.Occurrence,development,and distribution of cereal aphids on early and late cultivars of wheat,barley,and oats in Southwestern Quebec [J].Canadian Entomologist,1980,112 (6):615-620.

Basky Z.Incidence and population fluctuation of Diuraphis noxia in Hungary[J].Crop Protection,1993,12 (8):605-609.

Bommarco R,Wetterlindand S,Sigvald R.Cereal aphid populations in non-crop habitats show strong density dependence[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44 (5):1013-1022.

Butler GD,May CJ.Laboratory studies of the searching capacity of larvae of Chrysopa carnea for eggs of Heliothis spp.[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1971,64 (6):1459-1461.

Byers JA.A cost of alarm pheromone production in cotton aphids,Aphis gossypii[J].Naturwissenschaften,2005,92 (2):69-72.

Curry GL,F(xiàn)eldman RM,Sharpe PJH.Fundation of stochastic development[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1978,74 (3):397-410.

Davis JA,Radcliffe EB,Ragsdale DW.Effects of high and fluctuating temperatures on Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:Aphididae)[J].Environmental Entomology,2006,35 (6):1461-1468.

Day KR.Population growth and spatial patterns of spruce aphids(Elatobium abietinum)on individual trees[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1986,102:505-515.

Ding RF,Zhu XH,Wuwaishi A,et al.Control effects on Aphis gossypii(Glover)by releasing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)in cotton field[J].Plant Protection,2015,41 (2):200-204.[丁瑞豐,朱曉華,阿克旦·吾外士,等.人工釋放普通草蛉田間防治棉蚜效果研究[J].植物保護(hù),2015,41 (2):200-204]

Dixon AFG.The role of intra-specific mechanisms and predation in regulating the numbers of the lime aphid,Eucallipterus tiliae L.[J].Oecologia,1971,8 (2):179-193.

Dong YC,Yan HL,Luo DQ.Influence of injured cotton seedlings by cotton aphid of different density on population parameters of the aphids[J].Acta Gossypii Sinica,1996,8 (3):167-168.[董應(yīng)才,閻海林,羅都強(qiáng).不同受害程度的棉株對棉蚜種群的影響[J].棉花學(xué)報(bào),1996,8 (3):167-168]

Douglas AE.The nutritional physiology of aphids [J].Advances in Insect Physiology,2003,31:73-140.

Feng HZ,Wang L,Dong HQ,et al.Population dynamics and predatory function of Coccinella undecimpunctata to Aphis gossypii [J].Chinese Journal of Biological Control,2007,23 (3):209-213.[馮宏祖,王蘭,董紅強(qiáng),等.十一星瓢蟲種群動態(tài)及其對棉蚜的捕食功能[J].中國生物防治,2007,23 (3):209-213]

Gao GZ,Lv ZZ,Xia DP,et al.Effects of pattern and timing of high temperature exposure on the mortality and fecundity of Aphis gossypii Glover on cotton[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32 (23):7568-7575.[高桂珍,呂昭智,夏德萍,等.高溫脅迫及其持續(xù)時(shí)間對棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2012,32 (23):7568-7575]

Gao GZ,Lv ZZ,Xia DP,et al.Effects of temperature and density on the mortality and reproduction of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24 (5):1300-1304.[高桂珍,呂昭智,夏德萍,等.高溫和密度效應(yīng)對棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影響[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2013,24 (5):1300-1304]

Gao GZ,Ma JH,Lv ZZ,et al.Population process of Aphis gossypii with different initial density[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28 (10):2138-2141.[高桂珍,馬吉宏,呂昭智,等.不同初始密度棉蚜種群動態(tài)過程[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2009,28 (10):2138-2141]

Gao XH,Shi AJ,Qu YX,et al.Studies on the predatory function responses and searching efficiency of Propylaea japonica on Aphis gossypii[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Natural Science),2001,32 (4):457-460.[高孝華,時(shí)愛菊,曲耀訓(xùn),等.龜紋瓢蟲捕食棉蚜的功能反應(yīng)與尋找效應(yīng)研究[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2001,32 (4):457-460]

Ge F,Xie BY.Studies on the population dynamics of cotton aphid in different cotton fields [J].Entomological Knowledge,1995,32 (6):330-332.[戈峰,謝寶瑜.不同類型棉田棉蚜種群動態(tài)研究[J].昆蟲知識,1995,32 (6):330-332]

Hoffmann KH.Metabolic and enzyme adaptation to temperature.In:Hoffmann KH,ed.Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry of Insects [C].Berlin,Heidelberg,New York and Tokyo:Springer Verlag,1985,1-2.

Hughes RD,Gilbert N.A model of an aphid population-a general statement[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1968,37 (3):553-563.

Jas'kiewicz B.Observations on the occurrence on the rose aphid(Macrosiphum rosae L.)on bushes of Rosa rugosa Thunb.and R.canina L.[J].Folia Horticulturae,1997,9 (1):25-31.

Jiang JQ,Miao Y,Chen L,et al.Studies on population dynamics of Aphis gossypii in rose mallow [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22 (2):334-336.[江俊起,繆勇,陳麗,等.木槿上棉蚜種群動態(tài)的研究[J].中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào),2006,22 (2):334-336]

Johnson B.Wing polymorphism inaphidsⅡ.Interaction between aphids[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1965,8 (1):49-64.

Johnson B.Wing polymorphism in aphids IV.The effect of temperature and photoperiod [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1966,9 (3):301-313.

Jones MG.Abundance of aphids on cereals from before 1973 to 1977[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1979,16 (1):1-22.

Jones RH.Effect of Cotton Aphids,Aphis gossypii (Glover),on Cotton Plant Development and Yield Components [D].Louisiana Tech.University,2004.

Karley AJ,Parker WE,Pitchford JW,et al.The mid-season crash in aphid populations:Why and how does it occur[J].Ecological Entomology,2004,29 (4):383-388.

Karley AJ,Pitchford JP,Douglas AE,et al.The causes and processes of the mid-summer population crash of potato aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)(Hemiptera:Aphididae) [J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,2003,93 (5):425-437.

Kersting U,Satar S,Uygun N.Effect of temperature on development rate and fecundity of apterous Aphis gosspii Glover (Hem.,Aphididae)reared on Gossypium hirsutum L.[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,1999,123 (1):23-27.

Kift NB,Dewar AM,Dixon AFG.Onset of a decline in the quality of sugar beet as a host for the aphid Myzus persicae[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1998,88 (2):155-161.

Kindlmann P,Dixon AFG.Population dynamics of a tree-dwelling aphid:Individuals to populations [J].Ecological Modelling,1996,89:23-30.

Kindlmann P,Dixon AFG,Michaud JP.Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change [M].Dordrecht:Springer Science +Business Media B.V.,2010,1-20.

Lees AD.Clonal polymorphism in aphids[J].Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London,1961,1:68-79.

Legg DE,Brewer MJ.Relating within-season Russian wheat aphid(Homoptera:Aphididae)population growth in dryland winter wheat to heat units and rainfall[J].Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,1995,68 (2):149-158.

Leite GLD,Picanco M,Zanuncio JC,et al.Factors affecting colonization and abundance of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera:Aphididae)on okra plantations [J].Ciência e Agrotecnologia,2007,31 (2):337-343.

Li HB,Wu KM,Xu Y,et al.Dynamic analysis of population of cotton aphids in the South of Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science,2008,45 (4):670-675.[李號賓,吳孔明,徐遙,等.南疆地區(qū)棉田蚜蟲種群數(shù)量動態(tài)研究[J].新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2008,45 (4):670-675]

Li J,Jin CZ,Long DT,et al.Non-lethal effects of a natural enemy on herbivore insect population [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2014,51 (4):863-870.[李姣,金晨鐘,龍大彤,等.天敵昆蟲對害蟲的非直接致死效應(yīng)[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),2014,51 (4):863-870]

Li J,Long DT,Xiao TG,et al.The impacts of stress from Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead on the development and fecundity of the three successive generations of aphids[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2013,50 (4):951-958.[李姣,龍大彤,肖鐵光,等.蚜繭蜂對多世代棉蚜生長發(fā)育與繁殖的脅迫作用[J].應(yīng)用昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),2013,50 (4):951-958]

Li JB,F(xiàn)ang LP,Lü ZZ,et al.Relationships between the cotton resistance to the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)and the content of soluble sugars[J].Plant Protection,2008,34 (2):26-30.[李進(jìn)步,方麗平,呂昭智,等.棉花抗蚜陛與可溶性糖含量的關(guān)系[J].植物保護(hù),2008,34 (2):26-30]

Li JJ,Ma G,Huang M,et al.Inhibitory effects of short term high temperature pulse on Aphis gossypii and the application in its control[J].China Plant Protection,2011,31 (7):10-13.[李晶晶,馬罡,黃敏,等.短期高溫脈沖對瓜型棉蚜的抑制作用及其在防治中的應(yīng)用[J].中國植保導(dǎo)刊,2011,31 (7):10-13]

Liu B,Wang PL,Lu Y.The studies on the occurrence law of Aphis gossypii Glover in diferent conditions of orrigation[J].Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science),2008,26 (3):296-298.[劉冰,王佩玲,蘆屹.不同灌水條件下棉蚜發(fā)生的規(guī)律[J].石河子大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2008,26 (3):296-298]

Liu J,Wu KM,Zhao KJ,et al.The ecological adaptability of Aphis gossypii collected from different climate zones to temperature and photoperiod[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23 (5):860-869.[劉健,吳孔明,趙奎軍,等.不同地理種群棉蚜對溫度和光周期的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2003,23 (5):860-869]

Liu XM.Studies of the Resistance of Cotton Varieties to the Cotton Aphid(Aphis gossypii Glover)and the Mechanism of Resistance [D].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University,1989.[劉旭明.棉花品種對棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)抗性篩選及抗性機(jī)理的研究[D].北京:北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),1989]

Liu XM,Yang QH.The role of freeproline in varietal resistance of cotton to Aphis gossypii[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis,1991,17 (3):77-80.[劉旭明,楊奇華.游離脯氨酸在棉花品種抗蚜性中的作[J].北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),1991,17 (3):77-80]Liu XM,Yang QH.The relationships between the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of aphid resistance of cotton and the population dynamics of cotton aphid [J].Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,1993,20 (1):25-29.[劉旭明,楊奇華.棉花抗蚜的生理生化機(jī)制及其與棉蚜種群數(shù)量消長關(guān)系的研究[J].植物保護(hù)學(xué)報(bào),1993,20 (1):25-29]

Liu ZH,Zhao GH,Lu JS,et al.Studies on content of cotton gossypol and characteristics of pest resistance [J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science,2008,45 (3):409-413.[劉澤輝,趙國虎,陸敬善,等.棉花棉酚含量與抗蟲特性的研究[J].新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2008,45 (3):409-413]

Lu YH,Li XH,Xue WJ,et al.Impacts of four biochemicals on population development of Aphis gossypii Glover[J].Journal of Yangzhou University,2005,26 (3):83-87.[陸宴輝,李曉慧,薛文杰,等.4種生化物質(zhì)對棉蚜實(shí)驗(yàn)種群增長的影響[J].揚(yáng)州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005,26 (3):83-87]

Lü ZZ,Li JB,Tian WD,et al.Ecological functions and mechanism of biodiversity in controlling insect pests in agro-ecosystems[J].Arid Zone Research,2005,22 (3):400-404.[呂昭智,李進(jìn)步,田衛(wèi)東,等.生物多樣性在害蟲控制中的生態(tài)功能與機(jī)理[J].干旱區(qū)研究,2005,22 (3):400-404]

Ma CS,Hau B,Poehling HM.Effects of pattern and timing of high temperature exposure on reproduction of the rose grain aphid,Metopolophium dirhodum [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2004a,110 (1):65-71.

Ma CS,Hau B,Poehling HM.The effect of heat stress on the survival of the rose grain aphid,Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera:Aphididae)[J].European Journal of Entomology,2004b,101(2):327-331.

Ma Q.Occurring and controlling of Aphis gossypii in cotton fields in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2002,25(Suppl.):47-50.[馬祁.新疆棉田棉蚜及其防治[J].新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2002,25 (增刊):47-50]

Mashanova A,Gange AC,Jansen VAA.Density-dependent dispersal may explain the mid-season crash in some aphid populations[J].Population Ecology,2008,50 (3):285-292.

Maudsley MJ,Mackenzie A,Thacker JI,et al.Density dependence in cereal aphid populations[J].Annals of Applied Biology,1996,128 (3):453-463.

Meng L,Li BP.Effect of lntra-specific competition on population dynamic of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii [J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2000,23 (3):42-44.[孟玲,李保平.棉蚜種內(nèi)競爭對其種群數(shù)量的影響[J].新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2000,23 (3):42-44]

Mondor EB,Rosenheim JA,Addicott JF.Predator-induced transgenerational phenotypic plasticity in the cotton aphid [J].Oecologia,2005,142 (1):104-108.

Muller CB.The role of nutrition,crowding and interspecific interactions in the development of winged aphids[J].Ecological Entomology,2001,26 (3):330-340.

Pan F,Chen MC,Xiao TB,et al.Research advances on effect of variable temperature on growth,development and reproduction of insect[J].Journal of Environmental Entomology,2014,36 (2):240-246.[潘飛,陳綿才,肖彤斌,等.變溫對昆蟲生長發(fā)育和繁殖影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),2014,36 (2):240-246]

Parajulee MN.Influence of constant temperatures on life history parameters of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii,infesting cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,2007,6 (4):666-672.

Parker WE,Howard JJ,Karley AJ,et al.Crop Growth Stage and the Phenology of Aphid Populations on Potato [C].Brighton Crop and Pests Conference,2000,955-960.

Rhainds M,Messing RH.Spatial and temporal density dependence in a population of melon aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera:Aphididae),on established and sentinel taro plants[J].Applied Entomology and Zoology,2005,40 (2):273-282.

Romo CM,Tylianakis JM.Elevated temperature and drought interact to reduce parasitoid effectiveness in suppressing hosts [J].PLoS ONE,2013,8 (3):e58136.

Rondon SI,Cantliffe DJ,Price JF.Population dynamics of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii (Homoptera:Aphididae),on strawberries grown under protected structure[J].Florida Entomologist,2005,88 (2):152-158.

Rutledge CE,Oneil RJ,F(xiàn)ox TB,et al.Soybean aphid predators and their use in integrated pest management [J].Annals of the Entomological Society of America,2004,97 (2):240-248.

Satar S,Kersting U,Nedim U.Effect of temperature on development and fecundity of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera:Aphididae)on cucumber [J].Journal of Pest Science,2005,78 (3):133-137.

Schaefers GA,Judge FD.Effects of temperature,photoperiod,and host plant on alary polymorphism in the aphid,Chaetosiphon fragaefolii[J].Journal of Insect Physiology,1971,17 (2):365-379.

Sequeira R,Dixon AFG.Population dynamics of tree-dwelling aphids:The importance of seasonality and time scale[J].Ecology,1997,78 (8):2603-2610.

Slosser JE,Parajulee MN,Hendrix DL,et al.Cotton aphid(Homoptera:Aphididae)abundance in relation to cotton leaf sugars[J].Environmental Entomology,2004,33 (3):690-699.

Slosser JE,Pinchak WE,Rummel DR.Biotic and abiotic regulation of Aphis gossypii Glover in west Texas dryland cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1998,23 (1):31-65.

Steenis MJ.Biological control of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover(Hom.,Aphididae):Pre-introduction evaluation of natural enemies[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,1992,114:362-380.

Stinner RE,Gutierrez AP,Butler GDJ.Analgorithm for temperature-dependant growth rate stimulation [J].The Canadian Entomologist,1974,106 (5):145-156.

Su JW,Sheng CF,Yang XK.Predation of the green lacewing,Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael on the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover:Intraspecific interference and space heterogeneity [J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2000,43 (1):107-111.[蘇建偉,盛承發(fā),楊星科.葉色草蛉幼蟲對棉蚜的捕食效應(yīng):種內(nèi)干擾和空間異質(zhì)性[J].昆蟲學(xué)報(bào),2000,43 (1):107-111]

Swapna R,Purandare BT,Jennifer AB.Comparison of the wing polyphenic response of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) to crowding and predator cues[J].Ecological Entomology,2014,39 (2):263-266.

Walker GP,Nault LR,Simonet DE.Natural mortality factors acting on potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)populations in processingtomato fields in Ohio [J].Environmental Entomology,1984,13 (3):724-732.

Wang LX,Tian CY,Ma YJ,et al.Population dynamics of cotton aphids in the different cotton variety fields and the effects of ladybirds on the population dynamics of cotton aphids[J].Arid Zone Research,2004,21 (4):421-424.[王林霞,田長彥,馬英杰,等.棉田棉蚜種群動態(tài)及瓢蟲對棉蚜種群數(shù)量的影響[J].干旱區(qū)研究,2004,21 (4):421-424]

Wang PL,Zhang J,Gao GZ,et al.The effects of multifactor on the alate development in Aphis gossypii[J].Plant Protection,2014,40 (4):21-25.[王佩玲,張金,高桂珍,等.多因子對棉蚜有翅蚜形成的影響[J].植物保護(hù),2014,40 (4):21-25]

Watt AD.The effect of cereal growth stages on the reproductive activity of Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodium [J].Annals of Applied Biology,1979,91 (2):147-157.

Watt AD,Dixon AFG.The role of cereal growth stages and crowding in the induction ofalatae in Sitobion avenae and its consequences for population growth[J].Ecological Entomology,1981,6 (4):441-447.

Wu KM,Liu QX.Influence of temperatures on population increase of cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii [J].Acta Gossypii Sinica,1992,4 (1):61-68.[吳孔明,劉芹軒.溫度對棉蚜生命參數(shù)影響的研究[J].棉花學(xué)報(bào),1992,4 (1):61-68]

Wu WY,Lv ZZ,Wang DY,et al.Dynamics of Aphis gossypii and its predatory natural enemies in organic agricultural cotton filed[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25 (10):1173-1176.[吳文岳,呂昭智,王登元,等.有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)棉田中棉蚜及其捕食性天敵的種群動態(tài)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2006,25 (10):1173-1176]

Xia JY,Ma Y,Wang CY,et al.Functional response of Coccinella septempunctata preying on Aphis gossypii in cotton:Experiments and simulation[J].Acta Gossypii Sinica,1999,11 (4):200-212.[夏敬源,馬艷,王春義,等.七星瓢蟲 (Coccinella septempunctata)捕食棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)的功能反應(yīng):實(shí)驗(yàn)與模擬[J].棉花學(xué)報(bào),1999a,11 (4):200-212]

Xia JY,Vander WW,Rabbinge R.Inuence of temperature on bionomics of cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii on cotton [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1999b,90 (1):25-35.

Yu JZ,Chi H,Chen BH.Comparison of the life tables and predation rates of Harmonia dimidiata (F.)(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)fed on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera:Aphididae)at different temperatures[J].Biological Control,2013,64 (1):1-9.

Zamani AA,Talebi AA,F(xiàn)athipour Y,et al.Effect of temperature on biology and population growth parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover(Hom.,Aphididae)on greenhouse cucumber [J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2006,130 (8):453-460.

Zhang ZQ.The natural enemies of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom.,Aphididae)in China[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,1992,114:251-262.

Zhao JY,Zhang XX,Zhang GX,et al.The ecological conditions related to seasonal population variation of cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21 (12):2045-2048.[趙靜雅,張孝羲,張廣學(xué),等.棉蚜種群季節(jié)性變異的生態(tài)條件[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2001,21 (12):2045-2048]

Zheng HY,Zheng W,Zhou GL.Statistical analysis of meteorological drought in Xinjiang[J].Bimonthly of Xinjiang Meteorology,1999,22 (1):24-26.[鄭鴻雁,鄭維,周國良.新疆氣象干旱的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析[J].新疆氣象,1999,22 (1):24-26]

Zhu SH,Li QS,F(xiàn)an AH,et al.The occurrence rule of ladybug and its relationship with aphids in the cotton field[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2000,28 (5):613-622.[朱世華,李權(quán)生,范愛華,等.棉田瓢蟲發(fā)生規(guī)律及與棉蚜的追隨關(guān)系[J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2000,28 (5):613-622]

Zhu SR,Gao F,Liu XH,et al.Behaviors of Propylaea japonica(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)in searching and preying cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Coleoptera:Coecinellidae)in the cotton plant[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17 (2):261-264.[朱三榮,高峰,劉向輝,等.龜紋瓢蟲在棉株上對棉蚜的搜索與捕食行為[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2006,17 (2):261-264]

Zou YD,Meng QL,Geng JG,et al.Relatloaship between distribution patterns of Aphis gossypii and its natural enemies [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1995,6 (2):172-175.[鄒運(yùn)鼎,孟慶雷,耿繼光,等.棉蚜與其天敵種群分布格局的關(guān)系[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),1995,6 (2):172-175.]

猜你喜歡
棉蚜仲夏天敵
Hap1型棉蚜在5種春季雜草上的生長發(fā)育情況
低劑量啶蟲脒和雙丙環(huán)蟲酯對棉蚜繭蜂寄生功能的影響
《壬寅仲夏》
仲夏之夜
香格里拉(2021年2期)2021-07-28 06:50:42
麝香 急性尿潴留的天敵
棉蚜取食被棉長管蚜危害棉花后其相關(guān)酶的活性
天敵昆蟲
——管氏腫腿蜂的應(yīng)用技術(shù)
仲夏的休閑放松
ViVi美眉(2019年8期)2019-09-10 07:22:44
仲夏夢
智族GQ(2019年7期)2019-08-26 09:31:36
天敵昆蟲在林木病蟲害防治中的重要作用探討
湘潭县| 外汇| 鞍山市| 镇康县| 石首市| 房山区| 长寿区| 宣武区| 寻乌县| 朔州市| 嘉定区| 青田县| 泰安市| 潼南县| 忻城县| 周宁县| 永康市| 宁武县| 宝鸡市| 西和县| 永登县| 宜城市| 萍乡市| 北辰区| 湘阴县| 富蕴县| 潜江市| 凤庆县| 肃北| 长泰县| 康乐县| 彭水| 鹿邑县| 年辖:市辖区| 尤溪县| 邹平县| 开封县| 兴化市| 屏边| 晴隆县| 上栗县|