詹美珍 孫衛(wèi)東,2 凌明星 李賀
1.中國(guó)科學(xué)院廣州地球化學(xué)研究所,中國(guó)科學(xué)院礦物學(xué)與成礦學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510640
2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院青藏高原地球科學(xué)卓越創(chuàng)新中心,北京 100101
3.中國(guó)科學(xué)院廣州地球化學(xué)研究所,同位素地球化學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510640
全球斑巖銅礦床分布很不均勻,大部分的大型、超大型斑巖銅、金礦床分布在環(huán)太平洋帶,銅儲(chǔ)量最大的25 個(gè)超大型斑巖銅礦床中,有20 個(gè)位于環(huán)太平洋帶;根據(jù)金儲(chǔ)量劃分的全球最大的25 個(gè)斑巖銅金礦床中,也有20 個(gè)位于環(huán)太平洋帶(Cooke et al.,2005),它們?cè)跁r(shí)間和空間分布上與洋脊或海山鏈的俯沖具有密切聯(lián)系(Sun et al.,2010),如秘魯E1 Teniente、Rio Blanco-Los Bronces、Los Pelambres-El Pachón 等與Juan Fernandez 洋脊的俯沖一致;Chuquicamata、La Escondida 等與Iquique 洋脊對(duì)應(yīng);Cerro Colorado 超大型斑巖銅金礦床與Cocos 洋脊的俯沖對(duì)應(yīng);La Granja、Minas Conga斑巖銅金礦床形成于10~20Ma 期間,與Nazca 洋脊位置對(duì)應(yīng)。環(huán)太平洋帶上的洋脊有無(wú)震洋脊和擴(kuò)張洋脊兩種類型,南美洲西部沿岸的斑巖銅礦床主要與無(wú)震洋脊的俯沖相關(guān),北美洲有部分斑巖銅礦床與擴(kuò)張洋脊的俯沖相關(guān)。已有研究表明,擴(kuò)張洋脊在俯沖過(guò)程中可能撕裂形成板片窗(Breitsprecher et al.,2003;Dickinson and Snyder,1979;Thorkelson and Taylor,1989),并且,板片窗構(gòu)造對(duì)斑巖銅礦成礦、巖漿活動(dòng)和火山活動(dòng)都具有重要影響(Breitsprecher et al.,2003;Hole et al.,1991;Sun et al.,2015;李三忠等,2004)。
位于太平洋西岸的菲律賓有4 個(gè)根據(jù)金含量排名全球前25 的超大型斑巖銅金礦床,包括Lepanto-Far South East,Tampakan,Atlas,Sipilay (Cooke et al.,2005;Hedenquist et al.,1998;Sillitoe,1997)。其中最大Lepanto-Far South East斑巖銅金礦床位于呂宋島北部,在時(shí)空分布上與黃巖海山鏈的俯沖一致。此外,Santo Tomas II、Clifton、Dizon 等斑巖銅金礦床同樣在時(shí)空分布上與黃巖海山鏈俯沖相對(duì)應(yīng)。本文根據(jù)前人對(duì)區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化的研究,結(jié)合地震資料的統(tǒng)計(jì),來(lái)研究黃巖海山鏈俯沖過(guò)程及特征,結(jié)合位于俯沖帶之上的呂宋島北部同一時(shí)代形成的斑巖銅金礦床、埃達(dá)克巖、富鈮玄武巖等的分布特征,討論斑巖銅金礦床與黃巖海山鏈俯沖之間的成因關(guān)系。
黃巖海山鏈位于南海海盆的東部次海盆中,分布在14°49'N~15°42'N、116°12'E~118°42'E 海域內(nèi),呈長(zhǎng)條狀東西向分布,東西長(zhǎng)約240km,南北寬約40~60km,山體相對(duì)海底高度在200~4000km 之間。海山鏈所在的南海板塊形成于晚漸新世-早中新世(Taylor and Hayes,1983),在中新世開(kāi)始沿馬尼拉海溝向東俯沖于菲律賓呂宋島北部之下(De Boer et al.,1980;Hollings et al.,2011)。許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為在15°N~16°N 附近的黃巖海山鏈?zhǔn)悄虾9艛U(kuò)張脊的殘余部分(Hayes and Lewis,1984;Pautot and Rangin,1989;Taylor and Hayes,1983),南海古擴(kuò)張脊近乎垂直馬尼拉海溝俯沖于呂宋島之下(Pautot et al.,1986;Taylor and Hayes,1983;李三忠等,2012)。20 世紀(jì)80 年代,Taylor and Hayes (1983)根據(jù)磁異常,提出南海擴(kuò)張期在32~17Ma 之間,隨后,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為南海在15.5Ma 停止擴(kuò)張(Briais et al.,1993;李家彪,2011;李三忠等,2012;石學(xué)法和鄢全樹(shù),2011)。此外,南海海盆發(fā)育平行于洋中脊的海山鏈,已發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)中,來(lái)自這些海山的玄武巖樣品的全巖K-Ar、Ar-Ar 年齡范圍為13.9~3.8Ma (Yan et al.,2008;王賢覺(jué)等,1984;鄢全樹(shù)等,2008),表明這些火山活動(dòng)發(fā)生在南海海盆停止擴(kuò)張后,且在空間上受南海古擴(kuò)張脊控制。南海古擴(kuò)張脊到達(dá)馬尼拉海溝后,年輕的、熱的洋脊增生到上覆板塊中,以現(xiàn)今16°N~18°N 為界,將弧前盆地分割為西呂宋海槽和北呂宋海槽兩個(gè)子盆地(圖1a)(Lewis and Hayes,1983;Pautot and Rangin,1989;Yang et al.,1996),由此可推論,南海古擴(kuò)張脊到達(dá)馬尼拉海溝時(shí)的位置位于現(xiàn)今的16°N~18°N 范圍內(nèi)。
呂宋島位于黃巖海山鏈的東面,其東北面是NW 向移動(dòng)的菲律賓海板塊,西邊是歐亞板塊。菲律賓海板塊沿菲律賓海溝俯沖于菲律賓之下,在約5Ma 以前是向東北方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的(Hall,2002;Müller et al.,2008;Torsvik et al.,2010),而在5Ma 左右,突然轉(zhuǎn)向西北方向運(yùn)動(dòng),開(kāi)始順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)。Iaffaldano (2012)計(jì)算得出,自5Ma 以來(lái),菲律賓海板塊的平均速率為約70mm/a?;贜UVEL-1 模型,歐亞板塊以約1mm/a 的速率在與菲律賓相似的方向上移動(dòng)。Sella et al.(2002)根據(jù)GPS 數(shù)據(jù),得到現(xiàn)代菲律賓海板塊以相對(duì)于歐亞板塊以約80mm/a 的遷移速率,向NW 方向匯聚。這兩個(gè)板塊的匯聚導(dǎo)致了呂宋島東西兩側(cè)的兩個(gè)相反的俯沖帶的形成。此外,Michel et al.(2001)結(jié)合晚第三系和第四系沉積蓋層的形變、新生代的主要斷裂類型和GPS 測(cè)量等資料,提出南海板塊相對(duì)于歐亞大陸以12 ±3mm/a 的速率向東俯沖,而黃巖海山鏈呈NEE 走向,與匯聚方向并不平行,因此南海古擴(kuò)張脊的俯沖產(chǎn)生向南的橫向遷移。呂宋島中部(16°N 附近),NW 向的菲律賓大斷裂橫穿而過(guò),在呂宋島上是一個(gè)左旋走滑斷裂帶(圖1a)。
圖1 菲律賓呂宋島北部和中部主要構(gòu)造(a,據(jù)Iaffaldano,2012;Sella et al.,2002;Yang et al.,1996)、1907~2013 年間菲律賓(12°N~20°N,118°E~121.7°E)地震活動(dòng)空間分布(b)和震源深度分布(c)WLT-西呂宋海槽;NLT-北呂宋海槽Fig.1 Tectonic setting in northern and middle Luzon,Phillippines (a,after Iaffaldano,2012;Sella et al.,2002;Yang et al.,1996),spatial distribution of seismic activities in Philippines between 1907 and 2013 (12°N~20°N,118°E~121.7°E)(b)and focal depth (c)WLT-west Luzon trough;NLT-north Luzon trough
基于地球物理數(shù)據(jù)、巖石地球化學(xué)、年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)和地形地貌特征等的統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析,對(duì)黃巖海山鏈俯沖過(guò)程及其鄰近區(qū)域的構(gòu)造演化,許多學(xué)者提出了俯沖模型(Bautista et al.,2001;Yang et al.,1996;劉再峰等,2007)。Yang et al.(1996)根據(jù)臺(tái)灣-呂宋島弧上東西火山鏈火山巖的全巖K-Ar年齡結(jié)果,提出西火山鏈的巖漿活動(dòng)在4~2Ma 期間停止,而東火山鏈的活動(dòng)幾乎只發(fā)生在第四紀(jì),他們認(rèn)為,該地區(qū)火山活動(dòng)的不連續(xù)性是南海古擴(kuò)張脊在5~4Ma 左右開(kāi)始俯沖于馬尼拉海溝之下造成的,較熱的古擴(kuò)張脊俯沖導(dǎo)致板塊的俯沖傾角變緩,巖漿活動(dòng)向東遷移,形成臺(tái)灣-呂宋島弧上較年輕的東火山鏈。劉再峰等(2007)在統(tǒng)計(jì)的1964~2006 年菲律賓地區(qū)的地震數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上,引入了“板片窗”概念,提出在17°N~19°N 之間震源深度大于150km 的地震數(shù)目明顯減少,在14°N~15°N 之間存在由西向東逐漸變寬的喇叭狀地震稀疏帶,認(rèn)為很可能是對(duì)板片窗的反映(劉再峰等,2007)。1907~2013 年間發(fā)生在呂宋島及其鄰域內(nèi)(12°N~22°N,118°E~121.7°E 之間)的地震數(shù)據(jù)顯示(數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自國(guó)家數(shù)字地震臺(tái)網(wǎng)分中心的中國(guó)地震臺(tái)網(wǎng)(CSN)和國(guó)際地震臺(tái)網(wǎng)(ISC)地震目錄),發(fā)現(xiàn)在14°N~15°N 和19.5°N~21°N分別出現(xiàn)明顯的地震稀疏帶,在16°N 附近的地震數(shù)量也相對(duì)較少(圖1b,c),這些地震稀疏帶在空間上將區(qū)域內(nèi)的地震活動(dòng)分割成塊狀(圖1b)。此外,從圖1c 震源深度沿緯度的分布圖可以看出,在13°N~14°N 和21°N~22°N 處震源深度突然變大,而15°N~20°N 之間震源深度大部分小于100km。根據(jù)臺(tái)灣-呂宋島弧上東西火山鏈火山巖的地球化學(xué)特征、定年數(shù)據(jù)和地震數(shù)據(jù)的研究,Yang et al.(1996)提出19.5°N~21°N 之間的地震稀疏帶表明了板片撕裂的存在。劉再峰等(2007)在Yang et al.(1996)和Bautista et al.(2001)的研究基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合地震數(shù)據(jù),提出14°N~15°N 存在俯沖板塊撕裂形成的板片窗。因此,16°N 附近的地震稀疏帶可能與板片窗有關(guān)。南海古擴(kuò)張脊俯沖位置位于16°N~18°N 之間,且沿馬尼拉海溝向南遷移(Michel et al.,2001),菲律賓大斷裂正好與現(xiàn)今黃巖海山鏈可能俯沖區(qū)域相交,并且,朱俊江等(2005)曾通過(guò)對(duì)馬尼拉海溝俯沖帶內(nèi)應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的分析,以菲律賓大斷裂為界,認(rèn)為北部主要以擠壓為特征,南部則表現(xiàn)為順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn),這可能是導(dǎo)致已經(jīng)停止擴(kuò)張的南海古擴(kuò)張脊撕裂的原因。
通過(guò)以上研究結(jié)果表明,南海古擴(kuò)張脊可能在俯沖過(guò)程中形成板片窗,然而,16°N 附近的地震稀疏帶并不明顯,且相對(duì)另外兩個(gè)地震稀疏帶要小得多,這可能與南海古擴(kuò)張脊在俯沖前已經(jīng)停止擴(kuò)張有關(guān),其形成的板片窗規(guī)模相對(duì)較小,板片窗兩側(cè)板塊俯沖傾角不存在較大差異。在板片窗構(gòu)造環(huán)境下,對(duì)應(yīng)的巖漿活動(dòng)、成礦活動(dòng)和火山活動(dòng)也會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化(Hole et al.,1991;李三忠等,2004),因此,我們可以通過(guò)對(duì)該區(qū)域內(nèi)的巖漿活動(dòng)、成礦作用和火山活動(dòng)等特征的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,探討該板片窗是否存在,如果存在,對(duì)該區(qū)域內(nèi)的斑巖銅成礦活動(dòng)有什么影響。
近幾十年來(lái)的研究表明,板片窗對(duì)上覆板塊巖漿的地球化學(xué)特征具有控制作用(Benoit et al.,2002;Bradley et al.,2003;Breitsprecher et al.,2003;Cole et al.,2006;Gorring and Kay,2001;Gutiérrez et al.,2005;Hamilton and Dostal,2001;Kinoshita,2002;Madsen et al.,2006)。板片窗的形成,導(dǎo)致俯沖板片之下的地幔通過(guò)這個(gè)窗口上涌,同時(shí),通過(guò)板片窗的高熱流體可能導(dǎo)致上覆巖石圈地幔的熔融,從而形成中性到酸性巖漿(如阿拉斯加南部的Sanak-Baranof 巖漿帶)(Bradley et al.,2003;Cole et al.,2006)。更重要的是,板片窗的洋殼邊緣發(fā)生部分熔融形成埃達(dá)克巖(Kinoshita,2002;Thorkelson and Breitsprecher,2005;Yogodzinski et al.,2001),而且,洋殼的輝長(zhǎng)巖層中,斜長(zhǎng)石是主要礦物之一,撕裂的洋殼邊緣部分熔融,產(chǎn)生的巖漿中具有更高的Sr 含量。因此,與洋殼部分熔融有關(guān)的斑巖銅金礦床和巖漿活動(dòng),在時(shí)空分布上可能受板片窗的控制。
全球大多數(shù)的大型、超大型斑巖銅金礦床與洋脊俯沖有關(guān),這是因?yàn)檠蠹垢_有利于洋殼部分熔融,而洋殼中Cu 的平均豐度在70 ×10-6~150 ×10-6(Hofmann,1988;Sun et al.,2003),遠(yuǎn)高于陸殼平均豐度(27 ×10-6)(Rudnick and Gao,2003),因此,在相同條件下,洋殼部分熔融形成的巖漿具有較高的銅含量,有利于斑巖銅礦形成(Sun et al.,2011,2012,2013)。在呂宋島,銅金礦床沿著近南北向的島弧分布,從呂宋島北部的成礦省(Mankayan 和Baguio 地區(qū))到南部Bataan arc 的Dizon(圖2)。研究區(qū)域內(nèi)的巖漿組分出現(xiàn)島弧拉斑到鈣堿性和高K 鈣堿性變化(Sajona and Maury,1998)。研究區(qū)域內(nèi)上新世以來(lái)發(fā)育許多大型的斑巖銅金礦(表1),這些礦床主要集中在呂宋島北部(約17°N 附近)的Baguio 和Mankayan 地區(qū),其中包括全球金儲(chǔ)量排第4 位的Lepanto-Far South East 斑巖銅金礦床,而在研究區(qū)域南部只發(fā)育少數(shù)斑巖礦床(圖2)。Mankayan 地區(qū)的斑巖銅金礦床形成于約3.5~1.4Ma 之間(Cooke et al.,2011),其中最大的Lepanto-Far South East 斑巖銅金礦床成礦年齡為1.41 ±0.05Ma (Arribas et al.,1995),礦石量為685Mt,Cu 的品位為0.80%,Au 的品位為1.42g/t (Cooke et al.,2005)。最老的礦床為Guinaoang 斑巖銅金礦,形成于3.5 ± 0.5Ma(Sillitoe and Angeles,1985)。Baguio 地區(qū)的斑巖銅金礦床成礦時(shí)代在約3.1~0.5Ma 之間(Cooke et al.,2011),最年輕的Ampucao 斑巖銅金礦成礦年齡為0.51 ±0.26Ma (Waters et al.,2011)。呂宋島北部上新世以來(lái)的斑巖銅金礦在空間上存在由北向南變年輕的趨勢(shì),南部的斑巖銅礦床成礦時(shí)代在約2.1~2.7Ma,形成時(shí)代晚于北部的斑巖銅礦床,這與黃巖海山鏈俯沖位置由北向南移動(dòng)相對(duì)應(yīng),且成礦年齡與黃巖海山鏈在5~4Ma 開(kāi)始俯沖的時(shí)間吻合。此外,研究區(qū)域已知的5Ma 以來(lái)的斑巖銅金礦床在空間分布上存在空白區(qū)域(約15°N~17°N 之間)(圖2)。
埃達(dá)克巖最初是指Defant and Drummond(1990)提出的與俯沖洋殼熔融有關(guān)的一類具有特定地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)的中酸性侵入巖或火山巖(Defant and Drummond,1990)。這類巖石具有較高的Sr(≥400 × 10-6)、低Y(≤18 × 10-6)、Yb(≤1.9 ×10-6)含量。隨著埃達(dá)克巖概念的提出,二十幾年以來(lái),關(guān)于埃達(dá)克巖的研究一直是國(guó)際地學(xué)界關(guān)注的前沿課題,地質(zhì)學(xué)家們提出了埃達(dá)克巖源區(qū)的多樣性。有學(xué)者提出底侵的玄武巖和加厚下地殼(>40km)基性巖熔融的埃達(dá)克巖形成模式,例如,張旗等(2001a,b)將中國(guó)的埃達(dá)克巖分為O 型埃達(dá)克巖和C 型埃達(dá)克巖,認(rèn)為O 型埃達(dá)克巖的形成與板塊俯沖相關(guān),而C 型埃達(dá)克巖是板塊碰撞后地殼加厚引起地殼中基性巖部分熔融產(chǎn)生的。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,俯沖帶之上的軟流圈地幔楔經(jīng)過(guò)交代作用和對(duì)斑晶結(jié)合體的分異作用也可以產(chǎn)生類埃達(dá)克質(zhì)或埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖漿(Richards and Kerrich,2007)。
在環(huán)太平洋帶上,許多學(xué)者提出認(rèn)為洋脊俯沖相關(guān)的埃達(dá)克巖大部分與斑巖Cu-Au 礦床在成因上存在密切聯(lián)系(Defant et al.,2001;Ling et al.,2009;Mungall,2002;Oyarzun et al.,2001;Peacock et al.,1994;Sajona and Maury,1998;Sun et al.,2011;Thiéblemont et al.,1997)。其中,Thiéblemont et al.(1997)發(fā)現(xiàn)其研究的43 個(gè)礦床和成礦區(qū)中,有38 個(gè)產(chǎn)出與埃達(dá)克巖有關(guān),或在時(shí)空上與埃達(dá)克巖有關(guān)。位于環(huán)太平洋西岸的菲律賓,大多數(shù)斑巖銅金礦在時(shí)空分布上也與埃達(dá)克巖具有密切聯(lián)系(Sajona and Maury,1998),圖3 顯示了上新世以來(lái)的呂宋島上的埃達(dá)克巖(表2),這些樣品中,位于呂宋島北部的Cervantes、Lepanto 和Baguio 地區(qū)的埃達(dá)克巖大部分為侵入巖,呂宋島中部Central Valley 和Bataan arc 上基本是埃達(dá)克質(zhì)火山巖,南部有少量為侵入巖。如圖3 所示,這些埃達(dá)克巖與斑巖銅金礦床形成于同一時(shí)代,其空間分布由北向南依次是Cervantes 和Lepanto,Baguio 以及呂宋島中部地區(qū),形成時(shí)代有變年輕的趨勢(shì),Cervantes 和Lepanto 地區(qū)最老的埃達(dá)克巖年齡為3.66±0.18Ma,Baguio 最 老 埃 達(dá) 克 巖 年 齡 為2.40 ± 0.18Ma(Sajona and Maury,1998),大部分為侵入巖(Bellon and Yumul,2000;Yumul et al.,2000),在空間上與斑巖銅金礦床有關(guān);呂宋島中部的埃達(dá)克質(zhì)火山巖形成于1Ma 以后(Bellon and Yumul,2000;Yumul et al.,2000),這些埃達(dá)克巖在時(shí)空上與斑巖銅金礦床無(wú)關(guān);呂宋島中部Bataan 弧上的埃達(dá)克巖樣品年齡均在5Ma 左右(Bellon and Yumul,2000;Yumul et al.,2000),均為熔巖,與南海古擴(kuò)張脊開(kāi)始俯沖的時(shí)間非常接近,并且在空間分布上更靠近馬尼拉海溝;Bataan弧南部存在約5Ma 的埃達(dá)克質(zhì)火山巖,最南端的埃達(dá)克巖形成于晚中新世之后,部分為侵入巖,空間上與斑巖銅金礦床有關(guān)(Sajona and Maury,1998;Bellon and Yumul,2000;Yumul et al.,2000)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖漿形成于75~85km 深度范圍內(nèi)(Defant and Drummond,1990),而洋脊的俯沖很可能導(dǎo)致俯沖傾角變緩,因此,Bataan 弧上的埃達(dá)克巖更可能是在南海古擴(kuò)張脊剛開(kāi)始俯沖時(shí)形成的。
表1 呂宋島晚中新世以來(lái)斑巖銅金礦床Table 1 The porphyry Cu-Au deposits in Luzon since the Late Miocene
圖2 上新世以來(lái)呂宋島北部斑巖銅金礦床的時(shí)空分布(據(jù)Abratis and Worner,2001;Chang et al.,2011;Sillitoe and Angeles,1985)斑巖銅金礦床年齡數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自USGS (http://www.usgs.gov/)Fig.2 Spatial and temporary distribution of the porphyry Cu-Au deposits in north Luzon since Pliocene (after Abratis and Worner,2001;Chang et al.,2011;Sillitoe and Angeles,1985)The porphyry Cu-Au deposits data from USGS
圖3 呂宋島晚中新世以來(lái)的埃達(dá)克巖時(shí)空分布數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自Bellon and Yumul,2000;Sajona and Maury,1998;Yumul et al.,2000Fig.3 Spatial and temporary distribution of adakites in Luzon since MioceneData from Bellon and Yumul,2000;Sajona and Maury,1998;Yumul et al.,2000
表2 呂宋島晚中新世以來(lái)埃達(dá)克巖Table 2 Adakites in Luzon since the Late Miocene
然而,Yumul et al.(2000)認(rèn)為位于呂宋島中部弧后區(qū)域中的Balungao、Cuyapo 和Amorong 山脈中具有埃達(dá)克巖地球化學(xué)特征的熔巖不可能是板塊熔融形成的,他們根據(jù)這些埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)證據(jù),提出這些具有高Sr/Y 比值的弧后熔巖很可能是下地殼部分熔融形成的。的確,近幾十年來(lái)的研究表明,板片熔融并非形成高Sr/Y 和La/Yb 比值巖漿的唯一來(lái)源。Richards (2011)認(rèn)為,俯沖帶中水的加入,促使地幔楔中角閃石和石榴石的高度分異,是形成埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖漿的主要因素。但是,這不能解釋與斑巖銅礦有關(guān)的埃達(dá)克巖中Cu 的來(lái)源。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)下地殼部分熔融也能形成高Sr/Y 和La/Yb 比值的巖漿(Atherton and Petford,1993;Chung et al.,2003;Huang et al.,2008;Petford and Gallagher,2001;Wang et al.,2007)。Sun et al.(2012)提出,板片熔融具有比下地殼部分熔融相對(duì)較低的Sr/Y 比值。然而,下地殼部分熔融的Sr/Y 比值還受斜長(zhǎng)石的影響,因此,除非特別高的Sr/Y 比值樣品,例如,大別造山帶父子嶺中下地殼部分熔融形成的埃達(dá)克巖(Huang et al.,2008;Wang et al.,2007),單靠Sr/Y 比值本身并不能區(qū)分板片部分熔融和下地殼部分熔融。除了Sr/Y 比值,埃達(dá)克巖中的La/Yb 比值范圍也能區(qū)分這兩個(gè)不同的來(lái)源。下地殼的La/Yb 比值大約為10,是MORB 的15 倍(Sajona et al.,1996;Sun and McDonough,1989)。Yb 在石榴石中高度相容,而La不是(Rapp and Watson,1995),因此,埃達(dá)克巖的La/Yb 比值對(duì)石榴石特別敏感,但不會(huì)明顯受到斜長(zhǎng)石的影響。此外,石榴石是作為下地殼組成榴輝巖和麻粒巖的主要礦物,因此在石榴石存在的情況下,下地殼部分熔融形成的埃達(dá)克巖總體上呈現(xiàn)較高的La/Yb 比值,能更好地區(qū)分板片部分熔融和下地殼部分熔融(圖4)。
圖4 呂宋島、中國(guó)東部大別造山帶和長(zhǎng)江中下游埃達(dá)克巖的Sr/Y-(La/Yb)N 圖解圖中呂宋島埃達(dá)克巖數(shù)據(jù)引自USGS;大別造山帶和長(zhǎng)江中下游數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自文獻(xiàn)(Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011,2013;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007)及其中文獻(xiàn).LYRB 指長(zhǎng)江中下游Fig.4 The Sr/Y-(La/Yb)N diagram for adakites in Luzon,Dabie orogenic belt and Lower Yangtze River belt in eastern ChinaData in Luzon from USGS;data in Dabie orogenic belt and Lower Yangtze River belt from (Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011,2013;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007).LYRB-Lower Yangtze River belt
圖5 呂宋島與中國(guó)大別造山帶父子嶺埃達(dá)克巖的Sr/Y-Y 圖解(a)和呂宋島埃達(dá)克巖Sr/Y-Sr 圖解(b)圖中呂宋島埃達(dá)克巖數(shù)據(jù)引自USGS;大別造山帶和長(zhǎng)江中下游數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自文獻(xiàn)(Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007)及其中文獻(xiàn)Fig.5 The Sr/Y-Y diagram for adakites in Luzon and Dabie orogenic belt (a)and the Sr/Y-Y diagram for adakites in Luzon (b)Data in Luzon from USGS;data in Dabie orogenic belt and Lower Yangtze River belt from (Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007)
圖6 呂宋島、中國(guó)東部大別造山帶和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)埃達(dá)克巖的La/Yb-Yb 圖解圖中呂宋島埃達(dá)克巖數(shù)據(jù)引自USGS 及其中的文獻(xiàn);大別造山帶和下?lián)P子地區(qū)來(lái)自文獻(xiàn)(Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007)及其中文獻(xiàn)Fig.6 The La/Yb-Yb diagram for adakites in Luzon,Dabie orogenic belt and Lower Yangtze River belt in eastern ChinaData in Luzon from USGS;data in Dabie orogenic belt and Lower Yangtze River belt from (Huang et al.,2008;Ling et al.,2009,2011;Wang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2007)
圖5 和圖6 分別為呂宋島上新世以來(lái)埃達(dá)克巖與中國(guó)東部大別造山帶和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)埃達(dá)克巖的Sr/Y-Y 圖解、Sr/Y-Sr 圖解和La/Yb 圖解。呂宋島的埃達(dá)克巖大部分都落入由國(guó)際巖石學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(GEOROC,http://georoc.mpchmainz.gwdg.de/georoc/)的埃達(dá)克巖區(qū)域(GEOROC,2009)。在Sr/Y-Sr 圖解中,這些埃達(dá)克巖的Sr 含量具有明顯差異,呂宋島北部(Cervantes,Lepanto and Baguio)的13 個(gè)樣品中,有12 個(gè)的Sr 含量介于476 ×10-6~592 ×10-6之間,只有1個(gè)為1010 ×10-6,但這些樣品的Sr/Y 值均在31~60 范圍內(nèi);來(lái)自Central Valley Basin 的10 個(gè)埃達(dá)克巖樣品中,Sr 含量均>800 ×10-6,其中,有6 個(gè)樣品的Sr/Y 值大于100;Bataan arc 中的樣品共有15 個(gè),其中4 個(gè)來(lái)自呂宋島中部16°N 附近的Mt.Malobago、Mt.Poelis 和Mt.Tarlac 的樣品的Sr 含量>800 ×10-6,這4 個(gè)中只有1 個(gè)樣品的Sr/Y 值大于100(圖5a)。此外,Bataan arc 其余11 個(gè)樣品中,只有位于Mt.Manggahan 的2 個(gè)樣品的Sr/Y 值大于100。對(duì)于Sr 含量大于800 ×10-6的樣品,在Sr/Y-Y 圖解中,Sr/Y 值越大,Y含量越小(圖5b)。起源上有爭(zhēng)議的位于弧后地區(qū)的Central Valley Basin 的6 個(gè)埃達(dá)克巖樣品中,位于Mt.Balungao 和Mt.Arayat 的4 個(gè)樣品相對(duì)其他地區(qū)具有較高的La/Yb 比值,但它們的比值遠(yuǎn)小于父子嶺中下地殼熔融形成的埃達(dá)克巖,而鄰近Mt.Balungao 的Mt.Cuyapo 中的2 個(gè)樣品的La/Yb 比值相對(duì)較小(圖6)。由La/Yb-Yb 圖解可以看到,呂宋島上這些埃達(dá)克巖與中國(guó)大別造山帶(除父子嶺外)和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)的埃達(dá)克巖具有相似的La/Yb 比值。并且,Yumul et al.(2000)根據(jù)報(bào)道過(guò)的呂宋島中部地殼厚度(約30~33km 之間(Listanco et al.,1997)),曾提出在該區(qū)域下地殼中石榴石是穩(wěn)定的。結(jié)合上述中呂宋島北部和中部的19 個(gè)樣品的地球化學(xué)特征和定年數(shù)據(jù),這些埃達(dá)克巖源自南海古擴(kuò)張脊俯沖導(dǎo)致的洋殼部分熔融。中部弧后地區(qū)Central Valley Basin 內(nèi)的10 個(gè)樣品相對(duì)呂宋島北部埃達(dá)克巖樣品具有較高的Sr 含量(>800 ×10-6),在空間上位于推測(cè)的板片窗之上,并且,Mt.Cuyapo 的2 個(gè)埃達(dá)克巖樣品的地球化學(xué)特征表明,它們的形成可能與洋脊撕裂導(dǎo)致洋殼剖面上的富含斜長(zhǎng)石的輝長(zhǎng)巖層的部分熔融有關(guān)。此外,Bataan arc 中Mt.Malobago、Mt.Poelis 和Mt.Tarlac 的4 個(gè)樣品同樣具有較高的Sr 含量(>800 ×10-6),可能與南海古擴(kuò)張脊最初的俯沖撕裂有關(guān),這需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
圖7 呂宋島富鈮玄武巖和類埃達(dá)克安山巖數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自參考文獻(xiàn)(Sajona and Maury,1998)Fig.7 Nb-enriched basalts and adakite-like andesites in LuzonData from Sajona and Maury (1998)
富鈮玄武巖最早是在Sajona et al.(1993)在研究菲律賓Mindanao 的島弧玄武巖時(shí)提出的,其地球化學(xué)特征是:Nb 含量在7 ×10-6~16 ×10-6,富Si、Na,具有高Na2O/K2O 比值,Ti 含量相對(duì)較高(>1%),低LREE/HFSE(高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素),其在球粒隕石或原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖解上,Nb 通常呈正異?;蛉醯呢?fù)異常,Ta 呈負(fù)異常(Sajona et al.,1993,1996;張海祥等,2005;趙振華等,2004)。
富鈮玄武巖的成因主要存在三種觀點(diǎn),一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為在島弧環(huán)境中,富鈮玄武巖是埃達(dá)克質(zhì)熔體交代地幔橄欖巖后發(fā)生部分熔融的產(chǎn)物(Benoit et al.,2002;Kepezhinskas et al.,1996;Sajona et al.,1993;Escuder Viruete et al.,2007;張海祥等,2005;趙振華等,2004)。但是洋殼部分熔融形成的埃達(dá)克質(zhì)熔體,此過(guò)程中金紅石是常見(jiàn)的殘留相,導(dǎo)致Nb 的虧損(Ding et al.,2009,2013;Liang et al.,2009;Xiao et al.,2006;Xiong,2006),且下地殼中的Nb 也是非常虧損的(Rudnick and Gao,2003),因此虧損Nb 的埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖漿交代地幔橄欖巖很難形成富鈮玄武巖。第二種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為富鈮玄武巖是俯沖板片部分熔融后的殘片被軟流圈攜帶上涌,發(fā)生部分熔融所致(Thorkelson and Breitsprecher,2005)。但是板片發(fā)生部分熔融過(guò)程中存在金紅石,使得Nb/Ta 會(huì)發(fā)生分異,殘留相具有比源區(qū)更低的Nb/Ta,而富鈮玄武巖中具有較高的Nb/Ta。同時(shí),部分熔融后的殘片能不能熔融還有待驗(yàn)證。第三種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,洋殼俯沖早期在淺部脫水釋放的富Nb 流體儲(chǔ)存在地幔楔中,在板片窗環(huán)境中,高的熱流使得上述含水地幔楔發(fā)生部分熔融,形成富鈮玄武巖(Ling et al.,2009;Sun et al.,2010)。
由圖7 所示,呂宋島上存在該區(qū)域中中新世以來(lái)的富鈮玄武巖和類埃達(dá)克安山巖,Sajona and Maury (1998)認(rèn)為它們與南海板片俯沖有關(guān)。由于缺乏該區(qū)域內(nèi)富鈮玄武巖和類埃達(dá)克安山巖的測(cè)年數(shù)據(jù),我們無(wú)法知道這兩類巖石的具體形成年代。結(jié)合該區(qū)域的構(gòu)造演化過(guò)程,以及它們所在區(qū)域與我們推測(cè)的板片窗位置具有很好一致性,我們認(rèn)為,這些富鈮玄武巖和類埃達(dá)克安山巖在成因上與南海古擴(kuò)張脊撕裂形成的板片窗構(gòu)造有關(guān)。因此,對(duì)于富鈮玄武巖的形成,我們更趨向于上述的第三種觀點(diǎn),即與板片窗環(huán)境中的高熱流有關(guān),這需要我們進(jìn)一步的研究證明。
已有研究表明,年輕的、熱的洋脊俯沖會(huì)導(dǎo)致俯沖傾角逐漸減緩,從而形成平俯沖,同時(shí),在這一過(guò)程中,俯沖板片之上區(qū)域的火山活動(dòng)會(huì)大幅度減少或停止,并隨著俯沖傾角的變緩向陸方向逐漸遷移(Bourdon et al.,2003;James and Sacks,1999;Kay and Mpodozis,2002;Ramos et al.,2002)。根據(jù)地震數(shù)據(jù),南美西部俯沖帶中現(xiàn)今存在兩個(gè)平俯沖,最大的平板位于秘魯中部和北部之下(3°S~15°S 之間),第二大的平板位于28°S~33°S 之間,在智利中部和阿根廷之下,由已知的弧火山活動(dòng)的年齡數(shù)據(jù),它們分別是Nazca 洋脊和Juan Fernandez 洋脊俯沖導(dǎo)致的(Espurt et al.,2008;Martinod et al.,2010)。這兩個(gè)現(xiàn)今存在的平板正好位于活動(dòng)火山空隙中(Espurt et al.,2008;Mcgeary et al.,1985;Nur and Benavraham,1981;Pilger,1981),并且,與Nazca 洋脊和Juan Fernandez 洋脊俯沖有關(guān)的斑巖銅礦床集中分布在對(duì)應(yīng)的空隙中(Rosenbaum et al.,2005)。由此可見(jiàn),平俯沖過(guò)程、火山活動(dòng)和斑巖銅礦床三者之間的時(shí)空分布存在密切聯(lián)系。
根據(jù)已知的火山活動(dòng)年齡數(shù)據(jù),呂宋島北部Mt.Cagua到Baguio 之間存在一個(gè)延伸了220km 的第四紀(jì)火山活動(dòng)的空隙,該區(qū)域大部分火山已經(jīng)在中新世停止活動(dòng)(圖8)。該火山空隙在空間上與同一時(shí)代形成斑巖銅金礦床相對(duì)應(yīng),成因上與南海古擴(kuò)張脊俯沖導(dǎo)致的俯沖傾角變緩有關(guān)。而在南部,則主要分布第四紀(jì)火山,且存在至今仍然活動(dòng)的火山。根據(jù)地震數(shù)據(jù),已有學(xué)者證實(shí)呂宋島北部之下的俯沖傾角較小(Bautista et al.,2001;Yang et al.,1996;劉再峰等,2007)。由此可以推測(cè),南海古擴(kuò)張脊的俯沖使得俯沖傾角逐漸變小,火山活動(dòng)向西遷移,且在洋脊俯沖區(qū)域之上的板塊中,火山活動(dòng)大幅度減少,形成第四紀(jì)火山作用空隙(圖8)。因此,考慮到南美平板俯沖的形成過(guò)程,以及該區(qū)域內(nèi)地震震源深度的分布圖(圖1c),我們推測(cè),該區(qū)域內(nèi)正在逐漸形成flat slab,在這過(guò)程中,形成斑巖銅礦。
圖8 呂宋島火山活動(dòng)第四紀(jì)及活動(dòng)火山數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自USGS;extinct Miocene volcano 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自參考文獻(xiàn)(Yang et al.,1996)Fig.8 Volcanic activities in LuzonQuaternary volcanoes data from USGS;extinct Miocene volcano data from Yang et al.(1996)
20 世紀(jì)70 年代開(kāi)始,就已經(jīng)有學(xué)者認(rèn)識(shí)到俯沖洋脊和它們的板片窗是匯聚板塊邊界的巖漿和構(gòu)造演化的重要構(gòu)造控制因素(Bourgois and Michaud,2002;Dickinson,1997;Dickinson and Snyder,1979;Thorkelson,1996)。例如,南美洲的Nazca-Cocos 板片窗通過(guò)俯沖板片邊緣部分熔融和介入其中的軟流圈物質(zhì),在火山弧產(chǎn)生了堿性火山巖和埃達(dá)克巖(Johnston and Thorkelson,1997);白堊紀(jì)中國(guó)東部長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)太平洋和依澤納吉板塊的俯沖過(guò)程中,形成了板片窗,通過(guò)洋殼部分熔融,以及軟流圈地幔通過(guò)板片窗上涌熔融,形成該地區(qū)埃達(dá)克巖、A 型花崗巖和富Nb 玄武巖的成帶分布(Ling et al.,2009;Sun et al.,2007)?;诃h(huán)太平洋俯沖帶斑巖銅金礦、埃達(dá)克巖與洋殼部分熔融之間密切聯(lián)系,黃巖海山鏈在馬尼拉海溝俯沖引起的板片窗構(gòu)造同樣控制著同一時(shí)期形成的斑巖銅金礦床和埃達(dá)克巖在菲律賓北部的分布。
根據(jù)以上描述的呂宋島北部及其鄰域的地質(zhì)背景和黃巖海山鏈俯沖的構(gòu)造演化過(guò)程,綜合考慮研究區(qū)域上新世以來(lái)的斑巖銅金礦床分布、巖漿巖的地球化學(xué)特征和時(shí)空分布以及震源深度空間分布等證據(jù),我們提出板片窗構(gòu)造環(huán)境下的斑巖銅金成礦模型(圖9),可以更好地解釋菲律賓呂宋島北部和中部地區(qū)上新世以來(lái)的巖漿巖和礦床的成因。
圖9 黃巖海山鏈俯沖成礦模型HR-黃巖海山鏈;MT-馬尼拉海溝;N-L-呂宋島北部;C-L-呂宋島中部;NEB-富鈮玄武巖;A-埃達(dá)克巖;P Cu-Au-斑巖銅金礦床.洋殼剖面據(jù)文獻(xiàn)(Yumul et al.,1998)Fig.9 Metallogenic model of the subduction of Huangyan ridgeHR-Huangyan ridge;MT-Manila trench;N-L-north Luzon;C-L-center Luzon;NEB-Nb-enriched basalt;A-adakite;P Cu-Au-porphyry Cu-Au deposit.Oceanic crust profile after Yumul et al.(1998)
(1)在約15.5Ma 南海古擴(kuò)張脊停止擴(kuò)張(Briais et al.,1993;Hsu and Sibuet,2004;Hsu et al.,2004;Taylor and Hayes,1983;李家彪,2011),約5~4Ma 開(kāi)始俯沖于呂宋島北部之下,洋脊的俯沖使得俯沖傾角的變緩(Bautista et al.,2001;Yang et al.,1996;劉再峰等,2007),正在形成平俯沖,火山活動(dòng)開(kāi)始大幅度減少。年輕的、熱的洋殼部分熔融形成上新世以來(lái)的埃達(dá)克巖和相關(guān)的斑巖銅礦床,這些礦床和埃達(dá)克巖位于正在形成的平俯沖之上。
(2)隨后,由于呂宋島南北部所受應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的差異,擴(kuò)張洋脊撕裂在呂宋島中部(16°N 附近)形成板片窗。在板片窗之上位置形成斑巖銅金礦床的空白區(qū)域。
(3)南海古擴(kuò)張脊撕裂使得俯沖洋殼剖面中的輝長(zhǎng)巖層上涌的軟流圈地幔接觸,并發(fā)生部分熔融,導(dǎo)致板片窗兩側(cè)之上位置的埃達(dá)克巖Sr 含量較高。
(4)在南海板片俯沖的早期,板片脫水作用釋放富Nb的流體到地幔楔中,而之后板片窗的形成產(chǎn)生高的熱流,促使含水地幔楔發(fā)生部分熔融,產(chǎn)生富鈮玄武巖漿。
由上述菲律賓呂宋島已知的約5Ma 以來(lái)斑巖銅金礦床、埃達(dá)克巖、富鈮玄武巖及火山活動(dòng)時(shí)空分布以及埃達(dá)克巖微量元素特征的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,我們得出,這些斑巖銅金礦床的形成與同時(shí)期南海古擴(kuò)張脊俯沖密切相關(guān)。南海古擴(kuò)張脊的俯沖形成平俯沖,其上火山活動(dòng)減少或停止,從而產(chǎn)生這一時(shí)期的火山空隙,同時(shí),導(dǎo)致呂宋島之上同時(shí)期的斑巖銅金礦床和埃達(dá)克巖的產(chǎn)生。這些斑巖銅金礦床和埃達(dá)克巖位于這一火山空隙之中。洋脊俯沖之后形成的板片窗構(gòu)造,導(dǎo)致同時(shí)期斑巖銅金礦床和埃達(dá)克巖出現(xiàn)空隙,并且,板片窗兩側(cè)洋殼輝長(zhǎng)巖層的出露,使得其部分熔融產(chǎn)生的巖漿具有較高的Sr 含量,導(dǎo)致板片窗兩側(cè)之上的埃達(dá)克巖具有較高的Sr 含量。
這個(gè)模型結(jié)合構(gòu)造演化過(guò)程,可以很好地解釋上新世以來(lái)呂宋島北部和中部斑巖銅金礦床、埃達(dá)克巖、富鈮玄武巖和火山活動(dòng)的時(shí)空分布特征。當(dāng)然,對(duì)構(gòu)造環(huán)境的研究本身存在很多的局限和不確定性。我們?cè)诘卣鹫鹪瓷疃葦?shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合研究區(qū)域巖漿活動(dòng)、火山活動(dòng)和斑巖銅礦床時(shí)空分布特征,得出板片窗構(gòu)造存在的結(jié)論以及其所在位置,但這很大程度上是一種推測(cè),因此,需要進(jìn)一步的深部地球物理數(shù)據(jù)以及該區(qū)域火山巖的地球化學(xué)和定年數(shù)據(jù)的補(bǔ)充和驗(yàn)證。
致謝 感謝楊曉勇教授、鄧江洪博士及一位匿名評(píng)審專家對(duì)本文提出的建設(shè)性意見(jiàn)和建議。
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