劉恒明

定語從句歷年都是高考的重難點，尤其是涉及that， which， as的考題。下面是定語從句的語法規(guī)則和具體應(yīng)用，希望同學(xué)們好好揣摩。

一、限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況

1. 當(dāng)先行詞是anything， everything， nothing （something 除外）， few， all， none， little， some等代詞時，或者是由every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much，each等詞修飾時。例如：

Have you taken down everything （that） Mr. Smith has said？ 你記下了斯密思先生說的一切嗎？

There seems to be nothing （that） seems impossible for him in the world. 對他來說，沒有什么不可能。

There is little （that） I can do for you. 對你，我無能無力。

由此可知，一般情況下，可將that用括號括住。部分時候that也可以省略。例如：

All that can be done has been done. 今日事，今日畢。

此外，當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who。例如：

Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a bad thing. 任何一個有責(zé)任感的人不會做這樣的壞事。

2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時，例如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他們訪問倫敦時，首先去看大本鐘。

3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時，例如：

This is the best movie that I have seen. 這是我看過最棒的電影。

4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very， the only， the same， the last， any， little等修飾時，例如：

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 這是很好的詞典，我想買。

After the fire in his house， the old motorcycle is the only thing that he owned. 家里失火后，舊摩托是他唯一所有的東西了。

當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who，例如：

Erik is the only person in our company who will attend the meeting. 艾里克是我們公司唯一出席會議的人。

5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who， which等疑問代詞時，例如：

Who is the man that is sitting at the corner？ 坐在角落里的是誰？

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？ 什么T恤衫最配我？

6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時，例如：

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned？ 你記得我們這位科學(xué)家和我們學(xué)習(xí)過的他的理論嗎？

7. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做表語，例如：

The village is no longer the one that it used to be 20 years ago. 二十年已過，村莊今非昔比。

二、關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句

as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況如下：

1. as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。例如：

He married her， as/which was natural. 他們結(jié)婚是理所當(dāng)然的。

He was honest and generous， as/which we can see. 我們看得出，他正直慷慨。

2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思。例如：

As is known to all， India is a developing country. 眾所周知，印度是發(fā)展中國家。

He is from the south， as we can see from his accent. 從他的方言，我們知道他是南方人。

John， as you know， is a famous writer. 你知道的，約翰是著名作家。

He has been to Greece several times， which I dont believe. 我不相信他去過希臘好幾次。

當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which。例如：

Tom was always late for the meeting， which made his boss angry. 湯姆開會經(jīng)常遲到，老板為此發(fā)怒。

3. 當(dāng)先行詞被such， the same修飾時，常用as。例如：

I have never heard such a story as he tells. 我沒有聽過他講這樣的故事。

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他看上去是傻瓜，其實不是。

This is the same umbrella as I lost last week. 這把傘和我上周丟的一樣。

當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同。例如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著在瑪利亞婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹一樣的裙子。

定語從句such ... as ... 與結(jié)果狀語從句such ...that ... 的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語或賓語；that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分。例如：

He has such a good cellphone as I want to buy. 他的手機(jī)很好， 正是我想買的那一款.。

He has such a good cellphone that I want to buy one. 他的手機(jī)很好， 我也想買一個。

三、以the way為先行詞的定語從句

通常由in which， that引導(dǎo)，而且可以省略。例如：

The way in which/that he answered the question was surprising. 他回答問題的方式讓人驚訝。

[練習(xí)]

1. Because of my poor memory， all ____ you told me has been forgotten.

A. that B. which C. what D. as

2. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily？

A. when B. where C. which D. who

3. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.

A. where B. who C. in which D. which

4. The foreign guests，____ were government officials， were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of them B. most of that

C. most of whom D. most of those

5. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.

A. which B. in which

C. that D. /

6. Alice received an invitation from her boss，____came as a surprise.

A. it B. which C. that D. he

7. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage____already seven other people.

A. when there were B. which there were

C. that there were D. where there were

8. They stayed with me two weeks，____ they drank all the wine I had.

A. which B. which time

C. during the time D. during which

9. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.

A. when B. as C. whose D. what

10. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers， ____has a great effect on my life.

A. that which B. when which

C. which that D. when who