楊呈芹,陳金宏,馬秀風(fēng),張 海
(江蘇省寶應(yīng)縣植保植檢站,江蘇寶應(yīng) 225800)
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寶應(yīng)縣麥田雜草發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及除草劑對菵草的防除效果
楊呈芹,陳金宏,馬秀風(fēng),張 海
(江蘇省寶應(yīng)縣植保植檢站,江蘇寶應(yīng) 225800)
寶應(yīng)縣;麥田;雜草發(fā)生特點(diǎn);除草劑;菵草;防除效果
江蘇省寶應(yīng)縣地處里下河地區(qū),常年小麥種植面積為5.73萬hm2左右,草害發(fā)生面積5.73萬hm2左右,耕作方式主要為麥稻輪作,其麥田雜草發(fā)生種類多、數(shù)量大。2014年針對不同土壤質(zhì)地麥田雜草的種類特點(diǎn)、分布狀況,田間雜草優(yōu)勢種、雜草的群落或雜草組合等情況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,并通過田間試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了不同除草劑對優(yōu)勢雜草的防效,旨在篩選新型、高效、低殘留、安全的麥田除草劑,以指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
1.1 雜草調(diào)查
寶應(yīng)縣土壤質(zhì)地主要有黏土(寶應(yīng)東片)、沙土(寶應(yīng)西片)、壤土(寶應(yīng)中片)3種類型。2014年5月26—28日3 d分別從不同土壤類型地區(qū)中,選擇有代表性的3個(gè)鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn)),即東片射陽湖鎮(zhèn)、中片望直港鎮(zhèn)、西片山陽鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行田間草相調(diào)查。每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))調(diào)查3個(gè)村,每村抽查10塊麥田,全縣合計(jì)調(diào)查90塊田。每塊麥田采取倒置“W” 形9點(diǎn)取樣法和雜草優(yōu)勢度“七級目測法”進(jìn)行調(diào)查,每個(gè)樣點(diǎn)取樣面積0.25 m2(50 cm×50 cm),調(diào)查記載雜草種類、株數(shù)及雜草群落和危害等級等。
1.2 高效、安全除草劑篩選
試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)位于寶應(yīng)縣涇河鎮(zhèn)虹橋村合心組小麥田,土質(zhì)為壤土,pH值7.98,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量33.34%,肥力較好,前茬水稻。供試小麥品種為揚(yáng)麥16號(hào),施藥時(shí)間為2014年3月15日,施藥時(shí)天氣晴,手動(dòng)噴霧器恒速、均勻噴霧。小麥處于拔節(jié)初期,大面積葉齡為5葉左右。田間禾本科雜草主要為菵草,菵草葉齡為3~5葉期。
所設(shè)除草劑處理及劑量設(shè)計(jì)如表1所示。試驗(yàn)小區(qū)面積20 m2,4次重復(fù)。
表1 莖葉處理除草劑試驗(yàn)處理設(shè)計(jì)Table 1 Treatments of the experiments with herbicides spraying on stems and leaves
藥后7、15 d目測,觀察記錄麥苗有無明顯藥害癥狀及程度。藥害分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:1級——作物生長正常,無任何受害癥狀;2級——作物輕微藥害,藥害低于10%;3級——作物中等藥害,以后能恢復(fù),不影響產(chǎn)量;4級——作物藥害較重,難以恢復(fù),造成減產(chǎn);5級——作物藥害嚴(yán)重,不能恢復(fù),造成明顯減產(chǎn)或絕產(chǎn)。
雜草防效采用隨機(jī)3點(diǎn)取樣法,每小區(qū)定3點(diǎn),每點(diǎn)0.11 m2,藥前、藥后15、30、45 d分別目測各處理藥害情況并調(diào)查各處理區(qū)及對照區(qū)雜草株數(shù),計(jì)算各處理株防效,藥后45 d加查鮮質(zhì)量防效。
2.1 寶應(yīng)縣雜草發(fā)生分布狀況
2.1.1 雜草發(fā)生種類 表2調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,寶應(yīng)縣麥田雜草以禾本科及闊葉類雜草并存,其中以禾本科為主,主要涉及13科28種,優(yōu)勢種為牛繁縷、日本看麥娘、菵草,其發(fā)生頻度分別為66.6%、33.0%、22.0%。
表2 寶應(yīng)縣麥田主要雜草種類Table 2 Species of weeds in wheat fileds in Baoying County
2.1.2 雜草分布情況 由于土壤質(zhì)地及使用除草劑的差異,雜草的分布不同。東片射陽湖鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查田塊中雜草總數(shù)為405株,以闊葉草為主,優(yōu)勢種為牛繁縷317株,占全部雜草的78.27%,小旋花28株,占全部雜草的6.9%,禾本科雜草日本看麥娘45株,占全部雜草的11.1%;中片望直港鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查田塊中雜草總數(shù)為1 404株,以闊葉草為主,優(yōu)勢種為牛繁縷1 123株,占全部雜草的79.99%,豬殃殃180株,占全部雜草的12.82%;西片山陽鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查田塊雜草總數(shù)為1 045株,以禾本科為主,日本看麥娘274株,占全部雜草的26.2%,菵草160株,占全部雜草的15.3%,硬草68株,占全部雜草的6.5%,闊葉雜草優(yōu)勢種為藜388株,占全部雜草的37.1%,小旋花106株,占全部雜草的10.1%。
2.2 除草劑及配方對小麥的安全性及對優(yōu)勢雜草種群的防效
藥后7、15 d觀察,各示范區(qū)麥苗未見明顯藥害癥狀,麥苗長勢與空白對照區(qū)無明顯差異。
表3 不同藥劑及劑量對麥田菵草防除情況Table 3 The control effects of different herbicides and dose on Beckmannia syzigachne
Weed Incidence in Wheat Fields and Efficacy of Herbicides onBeckmanniasyzigachnein Baoying County
YANG Cheng-qin,CHEN Jin-hong,MA Xiu-feng,ZHANG Hai
(Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Baoying County,Jiangsu Province,Baoying225800,China)
Species,dominance and distribution of weeds in wheat fields in Baoying County with different soil pattern were investigated in 2014 using a sampling method based on visual scoring with a seven point scale at nine field spots following an inverted W-pattern. The efficacy of herbicides on dominant weeds was also tested in a field experiment. Gramineae and broadleaf weeds were the most common weeds in wheat fields,the gramineous weeds being the most dominant species. Thirteen families and 28 species of weeds were found;the three most dominant weed species wereMalachiumaquaticum,Alopecurusjaponicus,andBeckmanniasyzigachne,with a frequency of 67%,33% and 22%,respectively. The mixture of pyroxsulam 7.5%WG and clodinafop-propargyl 8%EW at 900 mL/hm2,as well as clodinafop-propargyl 8%EW at 600 mL/hm2,pinoxaden·clodinafop-propargyl 5%EC at 1 200 mL/hm2,clodinafop-propargyl 15%WP at 480 g/hm2were applied to controlB.syzigachne. Efficacy of the four treatments was above 95%,and controlled the weed at above 94% after 45 days. Efficacy was superior than that obtained with Pyroxsulam 7.5%WG at 187.5 mL/hm2and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 6.9%EC at 1 500 mL/hm2.
Baoying County;wheat fields;weeds;herbicide;Beckmanniasyzigachne;control effects
2014-11-11
江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新資金 [編號(hào):CX(14)4044];江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)三新工程(編號(hào):SXGC[2014]248)。
楊呈芹(1982—),女,江蘇寶應(yīng)人,農(nóng)藝師,從事植物保護(hù)工作。Tel:(0514)88222014;E-mail:byzbzcq@126.com。
S451
A
1003-935X(2015)01-0021-03
楊呈芹,陳金宏,馬秀風(fēng),等. 寶應(yīng)縣麥田雜草發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及除草劑對菵草的防除效果[J]. 雜草科學(xué),2015,33(1):21-23.