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脊柱多發(fā)硬化性上皮樣纖維肉瘤一例報告

2015-10-14 01:56:58宇堯刁小莉杜心如駱輝徐子
中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2015年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:硬化性胸椎椎板

宇堯 刁小莉 杜心如 駱輝 徐子

脊柱多發(fā)硬化性上皮樣纖維肉瘤一例報告

宇堯 刁小莉 杜心如 駱輝 徐子

脊柱;纖維肉瘤;診斷,鑒別;骨腫瘤;外科手術(shù)

硬化性上皮樣纖維肉瘤 ( sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma,SEF ) 是一種罕見的特殊類型纖維肉瘤[1]。由Meis-Kindblom 等[2]于 1995 年首次報道。迄今國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)共報道 100 余例[3-4]。多發(fā)生在四肢等軟組織,原發(fā)于脊柱骨質(zhì)的 SEF 目前未見報道?,F(xiàn)將我院經(jīng)治的 1 例脊柱多發(fā) SEF 報道如下。

資料與方法

一、一般資料

患者,男,62 歲,因“肩背痛 2 個月,伴雙下肢麻木 1 個月,伴雙下肢無力 6 天”入院。初步診斷為“雙下肢無力麻木原因待查,脊髓病不除外”,收入神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,給予激素及脫水治療,癥狀無好轉(zhuǎn)。入院查體:T5以下感覺減退;雙上肢正常;左下肢肌力 IV 級、右下肢肌力III 級;肌張力高、腱反射活躍、雙側(cè)病理征未引出?;灆z查:CEA 3.47 ng / ml;Ca 2.09 mmol / L。超聲:肝膽胰脾雙腎未見明顯占位病變。 影像學(xué)檢查:頸椎 X 線片示 C2椎板及附件骨質(zhì)破壞;CT 示 C2椎板占位病變,椎管管徑明顯減小;MRI 示 C2椎板附件破壞,腫塊突入椎管,頸髓受壓。胸椎 X 線片示 T1、T4~6多發(fā)性骨質(zhì)破壞;MRI 示胸段 T1、T4~6椎體及附件多發(fā)占位并侵入椎管,胸髓受壓。全身骨顯像示顱骨、右側(cè)第 7、8 肋,雙側(cè)肩胛骨、脊柱、骨盆多發(fā)骨質(zhì)破壞,考慮為惡性病變。初步診斷:頸胸椎多發(fā)骨破壞,脊髓壓迫癥,F(xiàn)rankle 分級D 級,二便失禁。

二、治療

第一期全麻下行胸椎后路腫瘤切除+椎板減壓+椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)中所見,腫瘤侵犯至 T4~6椎板并突入椎管,脊髓硬膜囊受壓。侵蝕骨質(zhì)且局部骨皮質(zhì)膨脹,可見硬化邊緣,未見包膜,腫瘤灰白,大小 7.5 cm× 3.5 cm×3 cm,切面灰白質(zhì)硬,可見部分骨化。將腫瘤完全切除直至正常骨組織內(nèi),侵及軟組織部分切除至正常軟組織內(nèi) 3 cm。第一期術(shù)后 2 周行頸椎后路腫瘤切除+椎板減壓+C1~3椎弓根螺釘+側(cè)塊螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)中所見腫瘤破壞 C2椎板,突入椎管,壓迫頸髓后部,腫瘤肉眼所見同前,術(shù)后患者癥狀減輕、神經(jīng)功能逐步恢復(fù)。第二期手術(shù)范圍同第一期手術(shù)。術(shù)后未行放化療,隨訪 2 年,手術(shù)部位無復(fù)發(fā),F(xiàn)rankle E 級,二便功能恢復(fù),生活自理( 圖 1 )。

圖 1 a~c:術(shù)前胸椎 MRI、頸椎 MRI、頸椎 CT,處為胸椎、頸椎腫物,腫物位于椎板及附件,侵犯椎管,壓迫脊髓;d~g:術(shù)前頸椎、胸椎 X 線片,C2、T1、T4~6多發(fā)性骨質(zhì)破壞;h~k:術(shù)后頸椎、胸椎術(shù)后正側(cè)位 X 線片:可見內(nèi)固定位置良好,術(shù)前軟組織腫物影消失Fig.1 a-c: CT and MRI images before surgical treatment. Theshowed the tumor in the cervical and thoracic vertebra, invading the canal and compressing the spinal cord; d-g: X-ray images of the cervical and thoracic vertebra before surgical treatment, tumors were found in the vertebra of C2, T1and T4-6. h-k: X-ray images of the cervical and thoracic vertebra after surgical treatment: good fxation, preoperative soft tissues disappeared

三、病理結(jié)果

梭形細(xì)胞腫瘤,細(xì)胞密集,腫瘤邊界不清,局部邊緣可見骨殼樣結(jié)構(gòu)形成。細(xì)胞界限清楚,部分呈上皮樣,核分裂象可見。細(xì)胞間可見膠原纖維沉積,軟骨化、骨化,部分區(qū)域可見地圖樣壞死。免疫組化:Vimentin( 3+ ),CD99 ( 3+ ),Bc1-2 ( 2+ ),KI-67-LI ( 密集區(qū)約15%+ ),CD117 部分細(xì)胞胞漿弱陽;SMA ( - ),Desmin( - ),NF ( - ),CgA ( - ),S-100 ( - ),HMB-45 ( - ),CD34 ( - ),EMA ( - ),CK8 ( - ),CK19 ( - ),CK7 ( - ),p53 ( - ),CK ( - ),CK5 ( - ),GFAP ( - ),CD68 ( - ),CD21 ( - ),CD163 ( - ),CD1a ( - ),S-100 ( - )。腫瘤分級:依據(jù) FNCLCC 分級系統(tǒng)[5]評分:胸椎原發(fā)腫瘤免疫組化:Vimentin ( 3+ ),CD99 ( 3+ ),Bc1-2 ( 2+ ),KI-67-LI ( 密集區(qū)約 15%+ ),余均陰性,胸椎原發(fā)腫瘤為 I 級3 分;頸椎原發(fā)腫瘤免疫組化:Vimentin ( 3+ )、Ki-67 指數(shù)密集區(qū)約 15%,余均陰性。為 I 級 2 分,確診:脊柱原發(fā) SEF,惡性程度較低 ( 圖 2 )。

圖 2 a:胸椎病灶病理 ( HE ×10 ):梭形腫瘤細(xì)胞密集,部分呈上皮樣。細(xì)胞間可見膠原纖維沉積;b:頸椎術(shù)后病理圖像( HE ×10 ):短梭形腫瘤細(xì)胞異型性不明顯,密度較大。細(xì)胞間可見膠原纖維沉積,骨化Fig.2 a: Pathology of the case ( H&E stain, ×10 ). The tumor was composed of small to medium size epithelioid cells with pale or clear cytoplasm. The tumor cells were arranged in nests, cords and clusters, and were embedded in dense hyalinized collagenous matrix;b: ( H&E stain, ×10 ). No severe atypia in short spindle cells. The tumor cells were also embedded in dense hyalinized collagenous matrix. Collagen deposition and ossifcation were showed

討 論

SEF 形態(tài)特殊,病理組織學(xué)特點為硬化膠原間質(zhì)中上皮樣腫瘤細(xì)胞呈巢狀或條索狀分布, 類似于分化差的癌、硬化性淋巴瘤或滑膜肉瘤。WHO 軟組織腫瘤分類將其歸為纖維母細(xì)胞 / 肌纖維母細(xì)胞腫瘤[6]。過去認(rèn)為其是低級別變異型纖維肉瘤,但其復(fù)發(fā)率和致死率高,現(xiàn)認(rèn)為其是高級別腫瘤[7]。成年人多見,中位年齡 45 歲[8],男性略多[9]。常位于四肢深部臨近筋膜、骨膜及神經(jīng)膜的肌肉組織,極少侵犯骨骼及皮下組織[10]。多位于下肢、軀干、上肢、頭頸等部[11-12],少數(shù)也可累及額骨、骶骨、顱內(nèi)、垂體、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、鼻腔、盲腸、腹腔、腹膜后、腎臟、盆腔、卵巢、陰莖根部[13-20]。文獻(xiàn)中尚無累及頸椎及胸椎引起脊髓壓迫癥的報道。平均病程 33 個月,主要表現(xiàn)為局部包塊及疼痛[11]。發(fā)生機制尚不明確[21]。可能與電離輻射有關(guān)[21],纖維母細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閻盒阅[瘤細(xì)胞時抑癌基因 p53、RB[22]及原癌基因 MDM2、CDK4 發(fā)生了改變,MDM2 過度表達(dá),其產(chǎn)物與 p53 結(jié)合抑制了 p53 進(jìn)入胞核并使 p53 泛素化喪失抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的能力。CDK4 使RB 磷酸化而失活,導(dǎo)致 G1 期 -S 期失控,細(xì)胞呈腫瘤性生長[22-23]。

SEF 無特殊影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),易與其它腫瘤混淆。X 線片常為均勻低密度影,囊性變、小鈣化灶及化生骨少見。溶骨性骨破壞時[24],惡性程度低病灶邊界清楚且規(guī)則,惡性程度高病灶邊界模糊不規(guī)則并侵犯周圍軟組織。因病灶中膠原成分多細(xì)胞成分少,所以 CT、MRI 上常表現(xiàn)為低密度低信號影。腫瘤分化程度不同增強后腫塊內(nèi)強化的程度也不同,對于難以鑒別的病例可采用增強 CT、MRI。

SEF 的確診主要依靠病理學(xué)表現(xiàn),其最主要病理學(xué)特點為免疫組化僅 Vimeintn 陽性余均陰性。腫瘤一般1~25 cm 大小,平均 8.3 cm[5]。邊界清楚,結(jié)節(jié)狀或分葉狀,質(zhì)硬,無包膜或一層假包膜,切面灰白,可見黏液樣區(qū)及囊性變,壞死鈣化少見,邊緣可見化生樣骨組織。鏡下可見上皮樣細(xì)胞周圍有大量玻璃樣硬化膠原纖維,可表現(xiàn)骨樣、軟骨樣或黏液樣變。瘤細(xì)胞呈上皮樣,中等大小,呈圓形、卵圓形、多邊形或梭形,以條索狀、巢狀或腺泡狀分布。胞漿透亮或淡嗜酸性。核呈圓形、卵圓形或不規(guī)則形,淡染,仁居中,體積小,染色質(zhì)均勻,分裂象少見[2,8],異形型不明顯,僅在細(xì)胞豐富區(qū)域可見,無瘤巨細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞少間質(zhì)多區(qū)域,呈纖維瘤樣改變;細(xì)胞多間質(zhì)少區(qū)域,可見經(jīng)典纖維肉瘤或黏液纖維肉瘤及結(jié)節(jié)狀排列圖像。有時可見鈣化及血管外皮瘤樣血管。腫瘤壞死少見,可表現(xiàn)為小灶凝固性壞死[2,8]或大片壞死[17]。腫瘤組織可浸潤周圍的軟組織、血管、骨骼。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移少見,Antonescu 等[11]報道 1 例廣泛腋下淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 ( 20 / 22 )。本例為多發(fā)骨破壞,未發(fā)現(xiàn)其它部位病灶,由于頸椎及胸椎病灶分級有一定差別,可能均為原發(fā)病灶,其它骨病灶為轉(zhuǎn)移所致。免疫組織化學(xué)僅 Vimentin 呈強陽性,CD30、CD31、CD45、CD56、CD57、CD68、SMA、GFAP、LCA、CK7、Desmin、MyoD1、Mygenin、AE1 / AE3、結(jié)蛋白、FVIII Rag、actin 及 HMB-45 等均為陰性[17-25]。有報道 Bcl-2、細(xì)胞角蛋白、CD34、CD99、CK、MDM2、p53、CAM5.2、MiC2、Fli-1、β2- 微球蛋白、EMA、CK、S-100、NSE、Fascin、INI-1[17-26]可呈陽性或局灶陽性。細(xì)胞增殖活性低,MIB-1 平均指數(shù)約為5%。腫瘤增生標(biāo)記物 PCNA、Ki-67 與預(yù)后無關(guān)[2]。本例符合上述特點。

本病發(fā)生于脊柱,應(yīng)與以下幾種疾病相鑒別。( 1 )脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌:癌癥病史,細(xì)胞異型性明顯、核分裂象多見,SEF 特征性富細(xì)胞區(qū)排列形態(tài)少見,CK ( + );( 2 ) 上皮樣平滑肌肉瘤:細(xì)胞異型性明顯,核分裂象多見。免疫組化表達(dá) CD31、CD34、keratin、EMA、SMA、MSA、desmin 和結(jié)蛋白;( 3 ) 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)孤立性纖維瘤( solitary fibrous tumor,SFT ):間質(zhì)膠原形態(tài)多樣,腫瘤細(xì)胞缺乏典型的巢狀或腺泡狀排列,常表達(dá) CD99、Bcl-2 且CD34 表達(dá)較 SEF 彌漫;( 4 ) 滑膜肉瘤 ( synovial sarcoma,SS ):常有雙向分化,大多數(shù)表達(dá)多種 CK ( 包括 AE1 / AE3、CK7、CK19 等 ),可彌漫表達(dá) Bcl-2[27];( 5 ) 低級別纖維黏液樣肉瘤:當(dāng) SEF 出現(xiàn)纖維瘤樣和黏液變性區(qū)域時,類似于低級別纖維黏液樣肉瘤,但后者瘤細(xì)胞沒有上皮樣細(xì)胞的特征;( 6 ) 骨外骨肉瘤:SEF 玻璃樣間質(zhì)類似于骨肉瘤的未成熟性骨樣組織,但骨肉瘤的骨樣組織有基質(zhì)硬化現(xiàn)象,多能看到較成熟的骨樣組織或骨組織,常伴有惡性軟骨組織,且肉瘤細(xì)胞多形性、異型性較明顯,核分裂象易見,并表達(dá) Oteocalcin;( 7 ) 硬化性淋巴瘤:包括霍奇金淋巴瘤及非霍奇金淋巴瘤:表達(dá) CD45 或存在典型的 R-S 細(xì)胞,本病 LCA ( - ),可幫助鑒別診斷。

目前,手術(shù)是治療本病的惟一手段,應(yīng)徹底切除腫瘤并盡可能擴大切除。術(shù)后放療及化療能否減低復(fù)發(fā)率還不明確。雖然 SEF 生物學(xué)行為表現(xiàn)為低度惡性,但隨著病程延長可進(jìn)展為高度惡性[27]。如果表現(xiàn)為體積大、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)、細(xì)胞異型性明顯、核分裂活躍、伴有大片壞死、骨及腦脊髓侵犯,提示惡性程度高,預(yù)后不佳[28]。Meis-Kindblom 等[2]報道的 25 例中,復(fù)發(fā)率、轉(zhuǎn)移率、死亡率分別為 53%、43%、25%。Chow 等[27]總結(jié)的 44 例隨訪資料中,復(fù)發(fā)率、轉(zhuǎn)移率及死亡率分別為 48%、60% 和35%。Antonescu 等[11]報道的 16 例中,復(fù)發(fā)率、轉(zhuǎn)移率、病死率甚至達(dá)到了 50%、86%、57%,但這可能與腫瘤較大和位于顱內(nèi)等有關(guān)。Ossendorf 等[8]報道超過 27% 的患者初診時即發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。本例脊柱 ( 頸椎、胸椎 ) SEF患者術(shù)后未進(jìn)行放化療,隨訪 2 年,無復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移,生活能自理。

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( 本文編輯:王萌 )

Multiple sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma in the spine: 1 case report

YU Yao, DIAO Xiao-li, DU Xin-ru, LUO Hui, XU Zi-yu. Department of Orthopedics, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing,100020, PRC

DU Xin-ru, Email: duxinru@163.com

Objective To study pathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma ( SEF ). Methods Clinical manifestations, pathological morphology,immunohistochemical staining, and treatment of cervicothoracic vertebrae SEF in 1 patient were analyzed with related literature review. Results The case ( male, 62-year-old ) of cervicothoracic vertebrae SEF was frst reported. Primary tumors located in cervical vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae, inducing spinal cord compression. A large amount of irregular cord-like trabecular collagen was found in tumors. Rarefaction of tumor cells and spindle cells around the collagen was observed, among which were epithelial cells. Calcifcation and ossifcation were found in certain areas of the tumor. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumors were positive in Vimentin ( 3+ ), CD99 ( 3+ ),Bcl-2 ( 2+ ), KI-67-LI ( 15%+ ), while negative in SMA, Desmin, NF, CgA, S-100, HMB-45, CD34, EMA, CK8,CK19, CK7, p53, CK, CK5, GFAP, CD68, CD21, CD163, CD1a and S-100. Conclusions SEF is an extremely rare type of fibrosarcoma. It can be confirmed by pathological examination and immunohistochemical study. Surgical treatment is the main option.

Spine; Fibrosarcoma; Diagnosis, differential; Bone neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative

10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2015.12.020

R738.1

100020 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院骨科 ( 宇堯、杜心如、駱輝、徐子),病理科 ( 刁小莉 )

杜心如,Email: duxinru@163.com

2015-02-28 )

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