王健,周雯,宋秀宇,徐文貴,黃純
冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞侵襲的抑制作用和機(jī)制研究
王健1,周雯2△,宋秀宇1,徐文貴1,黃純3
目的探討天然產(chǎn)物衍生物冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌細(xì)胞體外侵襲的抑制作用及其機(jī)制。方法冬凌草甲素處理人肺癌細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)549和PC-9后,應(yīng)用細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)(MTS)法檢測(cè)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),Transwell試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)腫瘤侵襲能力,黏附試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)腫瘤黏附能力,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)腫瘤細(xì)胞周期,Western blotting和Realtime-PCR檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶1(CDK1)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、p53、p21、E-鈣黏素(E-cadherin)、CD44、β-catenin、尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(uPA)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-2/9、p-AKT和磷酸化酪氨酸激酶(p-Src)表達(dá),報(bào)告基因技術(shù)考察核因子(NF)-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。結(jié)果冬凌草甲素顯著抑制A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的體外增殖、黏附和侵襲,將細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G2/M期,冬凌草甲素促進(jìn)E-cadherin、p53和p21的表達(dá),下調(diào)CDK1、mTOR、CD44、β-catenin、uPA、MMP-2/9、p-AKT和p-Src表達(dá)和NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。結(jié)論冬凌草甲素可抑制人肺癌細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)549和PC-9的體外侵襲能力,可能與其調(diào)節(jié)酪氨酸激酶活性有關(guān)。
冬凌草素;肺腫瘤;腫瘤侵潤(rùn);A549;PC-9
肺癌是我國(guó)一種常見(jiàn)的癌癥,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移是其治療的主要困難[1]。目前,對(duì)于晚期不能進(jìn)行手術(shù)的患者仍然缺乏有效的治療藥物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冬凌草甲素具有廣泛且極其顯著的抗腫瘤作用,但是其抑制肺癌的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚[2-3]。本研究重點(diǎn)考察冬凌草甲素對(duì)肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞系體外侵襲的抑制作用,并對(duì)其分子機(jī)制進(jìn)行初步探討。
1.1 主要試劑與儀器人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞系購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院典型培養(yǎng)物保藏委員會(huì)細(xì)胞庫(kù)(上海);單溶液細(xì)胞增殖檢測(cè)試劑盒(MTS)、Realtime-PCR試劑盒、核因子(NF)-κB熒光素酶質(zhì)粒和熒光素檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自Promega公司;冬凌草甲素購(gòu)自Sigma-Aldrich公司;細(xì)胞周期和凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自BD Biosciences;各種單克隆抗體購(gòu)自Santa Cruz公司;ECL免疫印跡底物試劑盒購(gòu)自Millipore公司;細(xì)胞侵襲檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自R&D Systems公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于37℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中,培養(yǎng)基為DMEM,添加10%胎牛血清。0.25%胰酶-EDTA消化傳代,所有實(shí)驗(yàn)均采用對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞。
1.3 MTS細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞,以8×104個(gè)/mL接種于96孔微孔板中,每孔100 μL,培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜使細(xì)胞貼壁。分別加入0、0.5、1、2、5、10、20、50和100 μmol/L的冬凌草甲素,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,吸去培養(yǎng)基,按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)的要求加入MTS,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。最后用酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm波長(zhǎng)下的光密度(OD)值,以O(shè)D值表示細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。計(jì)算藥物對(duì)細(xì)胞的抑制率。抑制率(IC)=(1-實(shí)驗(yàn)組OD值/對(duì)照組OD值)×100%。
1.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組、8 μmol/L組和16 μmol/L組,后兩組分別加入8 μmol/L和16 μmol/L冬凌草甲素,每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置3個(gè)復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,備用。
1.5 體外侵襲和黏附試驗(yàn)將腫瘤細(xì)胞接種Transwell的上室,同時(shí)加入備用細(xì)胞,洗去膜上未侵襲細(xì)胞,甲醛固定,HE染色,觀察腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲情況。侵襲率=(處理組細(xì)胞侵襲數(shù)/對(duì)照組細(xì)胞侵襲數(shù))×100%。消化、離心,培養(yǎng)于包裹有Matrigel的96孔板1 h,加入MTS試劑孵育4 h,通過(guò)酶標(biāo)儀在490 nm檢測(cè)OD值,觀察腫瘤細(xì)胞黏附情況。黏附率=(處理組OD值/對(duì)照組OD值)×100%。
1.6 細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)備用細(xì)胞經(jīng)70%乙醇透化4℃過(guò)夜,洗滌后經(jīng)含有RnaseA的PI染液孵育30 min,通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞術(shù)在490 nm檢測(cè)熒光強(qiáng)度,觀察細(xì)胞周期變化。
1.7 Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)收集備用細(xì)胞裂解提取蛋白。以12%SDS-PAGE法分離蛋白質(zhì),然后轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上,以不同的抗體[細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶1(CDK1)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、p53、p21、E-鈣黏素(E-cadherin)、CD44、β-catenin、尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(uPA)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9為1∶1 500;p-AKT和磷酸化酪氨酸激酶(p-Src)為1∶1 000]4℃孵育過(guò)夜,洗去一抗后,以辣根過(guò)氧化物酶(HRP)連接的二抗(1∶2 000)溫育1 h,洗滌,以增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光法(ECL)試劑盒顯示免疫反應(yīng)條帶。β-actin作為內(nèi)參。
1.8 Realtime-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)備用細(xì)胞用Trizol法提取各組總RNA,用Realtime-PCR試劑盒進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄得到cDNA,然后檢測(cè)mRNA水平,引物序列見(jiàn)表1。
1.9 報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)將NF-κB熒光素酶質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染至細(xì)胞中,培養(yǎng)6 h,更換培養(yǎng)基,分別加入8 μmol/L和16 μmol/L冬凌草甲素,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,通過(guò)熒光素酶檢測(cè)試劑盒檢測(cè)細(xì)胞熒光強(qiáng)度,考察NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性變化。
1.10 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法使用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)進(jìn)行比較,組間多重比較采用Turkey法,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Tab.1 The Real time PCR oligonucleotide sequences表1 Realtime PCR引物序列
2.1 冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的體外增殖作用冬凌草甲素可抑制A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的體外增殖,A549細(xì)胞半數(shù)抑制率(IC50)為21.3 μmol/L,PC-9細(xì)胞IC50為18.4 μmol/L,見(jiàn)圖1。
Fig.1 The inhibitory effects of oridonin on the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines in vitro圖1 冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞體外增殖的抑制作用
2.2 冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的體外侵襲和黏附的抑制作用A549細(xì)胞體外侵襲和黏附能力3組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F分別為97.216和272.727,均P<0.01)。與對(duì)照組比較,8 μmol/L和16 μmol/L組體外侵襲率分別為71.2%和53.8%,體外黏附率分別為62.1%和37.1%(均P<0.01)。PC9細(xì)胞體外侵襲和黏附能力3組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F分別為145.787和78.830,P<0.01)。與對(duì)照組比較,8 μmol/L和16 μmol/L組體外侵襲能力分別下降65.5%和48.6%,體外黏附能力分別下降73.8%和56.5%(均P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖2。
Fig.2 The inhibitory effects oridonin on the invasion and adhesion of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines in vitro圖2 冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞體外侵襲和黏附的抑制作用
2.3 冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞阻滯作用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,A549細(xì)胞和PC-9細(xì)胞冬凌草甲素處理組與對(duì)照組相比,G2/M期細(xì)胞的比例增加,且呈現(xiàn)劑量相關(guān)性,見(jiàn)表2、圖3。
2.4 冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞中腫瘤相關(guān)基因、蛋白表達(dá)的影響Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,A549細(xì)胞和PC-9細(xì)胞冬凌草甲素處理組與對(duì)照組相比,E-cadherin、p53和p21的表達(dá)上調(diào),CD44、β-catenin、MMP-2、MMP-9、CDK1、mTOR、uPA、p-AKT和p-Src表達(dá)下調(diào)。Realtime-PCR結(jié)果顯示,A549細(xì)胞和PC-9細(xì)胞冬凌草甲素處理組與對(duì)照組相比,E-cadherin、p53、p21 mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),CDK1、mTOR、CD44、β-catenin、uPA、MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),見(jiàn)圖4。
2.5 冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的下調(diào)作用經(jīng)過(guò)冬凌草甲素作用后,A549細(xì)胞和PC-9細(xì)胞NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性均顯著下調(diào),見(jiàn)表3。
Tab.2 The effects of different doses of oridonin on cell cycle of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines表2 不同劑量冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期阻滯效果(n=3,%)
Tab.2 The effects of different doses of oridonin on cell cycle of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines表2 不同劑量冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期阻滯效果(n=3,%)
**P<0.01;a與對(duì)照組比較,b與8 μmol/L組比較,P<0.05;表3同
組別對(duì)照組8 μmol/L組16 μmol/L組F A549細(xì)胞G0/G1 40.99±2.06 26.53±1.33a 18.42±0.93ab 168.121**S 32.30±1.62 23.82±1.20a 30.40±1.52b 27.264**G2/M 26.71±3.69 49.65±2.53a 51.18±2.46ab 64.020**組別對(duì)照組8 μmol/L組16 μmol/L組F PC-9細(xì)胞G0/G1 52.92±2.67 35.38±1.78a 22.35±1.12ab 180.936**S 22.21±1.12 30.96±1.56a 39.16±1.97ab 84.228**G2/M 24.87±1.12 33.66±1.56a 38.49±1.14ab 12.085**
Fig.3 The effects of oridonin on cell cycle of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines圖3 冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞周期的影響
冬凌草甲素是冬凌草中的主要活性成分,對(duì)前列腺癌、乳腺癌等多種細(xì)胞均有顯著的抑制作用。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冬凌草甲素對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞也有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用,但是其對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞體外侵襲的抑制作用和機(jī)制尚不清晰。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冬凌草甲素可顯著抑制肺癌A549和PC9細(xì)胞體外增殖和侵襲。筆者采用較低濃度(8 μmol/L)和接近IC50濃度(16 μmol/ L)進(jìn)行后續(xù)研究,用以考察不同濃度的藥物對(duì)腫瘤侵襲的影響,并探討其機(jī)制。
為探討冬凌草甲素阻滯細(xì)胞周期的機(jī)制,筆者利用Western blotting和Realtime-PCR檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)冬凌草甲素可上調(diào)腫瘤細(xì)胞中p53和p21的表達(dá)。p53和p21均是細(xì)胞周期的負(fù)調(diào)控蛋白,其中p21是細(xì)胞G1期所必需的細(xì)胞周期性激酶,可抑制CDK1、CDK2和CDK4/6的活性,具有更加廣泛的作用,可將細(xì)胞阻滯在G1和S期[4-7],說(shuō)明冬凌草甲素可能通過(guò)上調(diào)p53和p21的表達(dá)以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞周期的抑制。
Fig.4 The effects of oridonin on the expression of tumor-related gene of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines圖4 冬凌草甲素對(duì)人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞中腫瘤相關(guān)基因表達(dá)的影響
Tab.3The effects of different doses of oridonin on promoter activity of NF-κB of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines表3 不同劑量冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的影響(n=3,%,)
Tab.3The effects of different doses of oridonin on promoter activity of NF-κB of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines表3 不同劑量冬凌草甲素對(duì)A549和PC-9細(xì)胞NF-κB轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的影響(n=3,%,)
組別對(duì)照組8 μmol/L組16μmol/L組F A549 100.00±0.00 84.73±6.87a64.77±5.26ab37.529**PC-9 100.00±0.00 76.00±6.17a61.37±4.96ab54.650**
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冬凌草甲素還可下調(diào)腫瘤細(xì)胞中CD44和MMP-2/9表達(dá),從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞異質(zhì)黏附和基質(zhì)穿透能力。uPA被證明與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),酪氨酸激酶能催化多種蛋白酪氨酸殘基磷酸化,在腫瘤細(xì)胞的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中具有重要作用[8-10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)冬凌草甲素還可以下調(diào)uPA表達(dá)和酪氨酸激酶活性,被認(rèn)為是其抑制腫瘤侵襲的另一潛在機(jī)制。
β-catenin是Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路中的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子,其過(guò)度活化可造成腫瘤等疾?。?1]。AKT/ NF-κB信號(hào)通路對(duì)肺癌的進(jìn)展發(fā)揮重要作用,是常見(jiàn)的腫瘤治療靶點(diǎn)。mTOR是一種絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,受到AKT/NF-κB調(diào)控,抑制其活化可調(diào)控癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)化[12-14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,冬凌草甲素可以調(diào)節(jié)AKT/NF-κB信號(hào)通路的活性,下調(diào)β-catenin和mTOR表達(dá)。
總之,本研究顯示冬凌草甲素可抑制人肺癌A549和PC-9細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲,其機(jī)制可能與抑制酪氨酸激酶活性有關(guān),今后將進(jìn)一步深入探討其對(duì)腫瘤抑制作用的機(jī)制,為臨床應(yīng)用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。
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(2015-05-29收稿2015-06-24修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of oridonin on invasion of human lung cancer A549 and PC9 cells
WANG Jian1,ZHOU Wen2△,SONG Xiuyu1,XU Wengui1,HUANG Chun3
1 Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2 Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics(Theranostics),School of Pharmacy,Tianjin Medical University;3 Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital△
ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of a nature product derivate oridonin on in?vasion of human lung cancer.MethodsHuman lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines were treated with oridonin.MTS as?say was used to determine cell proliferation.Transwell assay was used to determine the cell invasion,and adhesion assay to determine the cell adhesion.Flow cytometry was used to determine cell cycle.Western blotting and realtime-PCR were used to detect expression levels of CDK1,mTOR,p53,p21,E-cadherin,CD44,β-catenin,uPA,MMP-2/9,p-AKT and p-Src. The luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the NF-κB promoter activity.ResultsIn vitro proliferation,invasion and adhesion of A549 and PC-9 cells were significantly inhibited by oridonin.The cell cycle was halted by G2/M phase,and ex?pressions of E-cadherin,p53 and p21 were promoted,while expressions of CDK1,mTOR,CD44,β-catenin,uPA,MMP-2/ 9,p-AKT and p-Src and promoter activity of NF-κB were down-regulated.ConclusionOridonin is able to inhibit the in vitro invasion of human lung cancer A549 and PC-9 cell lines,which might be correlated with its abilities to regulate the ty?rosine kinase activity.
Rubescensine;lung neoplasms;neoplasm invasiveness;A549;PC-9
R734.2
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.002
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81372467,81101776)
1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院分子影像與核醫(yī)學(xué)診療科、國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心、天津市"腫瘤防治"重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060);2天津市臨床藥物關(guān)鍵技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院;3天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院肺部腫瘤內(nèi)科
王健(1981),男,主管藥師,主要從事藥物化學(xué)方面研究
△通訊作者E-mail:wwbzzl@sina.com