付卓,萬莉雅△,徐勇勝,鄭躍杰
兒童急性下呼吸道感染相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的Meta分析
付卓1,萬莉雅1△,徐勇勝1,鄭躍杰2
目的探討兒童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,為其防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Databases-Medline(Ovid)、Embase、CINAHL和Global Health Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、維普(VIP)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),查找有關(guān)兒童急性下呼吸道感染的危險(xiǎn)因素的期刊與論文,檢索時(shí)限均為1990年1月—2014年12月。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由2位評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)資料的篩選與提取并質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)后,采用Stata 11.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果對(duì)納入的27篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示,低出生體質(zhì)量、缺乏充足的母乳喂養(yǎng)、房間擁擠、室內(nèi)空氣污染、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、處于吸煙環(huán)境(或孕婦吸煙)和HIV接觸史(未感染情況)與ALRI密切相關(guān)。結(jié)論上述7種危險(xiǎn)因素在ALRI進(jìn)程中起重要作用,還需進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其他潛在的危險(xiǎn)因素,以降低兒童ALRI的可能性。
呼吸道感染;急性病;危險(xiǎn)因素;Meta分析;兒童
急性下呼吸道感染(acute lower respiratory infec?tion,ALRI)是5歲以下兒童發(fā)病率和死亡率最高的疾病之一[1]。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì),全世界每年大約有430萬5歲以下兒童死于ALRI,占該年齡組死亡人數(shù)的30%,其中肺炎占80%~90%[2]。在我國(guó),兒童ALRI的發(fā)病率及死亡率均居首位,其發(fā)病率占兒科住院患兒的24.5%~65.2%,占兒科門診的39%~65.5%。5歲以下兒童中每年有105萬人死亡,其中30萬死于肺炎,為該年齡組的第1位死因[3]。目前,僅有少數(shù)研究調(diào)查了兒童ALRI與危險(xiǎn)因素之間的關(guān)系,尚缺乏對(duì)已發(fā)表的評(píng)估兒童ALRI與危險(xiǎn)因素關(guān)系文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)性回顧。本研究通過查閱和篩選近5年國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)表的關(guān)于兒童急性下呼吸道感染發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素的相關(guān)病例對(duì)照研究文獻(xiàn),采用Stata 11.0軟件進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)性Meta分析,旨在探討當(dāng)前兒童ALRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,為其預(yù)防和治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 檢索策略采用計(jì)算機(jī)檢索:Pubmed、Databases-Med?line(Ovid)、Embase、CINAHL Health Library和Global Health Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、中國(guó)維普科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(VIP)及萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。檢索的時(shí)間范圍為1990年1月—2014年12月。檢索詞包括:中文“兒童急性下呼吸道感染”、“危險(xiǎn)因素”;英文“acute lower respiratory infection in children”、“risk factors”。共檢索到53條文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)急性下呼吸道感染病例是參照WHO的病例進(jìn)行定義的[4-5]。(2)1990—2014年國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)表的關(guān)于兒童急性下呼吸道感染的危險(xiǎn)因素研究。(3)開展的研究有明確的年限。(4)研究樣本量>100例。(5)研究數(shù)據(jù)包含OR值及95%CI或可以通過統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法轉(zhuǎn)化為OR值及95%CI。(6)各文獻(xiàn)研究方法相似。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):參考Song等[6]提供的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)每篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),排除研究信息少、研究?jī)?nèi)容重復(fù)和陳舊、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)信息不全及無法利用的文獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由2名評(píng)價(jià)員分別閱讀檢索到的文獻(xiàn)題目及摘要進(jìn)行初步篩選,對(duì)明顯不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)予以排除,符合的則閱讀全文,決定是否納入,最終有27篇文獻(xiàn)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)提取由2名評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立獲取文獻(xiàn),互相核對(duì)獲取文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果。獲取文獻(xiàn)的主要內(nèi)容包括:文獻(xiàn)的基本信息,包括作者、發(fā)表時(shí)間、研究設(shè)計(jì)類型和樣本量;研究對(duì)象,包括年齡、診斷;相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法提取文獻(xiàn)信息后,按統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)Meta分析的要求整理并核對(duì)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),建立納入文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)基本情況表。采用Stata 11.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。分類變量使用OR和95%CI表示。首先對(duì)各納入研究結(jié)果間的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),若P>0.05且I2≤50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;反之則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。最后進(jìn)行效應(yīng)量的合并統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,若OR>1,I2<50%,該因素為兒童ALRI的危險(xiǎn)因素;反之為保護(hù)因素。納入的文獻(xiàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚則通過Begg's檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)P>0.05時(shí)認(rèn)為不存在發(fā)表偏倚,P≤0.05時(shí)則存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2.1 檢索結(jié)果及納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況本研究初步檢索文獻(xiàn)53篇,根據(jù)本文擬定的文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),閱讀摘要及全文后,最終27篇文獻(xiàn)納入本次Meta分析研究。納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況見表1。
2.2 兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素的Meta分析
2.2.1 低出生體質(zhì)量8個(gè)研究[7-14]記錄了低出生體質(zhì)量與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,8篇研究文獻(xiàn)間不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.800,I2=0.0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,低出生體質(zhì)量為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.55,95%CI:1.32~1.78),見圖1。
2.2.2 缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)7個(gè)研究[7-8,10,15-18]記錄了缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,2篇文獻(xiàn)[12,19]報(bào)道了母乳喂養(yǎng)與兒童ALRI之間的關(guān)聯(lián),研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.095,I2=44.4%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,缺乏充足的母乳喂養(yǎng)為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.03,95%CI:1.82~2.24),見圖2、3。
2.2.3 居住條件擁擠7個(gè)研究[7-8,10,13,18,20-21]記錄了居住條件擁擠與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,7篇研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.621,I2=0.0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,居住條件擁擠為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.22,95%CI:1.84~2.60),見圖3。
Tab.1 Basic information of inclusive literature表1 納入文獻(xiàn)基本信息
Fig.2 The forest plot of non-breast feeding and childhood ALRI圖2 缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)與兒童ALRI關(guān)系的森林圖
Fig.3 The forest plot of crowded household and childhood ALRI圖3 居住條件擁擠與兒童ALRI關(guān)系的森林圖
2.2.4 室內(nèi)空氣污染10個(gè)研究[8,16,22-29]記錄了室內(nèi)空氣污染與兒童ALRI的相關(guān)性,10篇研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.069,I2=39.7%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,室內(nèi)空氣污染為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.07~1.17),見圖4。
Fig.4 The forest plot of indoor air pollution and childhood ALRI圖4 室內(nèi)空氣污染與兒童ALRI關(guān)系的森林圖
2.2.5 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良3個(gè)研究[12,20,30]記錄了營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,3篇研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.481,I2=0.0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.31,95%CI:1.12~1.51),見圖5。
Fig.5 The forest plot of undernutrition and childhood ALRI圖5 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良與兒童ALRI關(guān)系的森林圖
2.2.6 處于吸煙環(huán)境/孕婦吸煙4個(gè)研究[18,20,31-32]記錄了處于吸煙環(huán)境/孕期吸煙與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,4篇研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.776,I2=0.0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,處于吸煙環(huán)境[18,31-32]或是孕婦吸煙[20]為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.31~1.91),見圖6。
2.2.7 HIV接觸史(未感染情況)2個(gè)研究[12,33]記錄了HIV接觸史與兒童ALRI之間的相關(guān)性,2篇研究文獻(xiàn)不存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.187,I2=42.5%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,HIV接觸史為兒童ALRI危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.26,95%CI:1.02~1.49),見圖7。
Fig.6 The forest plot of living in a house with smokers or smoking in pregnant and childhood ALRI圖6 處于吸煙環(huán)境或孕期吸煙與兒童ACRI關(guān)系的森林圖
Fig.7 The forest plot of HIV-exposed uninfected children圖7 接觸過HIV(未感染情況)與兒童ALRI關(guān)系的森林圖
2.3 各研究發(fā)表偏倚分析低出生體質(zhì)量和室內(nèi)空氣污染對(duì)應(yīng)的文獻(xiàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚(Z分別為2.35和2.38,P<0.05),缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)、居住條件擁擠、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、吸煙環(huán)境和HIV感染對(duì)應(yīng)的文獻(xiàn)都不存在發(fā)表偏倚(Z分別為0.90、0.00、0.00、0.70和0.00,均P>0.05)。
ALRI是兒科的常見疾病,是導(dǎo)致兒童死亡的主要原因。大多數(shù)早產(chǎn)兒和小于胎齡兒均是低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)?,體質(zhì)量不足2 500 g[25]。低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)旱闹饕毕菔呛粑袠屑捌鞴侔l(fā)育不成熟,缺乏肺泡表面活性物質(zhì),從母體中獲得的抗體相對(duì)少。因此,低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)狠^易引起ALRI。本研究以“低出生體質(zhì)量”和“兒童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)”為關(guān)鍵詞篩選并納入的8篇文獻(xiàn),均報(bào)道了低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)菏茿LRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,說明低出生體質(zhì)量與兒童ALRI緊密相關(guān)。
母乳中的表皮生長(zhǎng)因子可幫助誘導(dǎo)腸上皮細(xì)胞成熟,免疫球蛋白A和低聚糖可防止病原體黏附,而乳鐵蛋白具有廣譜抗微生物特性,包括破壞細(xì)菌外膜[26-27]。純母乳喂養(yǎng)可以減少嬰兒發(fā)生感染性疾病的危險(xiǎn)[28]。缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)可增加疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,包括接受住院治療和住院的頻率。關(guān)于缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)可引起兒童ALRI的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道很多,本研究經(jīng)篩選后有7篇文獻(xiàn)納入到危險(xiǎn)因素Meta分析中,結(jié)果顯示缺乏母乳喂養(yǎng)是兒童ALRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素。
居住條件擁擠、室內(nèi)空氣污染(做飯使用燃料)、處于吸煙環(huán)境(或孕婦吸煙)均是室內(nèi)空氣污染的最主要污染源。為了節(jié)能,現(xiàn)代建筑在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)傾向于使用非透氣材料,居住者人數(shù)、做飯使用燃料及所釋放的油煙和家庭成員吸煙行為都是室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量好壞的決定性因素。煙草或植物燃燒產(chǎn)生的煙霧含有很多包裹著復(fù)雜有機(jī)化合物的碳基顆粒,這些微塵顆粒足夠小,使其能夠避開人體呼吸道系統(tǒng)的防御機(jī)能,并深入肺組織,對(duì)于兒童甚至嬰幼兒的健康構(gòu)成了最大的潛在威脅。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),房間擁擠、室內(nèi)空氣污染(做飯使用燃料)、處于吸煙環(huán)境(或孕婦吸煙)都是兒童ALRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素。
喂養(yǎng)不當(dāng)、飲食習(xí)慣不良和疾病因素是營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的主要病因。長(zhǎng)期攝食不足、人工喂養(yǎng)者和不恰當(dāng)?shù)臄嗄唐谑菋雰籂I(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的主要因素??梢?,本研究報(bào)道的各危險(xiǎn)因素之間也是互為因果關(guān)系,相輔相成的。有關(guān)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的報(bào)道在本研究共篩選到4篇文獻(xiàn),其中有1篇報(bào)道的95%CI是無效的,因此,僅對(duì)3篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了分析,證實(shí)了營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良是造成兒童ALRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素。
有HIV接觸史(未感染情況)的嬰幼兒比無HIV接觸史的嬰幼兒具有更高的發(fā)病率和病死率,可能是這個(gè)弱勢(shì)群體面臨的健康問題[9]。本研究只篩選到2篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了HIV接觸史(未感染情況)與兒童ALRI的關(guān)系,結(jié)果表明HIV接觸史(未感染情況)是兒童ALRI的主要危險(xiǎn)因素。
另外,納入本研究的文獻(xiàn)還報(bào)道了其他兒童ALRI的危險(xiǎn)因素,由于這些危險(xiǎn)因素報(bào)道頻次較少,不符合Meta分析的要求,因此,本次Meta分析不予以統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。本文還對(duì)每個(gè)研究對(duì)應(yīng)的文獻(xiàn)逐個(gè)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析。Begg's檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,低出生體質(zhì)量和室內(nèi)空氣污染對(duì)應(yīng)的文獻(xiàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚,可能的原因是納入的文獻(xiàn)中存在樣本量小,設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單的研究。由于文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量的限制,尚需更多設(shè)計(jì)良好的多中心、大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證,并再次進(jìn)行Meta分析以便為臨床提供更好的證據(jù)。
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(2015-01-23收稿2015-05-12修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Meta-analysis of risk factors of severe acute lower respiratory infections in children
FU Zhuo1,WAN Liya1△,XU Yongsheng1,ZHENG Yuejie2
1 Tianjin Children's Hospital,Tianjin 300134,China;2 Zunyi Medical University,Shenzhen Children's Hospital△
ObjectiveTo identify the risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections(ALRI)in children and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of ALRI.MethodsSeveral databases including Pubmed,Databases-Medline(Ovid),Embase,CINAHL and Global Health Library,CNKI,VIP and Wanfang Date were searched(1990.1-2014.12)for
.All selected studies were about risk factors of ALRI in children.The screening and quality evalua?tion of the literature data was conducted independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Stata 11.0 software was used for Meta-analysis.ResultsMeta-analysis of 27 included literature showed that seven risk fac?tors were significantly associated with severe ALRI:low birth weight,lack of exclusive breastfeeding,crowded household,ex?posure to indoor air pollution,malnutrition,living in a house with smokers or smoking in pregnant and HIV-exposed unin?fected condition.ConclusionThe above seven risk factors play the important role in the development of ALRI in children. Furthermore,it emphasizes the need for further studies investigating other potential risk factors to decrease the possibility of childhood ALRI.
respiratory tract infections;acute disease;risk factors;meta-analysis;child
R725.6
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.033
1天津市兒童醫(yī)院呼吸科(郵編300134);2遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院深圳兒童醫(yī)院
付卓(1977),女,碩士研究生,主要從事小兒呼吸內(nèi)科方面研究
△通訊作者E-mail:wanliya_1209@163.com