王芳,王建國(guó),張錫忠△
王芳1,王建國(guó)2,張錫忠2△
目的 通過錐形束CT(CBCT)影像進(jìn)行交互式醫(yī)學(xué)影像控制系統(tǒng)(Mimics)的三維重建,為臨床矯治中切牙唇傾角度控制及正頜手術(shù)中骨塊移動(dòng)量設(shè)計(jì)提供理論參考。方法 對(duì)30例采用正畸-正頜聯(lián)合治療的成人骨性Ⅲ類患者正畸去代償前后分別拍攝CBCT,使用Mimics 10.01軟件對(duì)前牙進(jìn)行三維重建并以釉牙骨質(zhì)界分離牙冠和牙根,分別測(cè)量正畸去代償前后的上下切牙唇傾角度及牙根體積。通過統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法得出正畸去代償前后牙根體積變化量與唇傾角度變化量之間的量化關(guān)系。結(jié)果 上下切牙牙根體積在去代償后發(fā)生了明顯減小,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;不同性別及不同牙位牙根體積的變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;當(dāng)切牙唇傾角度變化量達(dá)到7°及以上時(shí),牙根體積的改變量與唇傾角度改變量之間存在線性關(guān)系并滿足=-21.416+5.618X。結(jié)論 成人骨性Ⅲ類錯(cuò)正畸去代償后當(dāng)前牙唇傾角度發(fā)生7°及以上的變化時(shí)切牙牙根發(fā)生明顯吸收。
錯(cuò),安氏Ⅲ類;體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);圖像處理,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助;牙根吸收;唇傾角度
冠轉(zhuǎn)矩的改變是導(dǎo)致牙根吸收的因素之一[1],前牙冠轉(zhuǎn)矩的改變直觀表現(xiàn)為唇傾角度的改變。正畸-正頜聯(lián)合治療的骨性Ⅲ類患者在正畸去代償過程中,上下前牙唇傾角度發(fā)生較大改變,牙根吸收的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大,但兩者之間的量化關(guān)系還少有相關(guān)研究[2]。牙根吸收程度多是以長(zhǎng)度變化為基準(zhǔn)[3],但早期牙根吸收往往表現(xiàn)為體積減小。本研究以正畸去代償前后錐形束CT(CBCT)影像為基礎(chǔ),利用交互式醫(yī)學(xué)影像控制系統(tǒng)(Materialise's interactive medi?cal image control system,Mimics)10.01進(jìn)行三維重建,測(cè)出上下頜切牙正畸去代償后,牙根體積的變化及唇傾角度的變化[4],以最大程度地減少牙根吸收的發(fā)生,并為正頜手術(shù)中骨塊移動(dòng)量的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考依據(jù)[5]。
1.1 一般資料 選取2007年5月—2014年2月就診于天津市口腔醫(yī)院正畸科成人患者30例作為研究對(duì)象,其中男13例,女17例。同時(shí)符合以下納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)ANB<-4°,正畸正頜聯(lián)合治療。(2)正頜手術(shù)均采用單頜手術(shù),術(shù)式均為下頜升支矢狀劈開截骨術(shù)。(3)牙列完整,前牙無(wú)明顯擁擠、扭轉(zhuǎn)及近中傾斜,牙根形態(tài)基本正常。(4)術(shù)前正畸采用MBT直絲弓矯治技術(shù),采用3M Unitek金屬托槽、不拔牙矯治,全程輕力,術(shù)前正畸治療平均療程8.7個(gè)月。
1.2 方法 研究對(duì)象在正畸去代償前后均拍攝CBCT(DCT?PRO-45型錐形束CT),掃描參數(shù)為管電壓90 kV、管電流60 mA,掃描時(shí)間24 s,掃描頻率36 kHz,層厚0.1~0.3 mm。拍攝體位:患者取端坐位,使眶耳平面與地面平行,上下牙列輕閉于牙尖交錯(cuò)位,上下唇自然閉合,見圖1。所有研究對(duì)象均由天津市口腔醫(yī)院放射科同一醫(yī)師同一臺(tái)錐形束CT進(jìn)行圖像采集。圖像以DICOM格式醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)字圖像通訊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存儲(chǔ),采用Mimics 10.01軟件讀取,通過閾值分割、區(qū)域增長(zhǎng)等對(duì)上下切牙進(jìn)行三維模型重建(閾值1 593~3 071,層厚0.3 mm),見圖2a、b,以釉牙骨質(zhì)界為界分割出牙根并計(jì)算每個(gè)牙根體積,見圖3。讀取原始圖像測(cè)出治療前和治療后前牙唇傾角度,其中上頜前牙唇傾角度為上切牙牙體長(zhǎng)軸與前顱底平面的夾角,見圖4a,下前牙的唇傾角度為下切牙牙體長(zhǎng)軸與下頜平面的夾角,見圖4b。所有測(cè)量工作均由同一醫(yī)師在2周內(nèi)完成,所有測(cè)量項(xiàng)目均3次測(cè)量并取平均值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,治療前后數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。不同性別以及不同牙位的切牙牙根體積變化量分別進(jìn)行配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)和單因素方差分析。牙根體積變化量與唇傾角度的變化量進(jìn)行回歸分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Fig.1 Sketch for posture of shot圖1 拍攝體位示意圖
Fig.2 Sketch for three-dimensional reconstruction of incisor圖2 三維模型重建示意圖
Fig.3 Sketch for root segmentation and volumetric measurement圖3 牙根分割及體積測(cè)量示意圖
Fig.4 Sketch for measurement of incisor's inclination degree圖4 切牙唇傾角度測(cè)量示意圖
2.1 去代償前后牙根體積的改變 上下前牙牙根體積在去代償后發(fā)生了明顯減小,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1 Statistical comparison of incisor root volume befor and after treatment表1 治療前后牙根體積比較(n=30,mm3,±s)
Tab.1 Statistical comparison of incisor root volume befor and after treatment表1 治療前后牙根體積比較(n=30,mm3,±s)
**P<0.01
治療時(shí)間去代償前去代償后t治療時(shí)間去代償前去代償后t右上中切牙237.66±25.29 211.23±25.57 11.852**左下中切牙207.71±22.48 180.45±20.97 13.775**右上側(cè)切牙231.75±21.21 205.97±22.80 11.070**左下側(cè)切牙210.23±21.57 184.46±22.29 11.559**左上中切牙237.14±24.22 216.88±27.99 8.569**右下中切牙210.45±22.21 187.29±23.23 10.379**左上側(cè)切牙231.69±23.45 207.19±26.39 10.984**右下側(cè)切牙211.87±20.91 189.12±21.74 9.378**
2.2 不同性別及不同牙位的牙根體積改變 男性牙根吸收體積變化量為(25.41±14.52)mm3,女性為(23.29±8.63)mm3,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.321,P>0.05)。右上中切牙、右上側(cè)切牙、左上中切牙、左上側(cè)切牙、左下中切牙、左下側(cè)切牙、右下中切牙、右下側(cè)切牙牙根體積變化量分別為(26.42±12.21)、(25.78±12.75)、(20.26±12.95)、(24.50±12.21)、(27.24±10.83)、(25.80±12.02)、(23.16±12.22)、(22.74±13.28)mm3,不同牙位牙根體積的減少差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=1.055,P>0.05)。
2.3 牙根體積的吸收量與唇傾角度改變量的關(guān)系 當(dāng)前牙唇傾角度改變量在7°以下時(shí),牙根體積的改變量與唇傾角度改變量之間沒有明確的關(guān)系,見圖5a;當(dāng)唇傾角度變化量達(dá)到7°及以上時(shí),兩者之間存在線性關(guān)系,見圖5b,兩者之間關(guān)系滿足=-21.416+5.618X。
Fig.5 Sketch for scatter diagram of two variance圖5 牙根體積改變量與唇傾角度變化量散點(diǎn)圖
3.1 CBCT三維定量測(cè)量牙體體積的精確性 牙根吸收是正畸治療較為常見的并發(fā)癥之一,多表現(xiàn)為牙根表面不規(guī)則的、三維立體的牙體組織吸收[6]。傳統(tǒng)的影像學(xué)診斷多以頭顱側(cè)位、曲面斷層等二維方法評(píng)估牙根吸收的量。近年來隨著CBCT在口腔領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,使得觀察正畸過程中牙根吸收的精確性大大提高,但仍然應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)的二維診斷指標(biāo),例如測(cè)量牙根長(zhǎng)度。對(duì)牙根吸收的診斷,三維定量的測(cè)量方法顯然優(yōu)于二維定性或者半定量的方法[7],因?yàn)檠栏詹粌H表現(xiàn)為長(zhǎng)度的變化,更多的是體積的改變。有學(xué)者用CBCT與Micro-CT對(duì)相同樣本牙體體積進(jìn)行在體和離體測(cè)量,測(cè)量結(jié)果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[8]。CBCT對(duì)在體牙進(jìn)行三維體積測(cè)量的穩(wěn)定性和重復(fù)性很好,精確度很高。因此,本研究以CBCT三維重建模型為基礎(chǔ)測(cè)量正畸去代償前后牙根體積的變化以及唇傾角度的變化,研究成人骨性Ⅲ類這一錯(cuò)畸形群體在術(shù)前正畸去代償過程中切牙牙根吸收與唇傾角度變化的線性關(guān)系。
3.2 唇傾角度改變與牙根吸收 Bartley等[1]研究表明冠轉(zhuǎn)矩是導(dǎo)致牙根吸收的比較明確的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素。高轉(zhuǎn)矩的表達(dá)比低轉(zhuǎn)矩的表達(dá)更容易導(dǎo)致牙根吸收且根尖部吸收要大于牙頸部以及根中,但并未明確兩者之間的量化關(guān)系。由于冠轉(zhuǎn)矩的定義為牙體長(zhǎng)軸與平面的交角,但正畸治療后平面會(huì)發(fā)生變化,而前牙冠轉(zhuǎn)矩改變直觀表現(xiàn)為前牙唇傾角度的改變,唇傾角度的測(cè)量又以牙體長(zhǎng)軸與前顱底平面和下頜平面的交角為準(zhǔn),解剖位置穩(wěn)定且重復(fù)性較好,減少了因平面發(fā)生變化帶來的實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差。本研究結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)唇傾角度變化達(dá)到7°及以上時(shí)牙根體積發(fā)生了較為明顯的減小,且兩者之間存在明顯線性關(guān)系,可能是由于唇傾角度變化較大時(shí),根尖在基骨中移動(dòng)的距離較大,加之骨性Ⅲ類錯(cuò)下頜的牙槽骨相對(duì)高、窄,根尖容易碰到骨皮質(zhì),導(dǎo)致牙根吸收[9]。由于牙根吸收是多因素導(dǎo)致的,目前病理機(jī)制尚未清楚[10]。本研究選取的研究對(duì)象在矯治器、矯治力量、矯治時(shí)間、組牙選擇上一致,盡量避免其他干擾因素的影響,得出唇傾角度變化與牙根吸收的量化關(guān)系,可信度較高。但關(guān)于牙根不同區(qū)段以及不同表面的吸收是否存在差異還有待后續(xù)進(jìn)一步研究。
3.3 不同牙位以及性別的影響 由于不同區(qū)段牙齒牙根的形態(tài)不同,在相同的力值、轉(zhuǎn)矩作用下牙根發(fā)生吸收情況不盡相同[11],本研究只選取上下切牙為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)不同牙位通過統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析顯示上下頜之間、中切牙與側(cè)切牙之間牙根吸收不存在差異。并認(rèn)為骨性Ⅲ類錯(cuò)畸形上下切牙牙根吸收不存在性別差異。
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(2014-07-13收稿 2014-12-08修回)
(本文編輯 魏杰)
Examining incisor root resorption using CBCT after orthodontic treatment for adults with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion
WANG Fang1,WANG Jianguo2,ZHANG Xizhong2△
1 Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300070,China;2 Tianjin Stomatological Hospital
△Corresponding Author E-mail:zhangxizhong9999@hotmail.com
Objective To evaluate incisor root resorption of adults with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion through three dimensional reconstruction of cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)image using interacting medical imaging control sys?tem(Mimics)and then offer guidance for labially tilted angle control in orthodontic treatment and distance of bone moving in surgery.Methods Adults of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion(n=30)who underwent orthodontic-orthognathic combination treatment were included in this study.CBCT images were then reconstructed three-dimensionally using Mimics 10.01.Each incisor were separated at cementum-enamel junction as crown and root.Labially tilted angle and root volumes of each inci?sor were measured before and after operations.At last,the correlativity between root resorption and labially tilted angle was calculated through statistic analysis.Results The decrement of upper,lower and front incisors'root volumes upon treat?ment is statistically significant.However,there is no statistically significant difference of incisor's root volumes among eight incisors nor between different gender.There is linear correlation between root volumes and labially tilted angle when the lat?ter changes 7°or more when they followed the fomular=-21.416+5.618X.Conclusion For adults with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion,orthodontic treatment before orthognathic surgery decrease incisor root volumes when labially tilted angle changes 7°or more.
malocclusion,angle class Ⅲ;tomography,X-ray computed;image processing,computer-assisted;root re?sorption;labially tilted angle
R783.5
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.04.015
1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生院(郵編300070);2天津市口腔醫(yī)院
王芳(1989),女,碩士在讀,主要從事口腔正畸學(xué)研究
△E-mail:zhangxizhong9999@hotmail.com