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靜吸復合依達拉奉麻醉下老年患者術后認知功能變化與圍術期腦氧飽和度數(shù)值的關系

2015-04-21 08:16賈寶森汪東昱劉合年張鐵峰
中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2015年6期
關鍵詞:拼板腦氧圍術期

賈寶森,汪東昱,劉合年,張鐵峰

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靜吸復合依達拉奉麻醉下老年患者術后認知功能變化與圍術期腦氧飽和度數(shù)值的關系

賈寶森1*,汪東昱2,劉合年1,張鐵峰3

(解放軍總醫(yī)院:1外科臨床部麻醉手術中心,2研究生管理大隊,北京 100853;3甘肅省蘭州市第一人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,蘭州 730000)

探討圍術期腦氧飽和度(rSO2)與靜吸復合依達拉奉麻醉下老年患者術后認知功能變化的關系,為臨床麻醉提供指導。選取2013年1月到2014年1月期間在解放軍總醫(yī)院入院擇期行腹部及下肢手術的60例美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級、年齡>60歲的患者。隨機分為3組:依達拉奉1組(E1組:30mg依達拉奉溶于100ml 0.9% NaCl)、依達拉奉2組(E2組:60mg依達拉奉溶于100ml 0.9% NaCl)和空白對照組(C組:100ml 0.9% NaCl),每組20例,麻醉后手術中30min靜脈點滴完成。麻醉前均不用術前藥,入室后給予阿托品0.5mg,緩慢靜注丙泊酚、芬太尼、順阿曲庫銨快速誘導氣管插管,機械通氣,維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(Pet CO2)在正常范圍,監(jiān)測術中的rSO2變化。應用簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查(MMSE)、連線測試及凹槽拼板測試來評定3組患者術前24h,術后4,8,12,24h的認知功能變化。(1)3組患者的一般情況比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05);(2)3組患者術前MMSE、連線測試及凹槽拼板測試評分差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05);(3)E2組和E1組患者術后認知測試評分均明顯高于C組(<0.05),術中3組患者的rSO2數(shù)值水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。依達拉奉在靜吸復合麻醉中的應用,能降低老年患者術后認知功能障礙的發(fā)生率,可能與其獨特的神經(jīng)保護,消除氧自由基、抑制脂質過氧化反應和調(diào)控凋亡相關基因表達有關,提高中樞對于缺血低氧的耐受力有關。

老年人;認知障礙;腦氧飽和度;依達拉奉

術后認知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是老年患者麻醉手術后常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。臨床表現(xiàn)為認知功能異常、記憶缺損、人格和社會整合能力發(fā)生改變等,嚴重時可出現(xiàn)老年性癡呆。有文獻報道,老年患者術后24h內(nèi)的POCD發(fā)病率可高達19%,尤其在腹部手術中發(fā)生率可高達40%[1]。認知功能的改變反映了圍術期的腦功能變化,腦功能的改變必然與圍術期的腦氧供需平衡變化有關。腦氧飽和度(cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)能反映圍術期的腦氧供需變化,因而rSO2的變化可以反映認知功能的改變。認知功能的變化除了與患者的年齡、文化程度、手術類型、麻醉用藥有關以外,圍術期的氧供與血壓也是影響因素。

依達拉奉(edaravone)[1?3]是一種新型的自由基清除劑,化學名為3?甲基?1?苯基?2?吡唑啉?5?酮,臨床上主要用于缺血性腦卒中的治療。它可通過抑制羥自由基以及羥自由基依賴性和非依賴性脂質過氧化,減少神經(jīng)元誘導型一氧化氮合酶,捕獲自由基,抑制脂質、神經(jīng)細胞過氧化,從而減輕腦水腫和腦組織損傷,保護神經(jīng)元,提高腦組織對缺血、低氧損傷的抵抗力。老年患者全麻后的認知功能變化已成為研究熱點,但如何有效地在圍術期調(diào)控老年患者的腦功能變化、降低老年患者術后的認知功能變化目前還有爭議。本研究擬對靜吸復合依達拉奉麻醉下老年患者術后認知功能變化與rSO2監(jiān)測之間關系進行研究,為臨床麻醉提供參考。

1 對象與方法

1.1 研究對象

選擇2013年1月到2014年1月期間在解放軍總醫(yī)院住院的擇期行腹部和下肢手術的患者60例,性別不限,年齡61~74歲,身高160~172cm,體質量58~77kg,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,文化程度為初中以上,無精神系統(tǒng)疾病、活動性肝病、慢性腎功能不全、心肺疾病、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病、腦血管疾病,惡性腫瘤病史,無酗酒及吸毒史,無長期服用阿片或安定類藥物,無青光眼,體質量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)≤30kg/m2,除外術前簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查(Mini-Mental State Examimation,MMSE)評分≤24分的患者?;颊弑浑S機分為3組:依達拉奉1組(E1組:30mg依達拉奉溶于100ml 0.9% NaCl)、依達拉奉2組(E2組:60mg依達拉奉溶于100ml 0.9% NaCl)和空白對照組(C組:100ml 0.9% NaCl),每組20例,麻醉后手術中30min靜脈點滴完成?;颊咝g前均不用藥,入室后全麻誘導采用阿托品(atropine)0.5mg、緩慢靜注丙泊酚(propofol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、順阿曲庫銨(cisatracurium)快速誘導氣管插管,機械通氣,丙泊酚0.5~1.5mg/kg、順阿曲庫銨0.15mg/kg、芬太尼2~3μg/kg后行氣管內(nèi)插管。術中采用七氟烷復合靜脈泵注丙泊酚[6~8mg/(kg·min)]和瑞芬太尼[remifentanil,0.2~0.4μg/(kg·min)]的方式維持麻醉,間斷靜注順阿曲庫銨(0.07~0.1mg/kg)維持肌松,間斷應用芬太尼1~2μg/kg維持。吸入麻醉藥控制在呼末濃度平均為1.0MAC(0.9~1.1MAC)。維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PetCO2)在35~45mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa)。

1.2 監(jiān)測

術前禁食水8~12h,入室后建立靜脈通路,輸注乳酸鈉林格液(lactated Ringer’s solution)5~10ml/kg,應用Datex omeda監(jiān)測儀監(jiān)測血壓、心率、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、PetCO2,應用Datex Ultima-V監(jiān)測麻醉氣體(均Philips Medizin Systeme Boblimgen Gmbh,德國)。INVOS(美國Somanetics公司)無創(chuàng)rSO2監(jiān)測儀監(jiān)測患者圍術期的rSO2變化。

1.3 認知功能測試

應用MMSE[11]、連線測試(Trail-making Test)及凹槽拼板測試(Grooved Pegboard Test)[10]來評定3組患者術前24h,術后4,8,12,24h的認知功能變化。

1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理

2 結 果

2.1 3組患者一般情況比較

3組患者在年齡、身高、體質量、性別比等人口學一般情況方面差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表1)。盡量維持3組觀察患者術前的血流動力學指標波動變化,如術中有下降采用血管活性藥物進行調(diào)整,血壓、心率和SpO2差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。

2.2 3組患者圍術期的rSO2變化比較

rSO2在3組患者手術中與入室后及蘇醒后相比明顯下降(<0.05)。3組患者在圍術期同一階段下,rSO2值變化不明顯,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(表2)。

2.3 3組患者圍術期MMSE評分比較

圍術期認知功能MMSE評分,與患者入室時MMSE相比,所有患者術后4,8,12h的MMSE均明顯降低(<0.05;表3)。

2.4 3組患者連線測試和凹槽拼版測試

3組患者連線測試(表4)與凹槽拼板測試(表5)試驗的測試時間比較發(fā)現(xiàn),術前術后的測試時間均為24h,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),在任務完成時間的差異上,依達拉奉組(E1和E2組)患者任務完成的時間明顯縮短(其中E2組要好于E1組),對照組患者完成任務的時間延長。

2.5 3組患者圍術期認知功能變化比較

術后4h,對照組中發(fā)生認知功能變化的患者有3例(15%),E1組患者中有2例(10%),E2組患者有1例(5%);術后8h,對照組中患者有2例(10%),E1組患者有1例(5%),E2組患者認知功能基本恢復;術后12h,僅有對照組患者中有1例(5%)出現(xiàn)認知功能不全,另兩組患者認知功能均恢復;術后24h,所有患者的認知功能均恢復。所有患者在術后4h會發(fā)生短暫的認知功能變化,依達拉奉60mg組(E2)患者認知功能恢復得最快,空白對照組恢復得較慢,持續(xù)到術后12h(表6)。

3 討 論

本研究采用MMSE結合連線測試與凹槽拼板測試評價老年患者的術后認知功能變化,彌補了MMSE測試的不足,當MMSE評分<24分,認為出現(xiàn)認知功能改變[4,5]。

本試驗研究對患者采用復合瑞芬太尼麻醉,術中瑞芬太尼用量為[(0.2~0.4μg/(kg·min)],并間斷給予芬太尼1~2μg/kg,可以認為基本上消除了疼痛刺激[12],3組患者在麻醉后、術中、術畢的血流動力學指標均無顯著改變,說明麻醉狀態(tài)平穩(wěn)。我們以前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年患者在全麻后,認知功能出現(xiàn)變化的時間點在術后<24h[13]。結合MMSE測試,連線測試與凹槽拼板測試及rSO2監(jiān)測的結果,發(fā)現(xiàn)老年患者在靜吸復合全麻后,出現(xiàn)的認知功能變化基本能在術后24h恢復,這一點與陳曉光等[14]的研究相似。依達拉奉具有脂溶性高,易到達腦組織,對腦缺血具有強大的保護作用,是一種有效的腦保護劑和強效自由基清除劑及抗氧化劑。其作用機制主要與消除氧自由基、抑制脂質過氧化反應和調(diào)控凋亡相關基因表達有關。同時研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),依達拉奉[6,7]可以減輕內(nèi)質網(wǎng)功能障礙,保護神經(jīng)的缺血低氧損傷,提高腦組織對缺血、低氧損傷的抵抗力[8,9,15,16],改善腦認知功能。在本研究中也觀察到應用依達拉奉的患者認知功能恢復得較快。老年患者常合并多種心腦血管疾病,應用依達拉奉雖然不能完全減少POCD的發(fā)生,但仍可降低術后認知功能不全的發(fā)生率,在此類手術中應用依達拉奉對老年患者有一定益處,對于個體化的應用劑量仍需要進一步廣泛的研究。

表1 3組患者一般情況的比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone)

表2 3組患者圍術期的rSO2變化比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone). Compared with in operating room,*<0.05; compared with after awakening,#<0.05

表3 3組患者圍術期MMSE評分比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone). Compared with 24h before operation,*<0.05,**<0.01

表4 3組患者連線測試的時間比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone).Compared with before operation,*<0.05; compared with after operation,#<0.05

表5 3組患者凹槽拼板測試的時間比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone).Compared with before operation,*<0.05; compared with after operation,#<0.05

表6 3組患者圍術期認知功能變化比較

E1 group: edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 30mg edaravone); E2 group: edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl including 60mg edaravone).

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(編輯: 李菁竹)

Relationship of peri-operative cerebral oxygen saturation with post-operative cognitive function in elderly patients after edaravone injection combined with intravenous and inhalational anesthesia

JIA Bao-Sen1*, WANG Dong-Yu2, LIU He-Nian1, ZHANG Tie-Feng3

(1Anesthesia and Operation Center, Clinical Division of Surgery,2Postgraduate School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;3Department of Anesthesiology, First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou 730000, China)

To investigate the relationship of peri-operative cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) with post-operative cognitive function in the elderly patients under edaravone injection combined with intravenous and inhalation anesthesia in order to establish the guides for clinical anesthesia practice.Sixty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ elderly patients (>60 years old) who were scheduled for selective abdominal surgeries or surgeries on lower limb in our hospital from January 2013 to January 2014 were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups (=20), edaravone group 1 (E1: 100ml 0.9% NaCl containing 30mg edaravone), edaravone group 2 (E2: 100ml 0.9% NaCl containing 60mg edaravone), and control group (C, 100ml 0.9% NaCl). The above fluids were intravenously infused in 30 min during operation. All patients were not premeditated before anesthesia and given with atropine 0.5mg until entering the operation room. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous infusion of propofol, fentanyl and cisatracurium slowly. After tracheal intubation, all patients were mechanically ventilated to maintain partial pressure of CO2at end-tidal (PetCO2) at normal range. rSO2was continuously monitored and recorded during operation. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), trail-making test, and grooved pegboard test were used to access cognitive function at 24h before and at 4, 8, 12 and 24h after surgery.(1) There was no significant difference in the general status among the 3 groups (>0.05). (2) No obvious difference was found in the scores of MMSE, trail-making test and grooved pegboard test among the 3 groups at 24h before operation (>0.05). (3) The patients of groups E2 and E1 had higher scores of cognitive tests than those of group C (<0.05), but there was no difference in the value of rSO2among the 3 groups (>0.05).Edaravone injection combined with intravenous and inhalational anesthesia reduces the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients, which may be related to its unique neuroprotective effect, elimination of free oxygen radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, regulation of the relative apoptotic genes, and enhancement of tolerance to ischemia and hypoxia in central nervous system.

aged; cognitive disorders; cerebral oximeter; edaravone

(CWS12J022).

R592; R741.041

A

10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.06.093

2015?03?23;

2015?05?11

全軍醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科研課題項目(CWS12J022)

賈寶森, E-mail: jiabaosen99@sohu.com

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