蘇月穎,安秀梅,趙華,魏楓,張新偉
調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞和CD8+T細(xì)胞在惡性黑色素瘤中的表達(dá)及其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
蘇月穎,安秀梅,趙華,魏楓,張新偉△
目的探討調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Tregs)和CD8+T細(xì)胞在黏膜惡性黑色素瘤和肢端惡性黑色素瘤局部免疫微環(huán)境中表達(dá)情況的差異,及其與患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。方法采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色法對(duì)58例惡性黑色素瘤組織進(jìn)行染色,檢測(cè)Foxp3+Tregs和CD8+T細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)情況,分析兩者與臨床病理指標(biāo)及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果Foxp3與CD8+T細(xì)胞陽性表達(dá)無相關(guān)關(guān)系。黏膜惡性黑色素瘤組織中Foxp3+Tregs數(shù)量明顯高于肢端惡性黑色素瘤(t=2.648,P= 0.011);腫瘤直徑≥3 cm、有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的惡黑患者Foxp3highTregs相對(duì)較高(P<0.05)。存在潰瘍的惡性黑色素瘤患者中,CD8high組所占比例明顯高于無潰瘍者(33.3%vs 5.9%,P<0.05)。Foxp3high組的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)是12個(gè)月,明顯低于Foxp3low組(31個(gè)月);CD8high組的中位PFS是25個(gè)月,明顯高于CD8low組(中位PFS 12個(gè)月);亞組分析顯示Foxp3highCD8low組患者中位PFS是7個(gè)月,明顯低于Foxp3highCD8high組(25個(gè)月)、Foxp3lowCD8low組(18個(gè)月)以及Foxp3lowCD8high組(59個(gè)月)。不同腫瘤位置、Foxp3+Treg數(shù)量、CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量、有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的惡性黑色素瘤患者中位PFS不同。結(jié)論Tregs的數(shù)量與惡性黑色素瘤的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),黏膜惡性黑色素瘤預(yù)后欠佳可能與Tregs浸潤(rùn)有關(guān)。
黑色素瘤;T淋巴細(xì)胞;CD8陽性T淋巴細(xì)胞;腫瘤逃逸;預(yù)后
調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)是一種具有免疫抑制功能的T細(xì)胞亞群,能夠促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移,是多種腫瘤預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素之一。Foxp3為叉頭樣轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員之一,特異性表達(dá)于Tregs,并且與Tregs的發(fā)育和免疫抑制功能的發(fā)揮密切相關(guān)[1]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,浸潤(rùn)性CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量與腫瘤患者的預(yù)后呈正相關(guān)[2-3]。本研究采用Foxp3作為Tregs標(biāo)記,使用免疫組化法檢測(cè)惡性黑色素瘤中Tregs和CD8+T細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)情況,并分析兩者與臨床病理因素和預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
1.1 一般資料選取我院病理科2003年1月—2014年6月惡性黑色素瘤組織病理學(xué)蠟塊58例,均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理確診為惡性黑色素瘤。女35例,男23例,年齡23~89歲,中位年齡61歲,<60歲者24例,≥60者34例;黏膜惡性黑色素瘤21例,皮膚惡性黑色素瘤37例;有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者24例,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者34例;有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者18例,無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者40例;28例皮膚惡性黑色素瘤中ClarkⅡ級(jí)10例,ClarkⅢ級(jí)7例,ClarkⅣ級(jí)7例,ClarkⅤ級(jí)4例,另9例皮膚惡性黑色素瘤及21例黏膜惡性黑色素瘤未進(jìn)行Clark分級(jí)。
1.2 主要試劑鼠抗人Foxp3單克隆抗體(PCH101)購自美國eBioscience公司,CD8單克隆抗體購自英國abcam公司。En-Vision兩步法免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)試劑盒購自福州邁新生物技術(shù)有限公司。DAB顯色劑購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 免疫組化檢測(cè)Foxp3與CD8的表達(dá)情況標(biāo)本經(jīng)10%福爾馬林固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,4 μm厚連續(xù)切片,En Vi?sion法免疫組織化學(xué)染色。石蠟切片常規(guī)脫蠟水化,F(xiàn)oxp3和CD8采用檸檬酸鹽緩沖液熱抗原修復(fù),組織切片浸于3% H2O2中室溫避光孵育20 min,阻斷內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶活性。分別滴加Foxp3(1∶100)及CD8(1∶100)一抗50 μL,濕盒4℃孵育過夜。滴加二抗增強(qiáng)劑,濕盒室溫孵育20 min,滴加通用型二抗,濕盒室溫孵育30 min。DAB顯色,蘇木精復(fù)染返藍(lán),常規(guī)乙醇梯度脫水、二甲苯透明、中性樹膠封片,光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察。鼠免疫球蛋白(Ig)G作陰性對(duì)照。
1.3.2 結(jié)果判定Foxp3以細(xì)胞核中出現(xiàn)棕黃色或棕褐色著色為陽性表達(dá),CD8為細(xì)胞膜出現(xiàn)棕黃色或棕褐色著色為陽性表達(dá)。參照文獻(xiàn)[4-5]的計(jì)數(shù)方法,每例標(biāo)本在顯微鏡下隨機(jī)讀取10個(gè)400倍視野,每個(gè)視野計(jì)數(shù)100個(gè)淋巴細(xì)胞中陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),分別取平均值為該切片Tregs數(shù)量及CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量。每張切片Tregs數(shù)量>5個(gè)為陽性切片,≤5個(gè)為陰性切片;每張切片CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量>10個(gè)為陽性切片,≤10個(gè)為陰性切片。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用例(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)分析采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)。無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間計(jì)算采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 Foxp3和CD8在惡性黑色素瘤中的表達(dá)情況Foxp3表達(dá)于Tregs的細(xì)胞核。惡性黑色素瘤組織中,81.0%(47/58)Foxp3蛋白表達(dá)陽性,F(xiàn)oxp3陽性細(xì)胞為(9.44±5.04)%。58例中Foxp3陽性細(xì)胞若>9%為高表達(dá)組(Foxp3high),≤9%為低表達(dá)組(Foxp3low)。CD8主要表達(dá)于淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜,呈棕黃色,本組惡性黑色素瘤組織中,93.1%(54/58)CD8膜分子表達(dá)陽性,CD8陽性細(xì)胞占(27.24± 13.19)%。58例中CD8陽性細(xì)胞>27%為高表達(dá)組(CD8high),≤27%為低表達(dá)組(CD8low),見圖1。Foxp3與CD8+T細(xì)胞陽性表達(dá)無顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系(rs=0.185,P=0.139)。
Fig.1 Immunohistochemical staining of expressions of FoxP3 and CD8圖1 免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)Foxp3、CD8表達(dá)(SP,×400)
2.2 腫瘤微環(huán)境Tregs數(shù)量與臨床病理因素的關(guān)系黏膜惡性黑色素瘤組織中Foxp3+Tregs占淋巴細(xì)胞的(11.81±5.45)%,明顯高于肢端惡性黑色素瘤的(8.47±3.90)%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.648,P<0.05)。不同腫瘤發(fā)生位置、大小,以及是否有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移Tregs表達(dá)陽性率差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 腫瘤微環(huán)境CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量與臨床病理因素的關(guān)系黏膜惡性黑色素瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞占淋巴細(xì)胞的(25.33±12.42)%,與肢端惡性黑色素瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞(28.32±13.65)%比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.076,P=0.274)。存在潰瘍的惡性黑色素瘤CD8+T細(xì)胞多,見表1。
2.4 Tregs、CD8+T細(xì)胞與無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)的關(guān)系本組58例患者的中位PFS為15個(gè)月,1年、2年無進(jìn)展生存率分別為55.6%、39.6%。黏膜惡性黑色素瘤中位PFS為11個(gè)月,明顯低于皮膚惡性黑色素瘤患者(中位PFS 25個(gè)月,χ2=5.854,P= 0.016),1年無進(jìn)展生存率分別為44.0%、66.7%,見圖2。Foxp3high患者和Foxp3low患者的中位PFS之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(12個(gè)月vs 31個(gè)月,χ2=5.843,P=0.046),見圖3。Foxp3在黏膜惡性黑色素瘤中較在皮膚惡性黑色素瘤中高表達(dá)(P=0.035)。CD8high組患者中位PFS是25個(gè)月,明顯高于CD8low組的12個(gè)月,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.922,P= 0.024),見圖4。無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的惡性黑色素瘤患者PFS為18個(gè)月,高于有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者的6個(gè)月(χ2= 10.481,P=0.001),見圖5。
Tab.1 The correlation between Foxp3 and CD8 and clinicopathological characteristics in mucosa malignant melanoma表1 惡性黑色素瘤Foxp3、CD8與臨床病理因素的關(guān)系例(%)
Fig.2 The PFS curves of cutaneous malignant melanoma and mucosa malignant melanoma圖2 黏膜惡黑與皮膚惡黑的PFS曲線
Fig.3 The PFS curves of Foxp3highand Foxp3low圖3 Foxp3high與Foxp3low的PFS曲線
Fig.4 The PFS curves of CD8highand CD8low圖4 CD8high與CD8low的PFS曲線
根據(jù)Foxp3和CD8的表達(dá)水平,進(jìn)一步將患者分為4個(gè)亞組:Foxp3highCD8high(13例)、Foxp3highCD8low(15例)、Foxp3lowCD8high(6例)、Foxp3lowCD8low(24例),結(jié)果顯示Foxp3highCD8low組患者中位PFS是7個(gè)月,明顯低于Foxp3highCD8high組(25個(gè)月)、Foxp3lowCD8low組(18個(gè)月)及Foxp3lowCD8high組(59個(gè)月),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=14.144,P=0.003),見圖6。
Fig.5 The PFS curves of patients with distant metastases圖5 有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移患者的PFS曲線
Fig.6 The PFS curves of Foxp3high,CD8high,F(xiàn)oxp3high,CD8low,F(xiàn)oxp3low,CD8high,F(xiàn)oxp3lowand CD8lowsubgroups圖6 Foxp3highCD8high、Foxp3highCD8low、Foxp3lowCD8high、Foxp3lowCD8low亞組的PFS曲線
腫瘤在機(jī)體內(nèi)的發(fā)生發(fā)展是免疫系統(tǒng)與腫瘤細(xì)胞相互作用的一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程。免疫系統(tǒng)在這個(gè)過程中既可以清除一些腫瘤細(xì)胞,也可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),即所謂的“免疫編輯”。免疫編輯包括免疫清除、免疫平衡及免疫逃逸[6]。其中免疫逃逸是指腫瘤細(xì)胞通過多種機(jī)制逃避機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別和攻擊,從而得以在體內(nèi)生存和增殖的現(xiàn)象,是腫瘤發(fā)生的分子生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[6]。
Tregs是一類非常重要的免疫調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞,最初由Sakaguchi等[7]于1995年首次報(bào)道,CD4+CD25+Treg細(xì)胞可以降低機(jī)體對(duì)于自身抗原以及異體抗原的免疫反應(yīng),在避免自身免疫反應(yīng)方面具有重要作用。Tregs在腫瘤的免疫抑制的形成和維持過程中同樣起著十分重要的作用。在結(jié)直腸癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、淋巴瘤等多種腫瘤中Tregs浸潤(rùn)數(shù)量增多[8]。Tregs在免疫逃逸過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,主要是通過細(xì)胞接觸依賴的抑制途徑、分泌轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)-β和白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-10等抑制性細(xì)胞因子的機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)的[9-10]。許多報(bào)道證實(shí),在惡性黑色素瘤中Tregs細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)數(shù)量與患者的預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[11]。但是由于黏膜惡性黑色素瘤的發(fā)病率低,目前對(duì)此研究較少。
本研究采用免疫組化方法檢測(cè)了21例黏膜惡性黑色素瘤和37例皮膚惡性黑色素瘤癌組織中Foxp3+Tregs的數(shù)量,黏膜惡性黑色素瘤較皮膚惡性黑色素瘤有更多的Tregs浸潤(rùn)。此外,F(xiàn)oxp3高表達(dá)組的PFS明顯低于Foxp3低表達(dá)組,說明Tregs的浸潤(rùn)數(shù)量是影響患者預(yù)后的不良因素,與國外報(bào)道一致[11-12]。本研究提示黏膜惡性黑色素瘤較皮膚惡性黑色素瘤的PFS更短,而在黏膜惡性黑色素瘤中Tregs的數(shù)量更多,考慮Tregs局部浸潤(rùn)可能為黏膜惡性黑色素瘤預(yù)后差的一個(gè)重要因素。
效應(yīng)性CD8+T細(xì)胞廣泛浸潤(rùn)于結(jié)腸癌、卵巢癌、宮頸癌及惡性黑色素瘤等多種腫瘤中,直接殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,在惡性黑色素瘤的治療中已顯示出其有效性[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,黏膜惡性黑色素瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量與肢端惡性黑色素瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但是,存在潰瘍的惡性黑色素瘤CD8+T細(xì)胞多。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在惡性黑色素瘤中CD8+T細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)數(shù)量較多者具有更長(zhǎng)的PFS,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的效應(yīng)性CD8+T細(xì)胞與多種腫瘤的預(yù)后呈正相關(guān)的結(jié)論一致[14-15]。亞組分析顯示,在CD8+T細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)數(shù)量較少者的惡性黑色素瘤組織中,F(xiàn)oxp3low的患者中位PFS較Foxp3high明顯延長(zhǎng)。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)oxp3lowCD8high亞組預(yù)后最佳,明顯優(yōu)于其他三組,但是由于該組病例數(shù)少,盡管差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但是筆者認(rèn)為該結(jié)果仍需要進(jìn)一步增加病例數(shù)證實(shí)。有報(bào)道顯示,Tregs可以通過抑制CD8+T細(xì)胞來促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,CD8+T細(xì)胞與Tregs之間呈負(fù)相關(guān),并且CD8+T細(xì)胞/ Tregs比值與腫瘤預(yù)后較好有關(guān)[16]。但是本研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)此關(guān)系,與Chaudhary等[16-17]的研究結(jié)果不一致,可能與標(biāo)本的選取有關(guān)。筆者推測(cè)針對(duì)Tregs的免疫治療在黏膜惡性黑色素瘤中具有更重要的意義,但尚需進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
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(2014-12-05收稿2015-03-22修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
The expression of Tregs and CD8+T cells in malignant melanoma and its relationship with prognosis
SU Yueying,AN Xiumei,ZHAO Hua,WEI Feng,ZHANG Xinwei△
Department of Immunology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy,Tianjin 300060,China△
ObjectiveTo investigate the different distribution of regulatory T cells(Tregs)and CD8+T cells in the local immune microenvironment of mucosal malignant melanoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma,and analyze the relationship between the two indicators and the prognosis of patients.MethodsImmunohistochemistry staining was used to assess the ex?pression of Foxp3+Tregs and CD8+T cells in tumor microenvironment of 58 patients with malignant melanoma.The correlation between two factors,clinicopathological characteristics,and prognosis were analyzed.ResultsThere is no correlation be?tween the expression of Foxp3 and CD8.The number of Foxp3+Tregs was significantly higher in mucosa malignant melanoma than that in cutaneous malignant melanoma(t=2.648,P=0.011).The proportion of Foxp3highTregs was significantly higher in pa?tients with tumor diameter≥3 cm,lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis than that in patients with tumor diameter<3 cm,no lymph node metastasis and no distant metastasis(P<0.05).In addition,in patients with ulceration that proportion was significantly higher in CD8highgroup than that in patients without ulceration(33.3%vs 5.9%,P<0.05).The median progres?sion-free surial(PFS)was 12 months in Foxp3highgroup,which was significantly longer than that of Foxp3lowgroup(31 months,P<0.05).The median PFS was significantly higher in CD8highgroup(25 months)than that of CD8lowgroup(12 months,P<0.05).Subgroup analysis showed that the median PFS was 7 months in Foxp3highCD8lowgroup,which was significantly lower than that of Foxp3highCD8highgroup(25 months)and Foxp3lowCD8lowgroup(18 months,P=0.003).Univariate analysis showed that median PFS was different in patients with different tumor location,different number of Foxp3+Treg,different number of CD8+T cells,and distant metastases.ConclusionThe number of Tregs is closely associated with metastasis in patients with malig?nant melanoma.Compared with cutaneous malignant melanoma,our results indicate that the poor prognosis of mucosal malig?nant melanoma may be associated with the infiltration of more Tregs.
melanoma;T-lymphocytes;CD8-positive T-lymphocytes;tumor escape;prognosis
R739.5
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.019
973子課題基于納米技術(shù)的肺癌早期檢測(cè)研究資助項(xiàng)目(2012CB9333004);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81171983);天津市科委應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)面上項(xiàng)目資助項(xiàng)目(12JCYBJC16100)
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院免疫室、國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心、天津市腫瘤免疫與生物治療重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)
蘇月穎(1988),女,碩士在讀,主要從事惡性黑色素瘤免疫微環(huán)境的研究
△通訊作者E-mail:zhangxinwei@tjmuch.com