葛振嶸,李秀芬,姜述斌,李嵐,馬駿,徐風燕
甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯13例診治分析
葛振嶸,李秀芬,姜述斌,李嵐,馬駿,徐風燕
甲狀腺功能減退非緩慢性心律失常的常見病因,其引起的緩慢性心律失常常表現為竇性心動過緩或Ⅰ度房室傳導阻滯,引起高度房室傳導阻滯較為罕見。本文回顧性分析了13例甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯患者的臨床資料,就其機制、臨床表現和治療進行了探討,認為甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯的治療應以積極改善甲狀腺功能為主,并動態(tài)觀察心律,可取得良好預后。
房室傳導阻滯;甲狀腺功能減退癥;診斷;治療
葛振嶸,李秀芬,姜述斌,等.甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯13例診治分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2015,18(32):3991-3993.[www.chinagp.net]
Ge ZR,Li XF,Jiang SB,et al.Analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of 13 patients with intermittent high degree atrioventricular block induced by hypothyroidism[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(32):3991-3993.
引起高度房室傳導阻滯的原因有心肌缺血[1-3]、傳導系統(tǒng)退化、心臟手術[4-5]及藥物中毒[6-9]等,甲狀腺功能減退引起緩慢性心律失常臨床較為少見,且多表現為竇性心動過緩或Ⅰ度房室傳導阻滯[10],高度房室傳導阻滯報道較少[11-13]。本文報道了13例甲狀腺功能減退引起高度房室傳導阻滯患者,探討其可能的機制及治療策略。
2009年1月—2014年1月新疆醫(yī)科大學附屬中醫(yī)醫(yī)院診斷為甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯患者13例,其中女9例,男4例;年齡33~76歲,平均年齡(59.3 ±12.8)歲。臨床表現為畏寒、少汗、倦怠、少語、動作遲緩、記憶力減退、心悸、氣促、胸悶、頭暈、乏力等不同癥狀。
結合患者癥狀,經甲狀腺功能檢查〔血清總甲狀腺素(TT4,參考值66~181 nmol/L)、三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(TT3,參考值1.3~3.1 nmol/L)、游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3,參考值3.1~6.8 pmol/L)、游離甲狀腺素(FT4,參考值12.0~22.0 pmol/L)、促甲狀腺素(TSH,參考值0.3~4.2 mU/L)、抗甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb,參考值<34 U/ml)〕及促甲狀腺激素釋放激素(TRH)興奮試驗,診斷為原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能減退,其中血清TSH水平增高、TT4、FT4水平降低為診斷必備指標,TPOAb陽性可考慮甲狀腺功能減退的病因為自身免疫性甲狀腺炎。心電圖或動態(tài)心電圖檢查示間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯(高度房室傳導阻滯指房室傳導比超過2∶1,表現為3∶1、4∶1或5∶1等)。排除心肌梗死、電解質異常、洋地黃中毒、血管迷走神經性暈厥及應用β受體阻滯劑者。13例患者臨床資料見表1。
患者因高度房室傳導阻滯均建議行永久心臟起搏器植入術,但因無明顯癥狀或經濟原因等均拒絕接受該治療?;颊唛L期口服左旋甲狀腺素鈉片,起始劑量25~50μg/d,每1~2周增加25μg,直至甲狀腺功能指標達參考值。患者2~4周后畏寒、倦怠等癥狀減輕,10~12周不適癥狀消失,甲狀腺功能恢復正常。6個月后隨訪動態(tài)心電圖未出現間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯。
表1 13例甲狀腺功能減退致間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯患者臨床資料Table 1 Clinical data of the 13 patients with intermittent high degree atrioventricular block induced by hypothyroidism
2.1機制原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能減退占成人甲狀腺功能減退的90%~95%,是由甲狀腺本身疾病、甲狀腺手術和甲狀腺功能亢進131I治療等原因引起甲狀腺素合成、分泌不足或生物效應低下所致的內分泌疾病。目前認為,70%~80%甲狀腺功能減退患者合并心血管病變。甲狀腺功能減退患者細胞間質黏蛋白和黏多糖沉積,而Na+-K+-ATP酶活性降低,清除黏多糖障礙,致使心肌細胞腫脹、缺血、變形、壞死,肌漿纖維斷裂且有空泡和退行灶,細胞間質及細胞內水腫,出現心臟電傳導異常,甲狀腺功能減退時心輸出量和心臟指數降低,增加了心臟傳導系統(tǒng)缺血性損傷,從而出現傳導阻滯。甲狀腺功能減退使心肌細胞對腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素的敏感性下降,加之耗氧量減少及代謝率降低,出現房室傳導阻滯。
2.2臨床表現甲狀腺功能減退起病隱匿,臨床表現多樣,特別是早期臨床表現缺乏特異性,易造成誤診和漏診。部分患者甲狀腺功能減退導致心臟形態(tài)、結構、功能及傳導出現異常而引起心肌收縮力減弱、心排血量和外周血流量減少等一系列癥狀和體征的甲狀腺功能減退性心臟病的臨床表現,一般心血管系統(tǒng)癥狀有心悸、胸悶、呼吸困難、心包積液及心功能不全,實驗室檢查出現高脂血癥、心肌酶譜升高。
2.3治療高度房室傳導阻滯包括Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室傳導阻滯及Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯,是行永久心臟起搏器植入術的絕對適應證。甲狀腺功能減退造成高度房室傳導阻滯并不常見[14],有報道指出,該原因造成的高度房室傳導阻滯是可逆的,給予左旋甲狀腺素鈉片后可恢復[15];嚴重甲狀腺功能減退引起的房室傳導阻滯,至正常竇性心律的逆轉通常需數天到數周[16];部分患者在甲狀腺功能恢復正常后仍需行永久起搏器植入術[15]。
本研究分析了甲狀腺功能減退引起的間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯的診治過程,體現了臨床工作中對病因進行治療的重要性。由于竇性停搏和間歇性高度房室傳導阻滯是永久性心臟起搏器植入術的適應證,臨床醫(yī)生通常會積極給予患者安裝永久起搏器治療。但本研究隨訪發(fā)現,患者甲狀腺功能恢復正常后緩慢性心律失常也逐漸消失。因此,對于甲狀腺功能減退引起的緩慢性心律失常,若癥狀不明顯,應積極使甲狀腺功能恢復正常,后密切隨訪觀察動態(tài)心電圖。
本研究患者根據TRH興奮試驗排除中樞性甲狀腺功能減退,經甲狀腺功能檢查診斷為原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能減退,給予長期口服左旋甲狀腺素鈉片治療后,患者多種癥狀逐漸消失。依據2008年美國心臟病學會(ACC)/美國心臟聯合會(AHA)/美國心律學會(HRS)指南[17],患者均應接受永久起搏器植入術。但2013年歐洲心臟病學會(ESC)相關指南新增部分也指出,無癥狀性停搏(竇性停搏或房室傳導阻滯)永久起搏器植入術應考慮用于有暈厥史、無癥狀性停搏>6 s的患者[18]。本研究患者病因去除后心律恢復正常,只需繼續(xù)目前治療,長期隨訪監(jiān)測甲狀腺功能和動態(tài)心電圖,無需行永久起搏器植入術治療。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
Analysis of the Diagnosis and Treatm ent of 13 PatientsW ith Interm ittent High Degree Atrioventricular Block Induced by Hypothyroidism
GE Zhen-rong,LI Xiu-fen,JIANG Shu-bin,et al.CCU,Chinese Medical Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi830000,China
Hypothyroidism is an uncommon cause for chronic arrhythmia,and it oftenmanifests as tachycardia or first-degree atrioventricular block,and it is rare in causing high degree atrioventricular block.The paper made a retrospective analysis of 13 cases of intermittent high degree atrioventricular block induced by hypothyroidism and investigated themechanism,clinicalmanifestations and treatment of the disease.We suggested that the patients with intermittent high degree atrioventricular block caused by hypothyroidism should be primarily given active treatment to improve thyroid function and the rhythm of heart should be dynamically observed,so that favorable prognosis could be generated.
Atrioventricular block;Hypothyroidism;Diagnosis;Therapy
R 541.76 R 581.2
D
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.32.023
830000新疆烏魯木齊市,新疆醫(yī)科大學附屬中醫(yī)醫(yī)院CCU
姜述斌,830000新疆烏魯木齊市,新疆醫(yī)科大學附屬中醫(yī)醫(yī)院CCU;E-mail:13565852840@139.com
2015-03-18;
2015-07-27)