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英語(yǔ)中的垂懸分詞

2015-08-04 14:45閆躍
高中生學(xué)習(xí)·高二版 2015年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:分詞連詞介詞

閆躍

根據(jù)“依著法則”,分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)需要出現(xiàn)在該分詞所在的句子當(dāng)中,比如用作狀語(yǔ)的分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常是其所在句子的主語(yǔ),但有時(shí)分詞在句子中找不到它的邏輯主語(yǔ),就形成了所謂的“垂懸分詞”(亦稱“無(wú)依著分詞”)。垂懸分詞從起源上來(lái)說(shuō),是語(yǔ)言的錯(cuò)誤使用,但迄今卻廣泛應(yīng)用于避免使用人稱主語(yǔ)的科技語(yǔ)體中,而且有些垂懸分詞經(jīng)過(guò)語(yǔ)法演化,已經(jīng)成為正確的用法。并日?;?。下文對(duì)常見的垂懸分詞用法作一簡(jiǎn)述。

虛化為介詞的垂懸分詞

這類分詞主要有:表示話題引入的coming to,speaking/talking of(相當(dāng)于when it comes/came to);表示話題涉及的concerning,regarding,respecting,touching;表示理由或原因陳述的allowing for(考慮,顧及,將……計(jì)算在內(nèi)),considering,given,owing to;表示讓步關(guān)系的granting,conceding;表示方式或憑借關(guān)系的depending on,judging by/from;表示否定假設(shè)關(guān)系的failing;表示包含或者排除意義的counting,including,excluding,without mentioning。例如:

Coming to/Speaking of/Talking of hobbies, what do you usually do on weekends?

說(shuō)到業(yè)余愛好,你周末通常會(huì)做些什么?

Concerning/Regarding/Respecting/Touching tax cut, the two parties have not reached an agreement.

關(guān)于減稅的問(wèn)題,兩黨還未達(dá)成一致。

Allowing for inflation, the cost of the project is $2 million.

考慮到通貨膨脹因素,項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用為200萬(wàn)美元。

He sees fairly well, considering/given the fact that he is sixty years of age.

就他現(xiàn)年60歲這一事實(shí)而論/鑒于(考慮到)他現(xiàn)年60歲這一情況,他的視力還不錯(cuò)。

John did quite well in his exams considering how little he studied.

考慮到約翰才學(xué)了那么一點(diǎn)點(diǎn),他考得已經(jīng)算是很不錯(cuò)了。

Owing to the fact that I had lost his adress, I did not know where I could find him.

由于我把他的地址弄丟了,我不知道在哪里可以找到他。

Granting all those facts, you still have not convinced me.

就算那些都是事實(shí),你仍然沒(méi)有說(shuō)服我。

Conceding his superiority as a scholar, it is evident that he is inferior as a man.

即使承認(rèn)他作為一個(gè)學(xué)者的過(guò)人之處,但顯而易見他人品低劣。

The plant may grow to a height of several meters, depending on soil conditions.

這種植物可以長(zhǎng)到好幾米高,視土壤條件而定。

Judging by/from the look on Adams face, the news must have been terrible.

從亞當(dāng)?shù)谋砬閬?lái)判斷,肯定是可怕的消息。

Ask a friend to recommend a doctor or, failing that, ask for a list in your local library.

請(qǐng)朋友推薦一位醫(yī)生,如果辦不到就向當(dāng)?shù)貓D書館要一份名單。

There are two cheep hotels, but failing either of these, you may as well go back to where you were before.

有兩家廉價(jià)的旅館,但如果兩家都不行的話,你不妨回到以前住的地方。

There are only ten oranges in the basket, not counting the spoilt ones.

籃子里面只剩10個(gè)桔子,壞掉的不算在內(nèi)。

Lunch costs $10 per person, including/excluding drinks.

午餐每人10英鎊,酒水在內(nèi)/除外。

There were three of us, without mentioning the child.

我們是三個(gè)人,不算那個(gè)孩子。

虛化為從屬連詞的垂懸分詞

這類分詞主要有:表示理由或原因的allowing that,considering (that),given that,seeing (that/as),表示讓步關(guān)系的granting (that),granted (that),admitting (that),表示條件關(guān)系的assuming (that),presuming (that),supposing (that),providing (that),provided (that)。例如:

Allowing that she is lacking in experience, she has done a good job.

考慮到她缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn),她算是做得不錯(cuò)了。

This may seem an odd view to take, considering (that)/given that I am strongly in favor of the Maastricht Treaty.

鑒于我是堅(jiān)決贊成《馬斯特里赫特條約》的,所以在我看來(lái)這或許是個(gè)奇怪的觀點(diǎn)。

We could have a joint party, seeing (that/as) your birthday is the same day as mine.

既然(鑒于)你和我的生日在同一天,我們可以一起開個(gè)生日聚會(huì)。

Granting (that)/Granted (that)/Admitting (that) he has enough money to buy the house, it doesnt mean he is going to do so.

即使他有足夠的錢買房子,也不一定意味著他要買。

Assuming (that)/Presuming (that)/Supposing (that) your wife got injured, wouldnt you be tortured by remorse?

如果你的妻子受傷了,你難道不會(huì)很懊惱嗎?

Providing (that)/Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he can win the election.

假如他贏得少數(shù)民族的支持,他就會(huì)贏得選舉。

用作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)的垂懸分詞

評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋或者說(shuō)明,表明說(shuō)話者對(duì)話語(yǔ)的態(tài)度。用作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)的垂懸分詞的隱含主語(yǔ)一般就是說(shuō)話者本人。通常有下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu):第一種表示“……地說(shuō)”, 以“坦率地說(shuō)”為例,除了可以用to be frank/to speak frankly/to put it frankly等短語(yǔ)表示以外,還可以用 frankly speaking/putting it frankly/put frankly;另一種表示“總體看來(lái),綜合各方面來(lái)看”,除了用all things considered/everything taken into consideration,還可以用taking everything/all things into consideration/account。例如:

Honestly speaking/Putting it honestly/Put honestly, the situation is more than we can control.

老實(shí)說(shuō),情況現(xiàn)在超出了我們的控制。

Taking everything into consideration, the event was a great success.

總體說(shuō)來(lái),這次活動(dòng)取得了巨大成功。

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