董志友
(黑龍江外國語學(xué)院英語系,哈爾濱 150025)
國內(nèi)外對于轉(zhuǎn)述語的研究已歷時(shí)四十余年,研究的焦點(diǎn)多集中于轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞研究及跨語言對比研究。本文以巴赫金[1]281對話性和多聲性觀點(diǎn)為理論基礎(chǔ),重點(diǎn)討論英文學(xué)術(shù)論文作者在學(xué)術(shù)論文中如何通過各種不同的信息來源實(shí)現(xiàn)多種聲音的互動(dòng),從而有利于作者提出并證明自己的觀點(diǎn),贏得同行和讀者的支持。
綜合 Thompson[2]501—530的五分法和辛斌[3]146的三分法,本文把轉(zhuǎn)述語的信息來源分為:自我信息來源(self source)、明確的他人信息來源(specified other source)、非明確的他人信息來源(unspecified other source)和無法辨明出處的信息來源(unspecifiable source)。
在以上轉(zhuǎn)述信息來源分類的基礎(chǔ)上,本文以2013年到2015年間英語國家權(quán)威的學(xué)術(shù)期刊The Modern Language Journal,Cognitive Science,Journal of Linguistic Anthropology,International Journal of Applied Linguistics中的學(xué)術(shù)論文為語料,具體分析英文學(xué)術(shù)論文中轉(zhuǎn)述語各種不同信息來源的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式。
自我信息來源是指學(xué)術(shù)論文作者轉(zhuǎn)述自己話語的現(xiàn)象,往往作者會(huì)在句中使用第一人稱代詞,具體可采取以下結(jié)構(gòu):I/We+V.(轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞)+that clause;I/We+V.(轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞)+to infinitive;my/our+N.(轉(zhuǎn)述名詞)+that clause等。如:
(1)We believe that the accumulated knowledge on these topics is now so robust and extensive that it cannot be disregarded.
(2)We consider this to be an important implication of the available evidence on language and thought,which to date has received little attention.
(3)It is our belief that the current combination of theoretical frameworks is necessary to ferret out the semantic complexity of the domain of motion and thus the different motion event components that the L2 learner would need to master in order to behave in a target-like fashion.
轉(zhuǎn)述自我話語表明作者愿意為所持論點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性和正確與否承擔(dān)責(zé)任,對自我觀點(diǎn)擁有自信,這就容易使人相信其科學(xué)性和可信性,從而增加其學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。
明確的他人信息來源是指在轉(zhuǎn)述話語中明確地指出被轉(zhuǎn)述話語發(fā)出者為轉(zhuǎn)述者之外的人,并明確地指出被轉(zhuǎn)述話語發(fā)出者的姓名或身份的情況[4]151。明確的他人信息來源可表現(xiàn)為:sb+V.(轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞)+that clause;sb's+N.(轉(zhuǎn)述名詞);according to sb/sb's+N.;或者被轉(zhuǎn)述者相關(guān)信息在括號(hào)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)等情況,如:
(4)Cartwright(2007)argued that our causal knowledge is rife with Markov violations and,therefore,concluded that Bayes nets do not adequately express causal knowledge.
(5)Herodotus's view on language and thought,however,did not go unchallenged,as other scholars would posit that language is but a tool to talk about reality,and does not influence our experience of it(for historical accounts,see Fishman,1980;Koerner,2002).
(6)According to Whorf's(1956)Principle of Linguistic Relativity,speakers of different languages are pointed by their grammars toward different acts of evaluation of reality and must therefore arrive at somewhat different worldviews.
(7)By comparison,taking two massive contemporary grammars,motion is not numbered among the nine semantic domains for verbs inThe Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English(Biber et al.,1999)nor does it form a meaning system in Halliday's functional grammar(Halliday & Matthiessen,2013).
在學(xué)術(shù)論文轉(zhuǎn)述中采用明確的他人信息來源,表明學(xué)術(shù)論文作者了解該學(xué)科研究動(dòng)態(tài)和他人的研究成果,使自己的文章更具有學(xué)術(shù)性。學(xué)術(shù)論文作者可以通過批駁這種轉(zhuǎn)述信息來源觀點(diǎn),從而為提出自己不同的觀點(diǎn)作為基礎(chǔ),為自己贏得有利的學(xué)術(shù)空間。學(xué)術(shù)論文作者還可以通過轉(zhuǎn)述與自己相同或相近的觀點(diǎn)來證明或支持自己的觀點(diǎn),這一方面可以使自己的論證更加有力,同時(shí)還可以增強(qiáng)自己文章的科學(xué)性,便于學(xué)術(shù)論文作者進(jìn)一步展開論述。
非明確的他人信息來源是指用非定指名詞、名詞短語或代詞來作為被轉(zhuǎn)述人的轉(zhuǎn)述語言現(xiàn)象。雖然沒有用某人的具體名字來作為消息來源,但很多時(shí)候會(huì)用職業(yè)等來表示,如:
(7)More specifically,as some theorists would argue,“breakthrough”or“radical”innovation comes from good concepts that are also very new(Boden,2004).
(8)Nevertheless,few researchers have tackled the issue of whether there is a threshold level that pupils should have attained before optimally benefiting from CLIL classes(Muoz 2010),although the issue has been addressed in reference to university immersion and study abroad contexts.
英文學(xué)術(shù)論文中采用非明確的他人信息來源,可能主要是因?yàn)樗婕暗降霓D(zhuǎn)述內(nèi)容并非起到關(guān)鍵性作用,而只是為作者觀點(diǎn)作為旁證,因此轉(zhuǎn)述信息來源到底是誰并不重要。但是論文作者為了表明轉(zhuǎn)述內(nèi)容的真實(shí)與權(quán)威性,往往會(huì)指出轉(zhuǎn)述信息來源的職業(yè)或身份,如上述兩例中的“theorists”和“researchers”等。
無法辨明出處的信息來源可以通過被動(dòng)式、模糊話語、或無法辨明來源的語法結(jié)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn),具體有:It is/was+v-ed(轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞)+that clause;There is/was/has been+n.(轉(zhuǎn)述名詞)+about sth/that clause;The suggestion/explanation/assumption+is/was/would be+that clause等。有時(shí)還會(huì)用到alleged,allegedly,supposedly等形容詞或副詞。如:
(9)It is argued that the centrality of motion in everyday human life,in combination with the vast cross-linguistic variation in motion construal,makes motion events a suitable topic for SLA research,both in terms of ecological validity and learnability challenge.
(10)In light of this,one possible explanation of the local/incremental character of conceptual search supported by FAR ANALOGY might be that many of the far analogies were insufficiently“far”from previously considered concepts.
(11)In philosophy,there has been a debate about the validity of the Markov condition.
(12)Hence native Irish speakers—whose allegedly distinct linguistic worldview we,after all,are trying to reconstruct within competing hypothetical arguments about linguistic relativity—are actually much less likely to think of a“fort of the foreigners”when talking of“Dún na nGall”than any person who acquires I-rish as a second language.
采用無法辨明出處的信息來源表明作者不知道信息的確切來源,或者有意遮掩已知的信息來源來對其進(jìn)行保護(hù)或保全對方的面子,或者信息究竟來源于哪里并不重要。不過不得不承認(rèn),無法辨明信息來源的轉(zhuǎn)述往往會(huì)讓讀者懷疑其可靠性和真實(shí)性。學(xué)術(shù)論文作者之所以這樣來寫,一方面可能是要保護(hù)相關(guān)的信息來源;另一方面也可能是這樣的信息來源根本不存在,作者這樣寫僅僅是為了增強(qiáng)論文的真實(shí)性和可靠性而編造出來的。
綜合以上討論可見,英文學(xué)術(shù)論文作者在學(xué)術(shù)論文中常常通過自我信息來源明確地提出自己的觀點(diǎn),或運(yùn)用明確的他人信息來源證明和支持自己的觀點(diǎn)或用以提出反面觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行批駁以便于自己立論,或借助非明確的他人信息來源對文中的論點(diǎn)加以旁證,或采取無法辨明出處的信息來源來隱去信息來源的具體身份從而既保護(hù)對方又對文中觀點(diǎn)提供佐證。這些不同信息來源的轉(zhuǎn)述在學(xué)術(shù)論文中相互作用,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了多種不同聲音的對話,構(gòu)建了立體的科學(xué)空間,增強(qiáng)了論文的科學(xué)性和有效性。
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(責(zé)任編輯:劉東旭)